Visual experience without lines: effect on developing cortical neurons

Kittens were reared in a planetarium-like visual environment that lacked straight line contours. Cortical neurons were subsequently highly sensitive to spots of light but not to straight lines, in marked contrast to those from a normal cat. If linear contour processing is an innate function it appears to be subject to substantial modification by early visual experience.     

Control of their environment reduces emotionality in rats

Rats reared from birth in a "contingent environment" in which they controlled lighting conditions and the delivery of food and water were compared as adults to rats reared in an environment in which they received the same food, water, and lighting conditions, but without control over their occurrence. Rats reared in the contingent environment were less emotional, as judged by activity and defecation scores in open-field testing.     

种内密度效应对豌豆蚜种群增长的影响

[目的]明确红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)的种群数量变化机制,探索2种色型豌豆蚜的种内密度效应对其种群增长的影响。[方法]在温室内设置不同的密度梯度,单种色型豌豆蚜密度设置为8、16、24、32头/株,2种色型共存时红色型和绿色型密度分别设置为4∶4、8∶8、16∶16头/株。[结果]单种色型豌豆蚜从密度8头/株增至32头/株时,随着密度的升高,2种色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期和寿命显著缩短,产蚜量显著降低,说明2种色型豌豆蚜种群密度效应均存在一定的负效应。在总密度为8和16头/株时,2种色型豌豆蚜混合饲养的产蚜期、寿命与单种色型饲养相比无显著差异;在单种色型饲养的密度与混合饲养的同一色型密度相同时,由于混合饲养的总密度高于单种色型饲养,混合饲养的产蚜期、寿命显著短于单种色型饲养,产蚜量显著低于单种色型饲养;在密度为32头/株时,单种群饲养的产蚜期、寿命、单头产蚜量与混合饲养时无显著差异。在单种色型饲养条件下,同一密度下(16头/株除外)红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著长于绿色型豌豆蚜,在相同密度条件下,红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型豌豆蚜相比无显著差异;混合饲养中,在同一密度条件下,红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型豌豆蚜相比无显著差异。[结论]红色型豌豆蚜在该环境条件下的竞争力与绿色型豌豆蚜相当,红色型豌豆蚜与绿色型豌豆蚜共存对环境表现了一定的适生性。     

Visual-cliff preference by infant rats: effects of rearing and test conditions

In monocular tests, normally reared infant rats, aged 21 to 22 days, fail to show a side preference on the visual-cliff apparatus. Rats of the same age, but reared in an "enriched" environment, prefer the shallow side of the apparatus. In binocular tests, even normally reared animals prefer the shallow side, although experimentally reared animals show a stronger preference. The results appear to reopen the question of what cues are employed on the visual cliff.     

Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

Since 1979, a continuing study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, separated in infancy and reared apart, has subjected more than 100 sets of reared-apart twins or triplets to a week of intensive psychological and physiological assessment. Like the prior, smaller studies of monozygotic twins reared apart, about 70% of the variance in IQ was found to be associated with genetic variation. On multiple measures of personality and temperament, occupational and leisure-time interests, and social attitudes, monozygotic twins reared apart are about as similar as are monozygotic twins reared together. These findings extend and support those from numerous other twin, family, and adoption studies. It is a plausible hypothesis that genetic differences affect psychological differences largely indirectly, by influencing the effective environment of the developing child. This evidence for the strong heritability of most psychological traits, sensibly construed, does not detract from the value or importance of parenting, education, and other propaedeutic interventions.     

hamlet,a binary genetic switch between single- and multiple- dendrite neuron morphology

The dendritic morphology of neurons determines the number and type of inputs they receive. In the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS), the external sensory (ES) neurons have a single nonbranched dendrite, whereas the lineally related multidendritic (MD) neurons have extensively branched dendritic arbors. We report that hamlet is a binary genetic switch between these contrasting morphological types. In hamlet mutants, ES neurons are converted to an MD fate, whereas ectopic hamlet expression in MD precursors results in transformation of MD neurons into ES neurons. Moreover, hamlet expression induced in MD neurons undergoing dendrite outgrowth drastically reduces arbor branching.     

烟青虫幼虫味觉可塑性行为研究

[目的]研究烟青虫幼虫的可塑性行为,为害虫防治提供参考。[方法]采用行为试验双选法和切除味觉感受器研究了不同取食经历烟青虫5龄幼虫对取食抑制素的味觉可塑性行为。[结果]正常人工饲料饲养幼虫对取食抑制素十分敏感,切除了侧栓锥感受器的幼虫对取食抑制素的反应与正常幼虫相似,切除了中栓锥感受器的幼虫对取食抑制素不敏感。而用含有低浓度取食抑制素的人工饲料饲养的幼虫对取食抑制素不敏感。[结论]中栓锥感受器中含有对取食抑制素敏感的味觉神经元,不同取食经历的烟青虫幼虫对取食抑制素具有行为可塑性。     

瓯江彩鲤体色与生长的遗传-环境互作分析

对五种体色的瓯江彩鲤进行稻田、网箱和水泥池生长对比试验,探讨体色与生长的遗传-环境互作。结果表明:瓯江彩鲤的体色与生长率存在一定程度的互作效应,在稻田中,“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤的生长率显著地高于其它三种体色(P<0.05);在网箱中,“大花”、“粉玉”和“粉花”彩鲤的生长率显著地高于“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤(P<0.05);在池塘中,“大花”彩鲤的生长率极显著高于其它四种体色彩鲤(P<0.01),而其它四种体色彩鲤的生长性能不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。由此认为,“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤比较适合稻田饲养,“大花”、“粉玉”和“粉花”彩鲤比较适合网箱或池塘饲养。“粉花”彩鲤与环境的互作效应最大。     

瓯江彩鲤体色与生长的遗传-环境互作分析

对五种体色的瓯江彩鲤进行稻田、网箱和水泥池生长对比试验,探讨体色与生长的遗传-环境互作。结果表明:瓯江彩鲤的体色与生长率存在一定程度的互作效应,在稻田中,“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤的生长率显著地高于其它三种体色(P<0.05);在网箱中,“大花”、“粉玉”和“粉花”彩鲤的生长率显著地高于“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤(P<0.05);在池塘中,“大花”彩鲤的生长率极显著高于其它四种体色彩鲤(P<0.01),而其它四种体色彩鲤的生长性能不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。由此认为,“全红”和“麻花”彩鲤比较适合稻田饲养,“大花”、“粉玉”和“粉花”彩鲤比较适合网箱或池塘饲养。“粉花”彩鲤与环境的互作效应最大。     

湿热环境中育成猪的体温节律研究

试验选用相同品种和体重的4头育成猪,在适宜的环境中饲养一周后,将其中2头猪置于湿热环境中,应用DSI动物生理参数无线遥测系统研究了猪的体温节律性.结果表明:湿热环境下猪的体温和心率昼夜节律发生了明显变化,猪的体温最高并非出现在16:00～17:00,而是出现在22:00～23:00,且24 h内体温差达1.17 ℃;而猪的心率在24 h内无昼夜差异,呈现出持续性的高心率.     

棉铃虫5龄幼虫对棉酚和印楝素的味觉适应性行为研究

【目的】研究棉铃虫幼虫对棉酚和印楝素的味觉适应性行为,为棉铃虫的防治提供参考依据。【方法】采用叶碟法和味觉感受器切除法进行不同取食条件下棉铃虫5龄幼虫的取食选择行为试验。供试化合物为处理后终浓度为2mmol／L的棉酚和印楝素。【结果】正常人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫幼虫对棉酚和印楝素均十分敏感,取食对照叶碟量显著高于处理叶碟（P〈0．05）;切除中栓锥感受器后棉铃虫幼虫取食含棉酚或含印楝素的叶蝶量与正常叶碟有显著差异（P〈0．05）,而切除侧栓锥感受器后棉铃虫幼虫取食含棉酚或含印楝素的叶蝶量与正常叶碟差异不显著（P〉0．05）;以含有低浓度取食抑制素的人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫幼虫对棉酚和印楝素不敏感,取食对照叶碟量与处理叶碟无显著差异（P〉0．05）。【结论】棉酚和印楝素是棉铃虫幼虫的取食抑制素,侧栓锥感受器中含有对棉酚和印楝素敏感的味觉神经元,不同取食经历的棉铃虫幼虫对棉酚和印楝素具有行为适应性。     

家蚕数量性状预测模型在F1表型值预测中应用的探讨

用不完全双列杂交法获得正、反杂交种,与其原种同时饲养,对双亲必要平均值公式和二元回归方程两模型的预测值与实测值进行比较,结果表明:在春季环境下,双亲必要平均值的预测值同实测值大都差异不显著;二元回归方程的预测值偏大,同实测值差异显著,但对一般配合力好的品种的杂交组合则差异不显著。因此作者认为二元回归F_1预测模型还有待完善,配合力遗传参数在预测中的应用值得重视。     

饲养环境对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹生长与蜕壳相关基因表达的影响

中华绒螯蟹在不同饲养环境条件下生长存在巨大差异,为探讨不同环境条件对仔蟹生长和蜕壳相关基因表达的影响,了解基因表达的时空变化及其与环境的互作关系,本研究选取同一家系的大眼幼体和仔蟹分别饲养于室内玻璃钢水槽和室外小型水泥池两种环境,观察它们的生长差异,并应用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术对甲壳动物高血糖素(CHH)、蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)、蜕皮激素受体(EcR)、维甲类X受体(RXR)以及性腺抑制激素(GIH)5个蜕壳相关基因的表达情况进行了分析。结果发现:室外水泥池饲养的仔蟹体质量均显著大于室内水槽饲养的仔蟹体质量(P0.05)。环境对MIH和RXR基因的表达不存在显著影响(P0.05),而CHH、EcR和GIH均存在极显著的环境表达差异(P0.01);5个基因(MIH、CHH、EcR、GIH和RXR)均存在显著的不同发育时期表达差异(P0.05);除MIH基因外,其他4个基因(RXR、CHH、EcR和GIH)的表达存在极显著的饲养环境与发育时期的交互作用(P0.01)。研究还发现,MIH、GIH和CHH对河蟹的蜕壳具有协同调控作用,而RXR与GIH对河蟹蜕壳具有一定程度的拮抗作用。     

2种生境下红砂枝系构型特征

[目的]探究不同生境下红砂的枝系构型特征,并分析红砂植物构型对其生存的外在环境变异的适应策略。[方法]以荒漠地区超旱生小灌木红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)为研究对象,选择兰州九州台和张掖临泽2个样点,结合统计检验和分形理论的方法,通过分枝率、分枝长度、分枝角度、枝径比指标来研究2种生境下红砂的枝系构型变异特征。[结果]兰州九州台红砂和张掖临泽红砂的总体分枝率和逐步分枝率差异均不显著,兰州九州台红砂总体分枝率略大于张掖临泽红砂,逐步分枝率呈现出兰州九州台红砂略小于张掖临泽红砂。兰州九州台红砂各级分枝枝长均显著长于张掖临泽红砂,且兰州九州台红砂和张掖临泽红砂枝条伸展能力从第1级到第4级呈相对减弱趋势。兰州九州台红砂和张掖临泽红砂的分枝角度差异显著,总体上兰州九州台红砂各级分枝角度显著大于张掖临泽红砂,从1级到4级分枝角度呈明显减小趋势,角度均小于90°。兰州九州台红砂各级枝径比显著高于张掖临泽红砂,即兰州九州台红砂的承载力显著高于张掖临泽红砂。[结论]研究结果为深入了解红砂内部结构及其对环境的生态适应性提供了理论依据。     

笼养和地面平养方式下卢氏鸡胃肠道生长发育规律比较

研究卢氏鸡在笼养和地面平养方式下胃肠道的生长发育情况.选用1日龄健康卢氏鸡公雏240只,随机分成2个处理组,每组120只,设6个重复,其中一个处理组笼养,另一个处理组地面平养.测定肝脏、腺胃、肌胃、胆囊、胰腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠的质量,计算相对体质量,以及小肠总长度、十二指肠、空肠、回肠长度和相对小肠总长长度指数.结果表明:① 21和42日龄时,笼养组胰腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠的质量和相对体质量指数都比地面平养组的高,但两组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);②21和42日龄时,地面平养组肝脏、腺胃、肌胃、胆囊的质量和相对体质量指数都比笼养组高,两组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);③ 21日龄和42日龄时,笼养组十二指肠、空肠、回肠相对小肠总长长度指数都比地面平养组的高,但两组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

胡杨繁殖根系分枝特征及其与土壤因子的关联性

目的胡杨根系克隆繁殖对胡杨林更新及其群落维持具有重要作用,而胡杨根克隆器官——繁殖根系的扩展分枝是实现克隆繁殖的重要生态过程。本文以明确胡杨繁殖根系分枝特征(节间长、分支强度、分支垂向和水平向夹度)在异质生境下的可塑性和主要分枝类型,探究胡杨繁殖根系特征与土壤因子的关系,找到影响胡杨繁殖根系变化的关键环境因子。方法采用典型抽样对16个样点的一段跨度10 m以上的繁殖根分枝以及对应的土壤因子进行挖掘和调查。运用相关性分析(CA)和主成分分析(PCA)方法分析繁殖根特征之间的相关性和分布规律。运用冗余分析(RDA)和方差分解探究根分枝特征与土壤因子的关联性。结果(1) CA和PCA结果显示,4个分枝特征之间的相关性较高(P＜0.05),PCA第1轴解释了繁殖根特征变异的66.88%,基本代表了从占据型(分枝强、短、垂向角小、水平角大)到游击型(分枝弱、长、垂向角大、水平角小)两种极端分枝类型的变化。占据型分枝更多出现在林缘,而游击型分枝更多出现在靠近河道处。(2)RDA结果显示,垂向分枝夹角主要受土壤紧实度的正影响(R2=0.64,P＜0.05),节间长度主要受紧实度的负向影响(R2=0.87,P＜0.05)。土壤全碳和全氮主要对分枝强度和分枝水平夹角有正向作用,但土壤含砂量对它们具有负向作用。主轴分布深度主要受毛管水埋深影响(R2=0.62,P＜0.05)。(3)方差分解结果显示,三类土壤特征共解释了胡杨分枝特征变异的68.3%,土壤物理特征(土壤质地、紧实度)的独立作用最大(R2=0.12,P＜0.05),土壤水分(土壤含盐量、含水量)和养分特征(全N、C)的独立作用较小(R2=0.07,P＜0.05;R2=0.03),但与土壤物理特征的共同作用较大(R2=0.23, P＜0.05)。结论(1) 在异质性的河漫滩环境中,胡杨繁殖根系分枝在两种极端分枝类型——游击型和占据型分枝形成的连续谱之间变化。(2)土壤物理特征是影响胡杨繁殖根分枝的最关键因素,胡杨繁殖根系主要选择占据土壤质地良好,紧实度小的斑块。单纯水分或养分丰富的斑块不会引起胡杨繁殖根分枝明显变异,但是在土壤质地和紧实度良好的土壤斑块中,水分和养分的变化会对繁殖根分枝产生显著影响。(3)胡杨繁殖根的垂向分枝夹角具有明显的生态塑性,是胡杨克隆器官的重要适应特征。      

野生及人工养殖暗纹东方鲀肌肉营养成分的比较分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

野生及人工养殖暗纹东方鲀肌肉营养成分的比较分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

Comparison of Nutrient Components in the Muscle of Wild and Artificially Reared Takifugu obscurus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

不同土壤水分条件下断茎处理对克隆植物结缕草表型可塑性的影响

通过断茎处理,研究在不同土壤水分条件下克隆植物结缕草的水分生理整合作用对表型可塑性的影响。结果表明,在土壤水分均质和异质环境下,与断茎处理相比,保持匍匐茎的连接对结缕草的形态学指标均有促进作用;断茎处理均降低了分枝强度;在土壤水分异质和均质环境下,在结缕草克隆植株内存在水分生理整合,而且整合的方向既有从基部到梢部的向顶传输,又有从梢部向基部的向基传输,即水分传输是双向的。