木屑及其水热炭的热解特性和动力学对比

为全面了解木屑及其水热炭的差异,获取更多关于水热炭作为化工燃料的使用特性。该文使用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪对比研究了木屑及其水热炭在热解过程(10℃/min升温速率)中的失重特性及其官能团变化,分析了升温速率(10、20、30℃/min)对2种样品热解失重过程的影响,采用DAEM(分布活化能模型)计算了2种样品不同转化率下的活化能。结果表明:1)在200℃反应6 h得到的木屑水热炭,化学结构与木屑相似。2)在热解过程(10℃/min升温速率)中,木屑与水热炭最大失重速率分别为0.817%/℃和1.224%/℃,温度为353.57℃和363.42℃;不同终温下半焦红外光谱分析发现,水热炭更易解聚,其碳化速度更快。3)对比3种不同升温速率下2种样品的失重曲线可知,水热处理没有影响热滞后现象,样品焦炭生成量与升温速率无关,焦炭生成量平均值水热炭大于木屑。4)DAEM模型适用于2种样品热解反应活化能的求解,木屑及其水热炭活化能分别为99.33~252.72 k J/mol和63.77~211.68 k J/mol,当转化率在0.30到0.80范围时,木屑的活化能高于水热炭。研究结果为木屑水热炭热化学转化制备焦炭提供理论依据。     

麦草的热失重特性及动力学

该文利用热失重分析法对麦草的热失重特性及动力学进行研究,探讨不同的升温速率和镍系催化剂对麦草热失重的影响,结果表明在220.6～391.2℃范围内麦草的失重量不受升温速率的影响,但要获得相同的失重率,对应的温度随升温速率的提高而增加。温度超过391.2℃以后,升温速率等于或超过20℃/min时,麦草的热失重规律基本不受升温速率影响;而麦草在10℃/min的速率升温下热解,热失重量最大。镍系催化剂对麦草热失重无明显影响;利用Kissinger法和Ozawa法分别计算出麦草未加催化剂和添加0.5%系催化剂的热失重动力学参数;其表观活化能分别为93.92、 119.80 kJ/mol和99.14和123.70 kJ/mol,频率因子ln A分别17.82、23.02 min和19.30、24.03 min^-1。     

向日葵籽壳热解反应动力学的研究

采用热重分析法(TG)在不同升温速率下(5、10、20、30℃/min)对粒径为0.154～0.280 mm向日葵籽壳热解的热失重行为进行了研究。结果表明,向日葵籽壳热解分为四个阶段,随着升温速率的提高,各个阶段的起始和终止温度向高温侧稍微移动,并且主反应区间也略有增加。Ozawa法和Starink法计算得出的向日葵籽壳在热解过程中不同失重率下的活化能(E)都集中在140～178 kJ/mol范围内。用积分法Coats-Redfern方程、微分法Achar方程以及热分析动力学三因子求算的比较法得出该反应过程的机理函数表达式。经过对41种常用机理函数一一代入得出Jander方程能较好地描述向日葵籽壳热解反应过程,机理为三维扩散,球形对称,反应级数n=2。该研究可为生物质热解装置的工艺参数优化提供参考。     

棉秆不同组分热解特性及动力学

该文采用耐驰STA449C热重分析仪,氮气气氛下,终止温度为600℃,升温速率为5、10、20、30℃/min,对棉秆、棉皮、木质、棉芯的热解特性进行了研究。TG-DTG曲线反映了4种物质具有相似的热解规律,热解过程分为4个阶段：失水,预热,主热解、炭化。棉皮在棉秆结构成分中灰分含量最高,造成其热解残留物较多。木质、棉芯成分中挥发分较多,其最大失重速率较大。通过积分法Stava和微分法Achar两种方法求解了机理函数,研究表明在转化率α=10%～80%过程中,4种物质的活化能较稳定,棉皮活化能值较高。4种物质最可能机理属于随机成核和随后生长机理,但反应级数存在差异。该研究对棉秆再利用及生物质热解装置的正确设计以及工艺参数优化具有重要的指导意义。     

玉米秸秆热解动力学分析(简报)

该文采用耐驰STA449同步热分析仪,研究了玉米秸秆在升温速率为5、10、15、20、30 K/min,反应终止温度1273K的热分解反应,结果表明玉米秸秆热解过程可分为失水预热解、热解和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率增加,反应的特征温度和最大失重速率增加,差示扫描（DSC）曲线整体向下倾斜,升温速率过大时,出现失水滞后现象。分别用FWO法、FRL法和Kissinger法对玉米秸秆热解进行了动力学计算,其热解活化能为（161±23）kJ/mol,通过Malek法确定了玉米秸秆热解满足J-M-A方程,反应机理为随机成核随后生长,确定了反应级数n和指前因子对数lgA的范围,并利用Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合,验证了机理的正确性,并确定了玉米秸秆热解反应的动力学参数。该文结果对工程应用有指导意义。     

核桃壳热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析技术对核桃壳在高纯N2条件下的热解进行了分析,研究不同升温速率（5、10、20和40 K/min）对热解过程的影响,探讨了热解机理。研究表明,核桃壳非等温热解过程可分为失水干燥、快速热解和缓慢分解3个阶段,其中第二阶段是整个过程的主要部分,析出大量挥发分造成明显失重,随着升温速率的增加,最大热解速度提高,对应的峰值温度升高,差热热重分析（DTG）曲线肩峰中侧峰有所弱化,热滞后现象加重,热解各阶段向高温侧移动。快速热解阶段热解机理满足三维扩散Jander方程。不同升温速率下的活化能变化为102.28～117.73 kJ/mol,指前因子变化为4.13×10⁶～2.42×10⁸ min^-1。     

食用菌菌糠的热解特性及动力学分析

为考察食用菌菌糠的热解特性和机理,该研究采用热重和热重-红外联用对香菇菌糠在氮气气氛下的热解特性进行研究,考察不同升温速率下菌糠的热重(TG)曲线和微分热重(DTG)曲线的变化规律,并对DTG曲线进行分峰分析,通过计算得到香菇菌糠热分解的反应活化能E、反应级数n及频率因子A,以及热解产物析出特性;在固定床上开展了香菇菌糠的定温热解试验,试验温度分别为500、550、600℃,并对三相产物产率和成分组成等进行了分析。结果表明:香菇菌糠热解可以分为3个阶段,水分析出段,热解段和炭化段,其中主要热解阶段为250～550℃,失质量率达到58%;升温速率对香菇菌糠热解影响不明显,但是随着升温速率的增大,试样的TG和DTG曲线向高温区移动;菌糠热解的表观活化能为66.33 kJ/mol,较低的表观活化能表明菌糠更容易发生热解。固定床定温热解结果表明菌糠热解气的主要成分为CO_2、CO、CH_4、H_2,4种气体成分含量由高到低为:CO_2、CO、CH_4、H_2;随着热解温度的升高,菌糠热解所得生物油成分以CxHyOz为主,表明菌糠热解生成的生物油具有一定的潜在利用价值;香菇菌糠热解半焦的主要成分是固定碳,相较于原料,挥发分的占比大幅度减少。     

柴油机排放颗粒物的热重特性分析

为了解不同粒径颗粒物在特定氛围下的氧化特性,该文利用MOUDI采样器收集到的柴油机颗粒物,在纯N2及纯O2环境下,对0.18～0.32、0.32～0.56、0.56～1.00和1.00～1.80 μm 4个粒径级颗粒分别进行热重分析试验。结果表明,随着粒径级的增大,颗粒物中水分和SOF（soluble organic fraction）的含量下降,而干碳烟（soot）和无机盐的含量增加。在纯N2氛围下,颗粒在SOF挥发阶段随着颗粒物粒径级减小,其SOF含量和失重峰值速率随之增加;但在soot热解阶段不同粒径级的失重速率趋同。程序升温终了时,各粒径级颗粒的热重曲线在纯N2氛围下缓滞停在不同位置,而在纯O2氛围下则渐趋归一。随着颗粒物粒径级的减小,热重曲线呈下降趋势,颗粒越细则越易升温（氧化）失重;而在纯O2氛围下,各粒径级在SOF挥发阶段表现出与纯N2氛围下一致的规律但失重速率峰值明显增加。在soot热解阶段,随着颗粒物粒度减小,比表面积增加使其吸附氧的能力增加,发生化学反应的活性增大,颗粒氧化的起燃温度降低,且起燃时刻对应的失重速率增加;各粒径级颗粒物的失重速率峰值出现在600～640℃之间,随着颗粒物粒径增大其soot所占含量随之增多,热解失重速率峰值亦显著增加。研究结果可为颗粒物处理的技术措施提供基础物性数据,有助于推动颗粒物处理装置的改进和优化。     

玉米秸秆与市政污泥混合热解特性及动力学分析

为探究玉米秸秆与市政污泥的混合热解特性,基于热重分析法,在不同升温速率(10、20和30℃/min)下对玉米秸秆、市政污泥及混样进行热重试验,同时采用Coats-Redfern积分法进行了动力学分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆与市政污泥相比热解特性差异大,残余率相差18.57%,综合热解指数相差35.73×10^-5,活化能E相差35.31~46.88 kJ/mol。随市政污泥的从10%到90%,热解起始温度由277.7℃下降至256.1℃,残余率由33.69%增加至45.83%,最大失质量速率由7.88%/min下降至3.11%/min,综合热解指数由8.5×10^-5下降至1.7×10^-5。表明市政污泥虽改善了混样的热解起始温度,但同时也使残余率增加,失质量速率变缓,综合热解指数降低。混样综合热解指数显示二者共热解整体存在抑制作用。动力学参数显示,升温速率升高使活化能增加,玉米秸秆单独热解过程所需活化能E大于市政污泥,市政污泥的质量分数从10%提高到90%,热解活化能由66.01~46.16 kJ/mol降低至44.47~17.04 kJ/mol。该研究可为玉米秸秆和市政污泥的利用提供基础支撑。     

玉米秸秆致密成型燃料燃烧动力学分析

为近一步实现秸秆致密成型燃料高效燃烧的合理利用,该文选用玉米秸秆致密成型燃料进行燃烧动力学分析,通过对玉米秸秆在不同粒度（1、0.25 mm）和不同升温速率（10、20、40℃/min）进行热重分析,采用一级反应动力学模型,得出不同实验水平下的热重、热重变化率及差热,利用热重和热重变化率计算出动力学参数——活化能和频率因子, 最后得到玉米秸秆的热解动力学方程。研究表明：玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的燃烧过程大致可以分为燃料吸热失水反应、挥发分析出和燃烧反应及固定碳的燃烧反应3个阶段,升温速率和样品细度的变化对燃料的活化能及最大失重速率有一定影响,玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的活化能在升温速率为20℃/min时最大。该研究为进一步研究生物质成型燃料的实际热解过程分析以及燃烧设备的设计参数选择提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.