X-ray Linear Dichroism Microscopy

Chemical-specific x-ray linear dichroism was observed in an x-ray microscope as evidenced by changes in relative contrast upon azimuthal rotation of the sample. As a demonstration, thin sections of a partially ordered polymer fiber were examined with a transmission x-ray microscope near the carbon K-shell absorption edge to provide chemical-specific imaging at 50-nanometer spatial resolution. The observed dichroism and change in contrast upon rotation arise from the polarization dependence of the near-edge x-ray absorption cross section and can be used to image the orientation of specific chemical bonds.     

基于滑动窗口法的遥感图像纹理统计信息提取研究

遥感图像中地学信息,如地质构造、蚀变信息及岩性分界等信息具有一定的纹理特征。纹理是遥感图像的重要特征,是地物空间特征的综合反映。利用滑动窗口法来获取遥感图像的纹理特征参量,将得到的特征矩阵用假彩色进行显示,将得到的图件进行了对比。然后,针对窗口大小对不同纹理特征显示效果的差异展开讨论。结果表明,滑动窗口法在排除波谱信息的干扰、提取纹理特征参量方面效果比较明显。对于纹理多尺度判别的精度来说,采用较大窗口提取的纹理信息参与分类能使总体显示效果较好,但某些纹理的精细程度有所下降,建议在实际应用中,应根据具体情况选择窗口的大小。     

基于联合特征与中心方向信息的图像哈希算法

为了提高哈希技术对旋转操作的识别能力,提出了全局-局部联合特征耦合中心方向信息估计的图像哈希认证技术.首先,引入2D线性插值技术,对输入的图像进行预处理,使其对任意的缩放操作都具有固定尺寸的哈希序列;然后,将预处理图像转变为HSV彩色空间,借助二维离散小波变换(Discrete Wave Transform,DWT)处理V分量,利用其低频系数形成二次图像;再引入奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)处理二次图像,提取其全局特征,将其作为第一个中间哈希序列;基于Fourier机制,借助残差方法,确定图像的显著区域,获取其位置与纹理的局部特征,作为第二个中间哈希序列;随后,引入Radon变换,通过计算图像的中心方向信息,将其与2个中间哈希序列组合,形成过渡哈希数组;借助Logistic映射,定义动态引擎参数,从而设计了分段异扩散技术,对过渡哈希数组进行加密,输出最终的哈希序列;最后,通过估算原始哈希序列与待检测哈希序列的Hamming距离,将其与用户阈值进行比较,完成图像认证.实验结果显示:与当前的图像哈希技术相比,所提算法具有更高的鲁棒性与安全性,对旋转攻击能力具有更好的识别能力.     

Molecular architecture of the rotary motor in ATP synthase

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase contains a rotary motor involved in biological energy conversion. Its membrane-embedded F0 sector has a rotation generator fueled by the proton-motive force, which provides the energy required for the synthesis of ATP by the F1 domain. An electron density map obtained from crystals of a subcomplex of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase shows a ring of 10 c subunits. Each c subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin. The interhelical loops of six to seven of the c subunits are in close contact with the gamma and delta subunits of the central stalk. The extensive contact between the c ring and the stalk suggests that they may rotate as an ensemble during catalysis.     

The variable rotation period of the inner region of Saturn's plasma disk

We show that the plasma and magnetic fields in the inner region of Saturn's plasma disk rotate in synchronism with the time-variable modulation period of Saturn's kilometric radio emission. This relation suggests that the radio modulation has its origins in the inner region of the plasma disk, most likely from a centrifugally driven convective instability and an associated plasma outflow that slowly slips in phase relative to Saturn's internal rotation. The slippage rate is determined by the electrodynamic coupling of the plasma disk to Saturn and by the drag force exerted by its interaction with the Enceladus neutral gas torus.     

Orientational dielectric relaxation of collisionless molecules

The generation of the orientation component of the polarization of matter in an electric field has previously been thought to require interaction of molecules with their neighbors. It is demonstrated that, even in the absence of collisions between neighboring molecules, hot isolated polyatomic molecules can reorient in response to an external field, thereby giving rise to the orientation component of polarization. This reorientation occurs through the interaction of rotation with molecular vibrations, which provides a heat bath to establish thermal rotational equilibrium. This effect is demonstrated for o-difluorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and p-chlorotoluene, with an inhomogeneous electric field used to deflect molecular beams of these molecules.     

基于脉冲耦合神经网络的汉字纹理特征提取

论文运用改进的脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）简化模型结合梯度向量的方法对汉字图像进行纹理特征提取。首先对汉字图像求出梯度向量得到梯度图像,然后利用PCNN的脉冲并行高速传播特性对梯度图像进行迭代点火,每次点火后的二值图像进行概率统计,全部迭代次数的统计向量作为提取的纹理特征。仿真结果表明统计向量作为纹理特征的有效性,同时验证了该方法具有运算速度快、旋转不变性和尺度不变性的优点,为汉字复原提供了研究的基础条件。     

有机肥施耕一体机设计

为解决有机肥施撒不均匀、费时、费力以及缓解土壤板结、酸化等问题,设计一种有机肥施耕一体机。该机通过接地驱动轮与地面的摩擦转动,带动料斗内搅拌轮的转动,对料斗内有机肥料进行一定程度的搅拌,同时电机在不同行进速度下转开不同角度,漏料口打开,肥料均匀撒落,在肥料撒落到地面的同时被旋耕机耕耙到土壤中,最终实现施肥、耕、耙机械化。该一体机结构简单、操作方便,能均匀撒落有机肥料,制造成本低,省时又省力,对农业机械设计有一定的借鉴意义。     

Rotational movement of the formin mDia1 along the double helical strand of an actin filament

Formin homology proteins (formins) elongate actin filaments (F-actin) by continuously associating with filament tips, potentially harnessing actin-generated pushing forces. During this processive elongation, formins are predicted to rotate along the axis of the double helical F-actin structure (referred to here as helical rotation), although this has not yet been definitively shown. We demonstrated helical rotation of the formin mDia1 by single-molecule fluorescence polarization (FL(P)). FL(P) of labeled F-actin, both elongating and depolymerizing from immobilized mDia1, oscillated with a periodicity corresponding to that of the F-actin long-pitch helix, and this was not altered by actin-bound nucleotides or the actin-binding protein profilin. Thus, helical rotation is an intrinsic property of formins. To harness pushing forces from growing F-actin, formins must be anchored flexibly to cell structures.     

A reversible, unidirectional molecular rotary motor driven by chemical energy

With the long-term goal of producing nanometer-scale machines, we describe here the unidirectional rotary motion of a synthetic molecular structure fueled by chemical conversions. The basis of the rotation is the movement of a phenyl rotor relative to a naphthyl stator about a single bond axle. The sense of rotation is governed by the choice of chemical reagents that power the motor through four chemically distinct stations. Within the stations, the rotor is held in place by structural features that limit the extent of the rotor's Brownian motion relative to the stator.     

Observation of the spin Hall effect in semiconductors

Electrically induced electron-spin polarization near the edges of a semiconductor channel was detected and imaged with the use of Kerr rotation microscopy. The polarization is out-of-plane and has opposite sign for the two edges, consistent with the predictions of the spin Hall effect. Measurements of unstrained gallium arsenide and strained indium gallium arsenide samples reveal that strain modifies spin accumulation at zero magnetic field. A weak dependence on crystal orientation for the strained samples suggests that the mechanism is the extrinsic spin Hall effect.     

中文双字词字体与词频在 N400上的交互作用

为验证中文的N400字体效应,探索字体和使用频率在语义提取上的交互作用,以大学生为被试,采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术和真假词判断任务,操控双字词的字体和频率,记录被试对真假双字词的判断反应和ERP,结果表明:行楷体比宋体引发更负的N400波幅,且在低频真词上更显著,另外在真词条件下,频率和字体在N400上存在交互作用.认为字形在语义通达中起到重要作用,支持中文形-义加工说和交互激活模型,不支持多阶段激活模型.     

竹榫旋转焊接工艺参数及机理探究

[目的]木榫旋转焊接是木结构、家具中的一种新型绿色连接技术,国内外对于竹榫旋转焊接研究较少,其最佳焊接工艺参数未知,竹榫、木榫旋转焊接之间的差异也有待研究.[方法]使用毛竹榫旋转焊接云杉基材,通过测试焊接形成的连接节点的抗拉拔性能,探究竹榫旋转焊接较优的工艺参数.选取基材预钻孔与竹榫直径比值(孔径比)、竹榫转速、竹榫含...     

鹰眼的扩展及其在制图方面的应用

通过对传统鹰眼的概念和功能进行扩展,发掘了鹰眼在制图方面的应用潜力。以主视图全图、主视图客户区、鹰眼指示框和鹰眼范围框架的获取为核心,运用图形仿射变换的基本原理和算法与ArcEngine提供的地图展示功能相结合的方法来实现多种鹰眼功能。在对鹰眼的实现方法进行分类和总结的基础上,得出普通鹰眼与放大镜窗口的实现原理相同,且鹰眼的定位功能是拖动功能和拉框功能实现的基础。该鹰眼在辅助矿业开发秩序遥感调查制图中取得了良好的应用效果。     

Axle-less F1-ATPase rotates in the correct direction

F1-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is an ATP-driven rotary molecular motor in which the central gamma subunit rotates inside a cylinder made of three alpha and three beta subunits alternately arranged. The rotor shaft, an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil of the amino and carboxyl termini of the gamma subunit, deeply penetrates the central cavity of the stator cylinder. We truncated the shaft step by step until the remaining rotor head would be outside the cavity and simply sat on the concave entrance of the stator orifice. All truncation mutants rotated in the correct direction, implying torque generation, although the average rotary speeds were low and short mutants exhibited moments of irregular motion. Neither a fixed pivot nor a rigid axle was needed for rotation of F1-ATPase.     

High-speed atomic force microscopy reveals rotary catalysis of rotorless F₁-ATPase

F(1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven motor in which three torque-generating β subunits in the α(3)β(3) stator ring sequentially undergo conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis to rotate the central shaft γ unidirectionally. Although extensive experimental and theoretical work has been done, the structural basis of cooperative torque generation to realize the unidirectional rotation remains elusive. We used high-speed atomic force microscopy to show that the rotorless F(1) still "rotates"; in the isolated α(3)β(3) stator ring, the three β subunits cyclically propagate conformational states in the counterclockwise direction, similar to the rotary shaft rotation in F(1). The structural basis of unidirectionality is programmed in the stator ring. These findings have implications for cooperative interplay between subunits in other hexameric ATPases.     

水田旋耕路径的识别方法

为减少耕作过程中产生的重耕、漏耕现象,提高耕作效率,针对导航视觉系统采集的水田非结构化自然环境彩色图像设计一种旋耕机耕整路径识别方法,探讨适宜于水田的彩色特征模型的选择。结合水田土壤区域噪声小而秸秆区域噪声大的特点,利用过量补偿法对水田图像进行去噪,再对图像进行逐行扫描,得到每个像素点的彩色特征值。利用土壤区域和秸秆区域的彩色特征值差异得到边界点信息,最后利用最小二乘法将得到的边界点拟合成一条直线,求得直线的倾角即为旋耕机的转向角,从而确定旋耕机的前进方向即确定路径信息。     

矢量中值滤波彩色图像增强算法研究

矢量中值作为基于排序的非线性滤波方法,在消除彩色图像的噪声和保证图像边缘与细节上均有较好的稳健性.但是,由于其算法与窗口象素数的平方成正比,因而计算量很大.本研究提出一种改进的矢量中值滤波的彩色图像增强方法,该方法既可以提高其图像处理的运算速度,又能保证图像质量,其算法具有实用价值.     

简易旋转倒立摆及控制装置的设计

[目的]设计并制作一套简易旋转倒立摆及其控制装置.[方法]采用9S12XE单片机作为简易旋转倒立摆及控制装置的监测和控制系统的核心,采用L298驱动直流电机作为动力.通过编码器及最优控制策略LQR在平衡点附近给出系统的线性化模型,对系统的稳定性、能控性进行调试.[结果]应用Lagrange方程对试验采用的单级旋转倒立摆系统进行建模,获得了旋臂长度（r）、水平和竖直方向的角位移（Q）、摆杆质心与铰链距离（L）4者的最佳平衡点与动态方程;优化LQR控制器获得最优状态反馈增益矩阵;进行计算机编程,应用9s12XE单片机控制,并执行试验;结果表明旋转臂的转动频率趋近于摆杆的转周期则摆杆能到达正负155度以上,能很快地完成设计要求的基本动作,并且能迅速进入PID控制器调控范围,完成坚立状态.[结论]经误差分析表明该装置的稳定性良好,误差范围可控制在正负15度之内;调试结果证明,已实现了倒立摆的平衡控制.     

Mechanical rotation of the c subunit oligomer in ATP synthase (F0F1): direct observation

F0F1, found in mitochondria or bacterial membranes, synthesizes adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) coupling with an electrochemical proton gradient and also reversibly hydrolyzes ATP to form the gradient. An actin filament connected to a c subunit oligomer of F0 was able to rotate by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. The rotary torque produced by the c subunit oligomer reached about 40 piconewton-nanometers, which is similar to that generated by the gamma subunit in the F1 motor. These results suggest that the gamma and c subunits rotate together during ATP hydrolysis and synthesis. Thus, coupled rotation may be essential for energy coupling between proton transport through F0 and ATP hydrolysis or synthesis in F1.