仔兔补饲方法的比较试验

仔兔从18～20日龄采取随笼补饲和离笼补饲两种方法.两批试验结果表明随笼补饲的仔兔断奶窝重、窝日增重及成活率均明显高于离笼补饲的仔兔,重要的是随茏补饲极大简化了烦琐操作程序,减少了工作量,更适合规模化养兔场应用.     

仔兔补饲方法的比较试验

随着肉兔规模化生产的发展,对仔兔补饲技术也提出了新的要求,不仅要研究补饲饲料原料、营养和料型,还要改进补饲方法,否则难以适应规模化肉兔生产发展的需要.为此,笔者进行了仔兔的离笼补饲和随笼补饲方法的比较试验.     

不同料型补饲仔兔的效果

为了确定不同料型对仔兔发育的影响及其经济效益.我们于1989年6月在定西县种兔场进行了仔兔饲喂粉料和颗粒料的对比试验.选择21日龄发育正常、体重接近的青紫蓝仔兔10窝(63只).随机分为2组,每组各5窝.母仔分笼饲养,每天早晨定时哺乳1次.从21日龄开始补饲,至35日龄断奶.1组(粉料组)33只仔兔饲喂湿拌粉料,组成为(%):玉米16.l,麸皮20.0,豌豆2.2,胡麻饼10.0,苜蓿草粉51.1,食盐0.5.2组(颗粒组)30只仔兔喂给与1组成分相同的颗粒饲料.两     

仔兔开眼期的管理要点

<正>1做好补饲工作在仔兔哺乳期间,从20天左右开食起在继续哺乳的同时,喂给适量的混合精料,称为仔兔补饲。随着仔兔日龄增长,体重增加,采食量也随之增加,仅靠母兔乳汁已远不能满足仔兔生长发育的需要。特别是20日龄后,母兔泌乳量很快降低,这就不能满足仔兔营养的需要。补饲对仔兔有许多好处。首先,补饲有利于仔兔过好断奶关。仔兔断奶后,如果不及时补饲,会出现营养不良而掉奶瞟,还可能引发传染     

仔兔开眼期的管理要点

1做好补饲工作 在仔兔哺乳期间，从20天左右开食起在继续哺乳的同时，喂给适量的混合精料，称为仔兔补饲。随着仔兔日龄增长，体重增加，采食量也随之增加，仅靠母兔乳汁已远不能满足仔兔生长发育的需要。特别是20日龄后，母兔泌乳量很快降低，这就不能满足仔兔营养的需要。补饲对仔兔有许多好处。首先，补饲有利于仔兔过好断奶关。仔兔断奶后，如果不及时补饲，会出现营养不良而掉奶瞟，还可能引发传染性口腔炎而造成死亡。     

两种补饲方法对仔兔增重及成活率的影响比较

为了进一步适应国内外市场对兔肉的需求和肉兔规模化生产发展的需要,目前改进仔兔的补饲技术显得尤为重要。不仅要对补饲的饲料营养、料型加以研究,同时对仔兔的补饲方法也必须进行改进,否则,难以更好地适应肉兔规模化生产的发展需要。鉴于目前在养兔生产上对仔、母分离补饲与不分离补饲两种仔兔补饲方法效果尚未有详细对比资料,为了进一步验证对比两种补饲方法的效果,笔者于2004年3～4月间,特对仔兔的两种补饲饲料的方法进行了效果对比试验,并取得了一定结果,现报告如下。1材料与方法1.1试验动物及场所该试验选择本市水寨镇养兔专业户饲养…     

酸化剂和血浆蛋白粉对哺乳仔兔生长性能、胃肠道pH、胃蛋白酶活性及肠黏膜形态的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加酸化剂和血浆蛋白粉对哺乳仔兔生长性能、胃肠道pH、胃蛋白酶活性及肠黏膜形态的影响。试验选取同期配种和产仔的新西兰经产母兔120窝,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复6窝,分别饲喂基础饲粮(A组,对照组)、基础饲粮+0.1%酸化剂(B组)、基础饲粮+0.3%血浆蛋白粉(C组)、基础饲粮+0.1%酸化剂+0.3%血浆蛋白粉(D组)。哺乳仔兔在18日龄开始补饲,饲养试验持续到35日龄断奶。结果表明:与对照组相比,C、D组28、35日龄仔兔的个体均重显著提高(P0.05),分别提高了10.53%、11.70%和16.07%、18.66%;B、D组28、35日龄仔兔的胃和十二指肠pH显著降低(P0.05);D组28、35日龄仔兔的胃蛋白酶活性显著提高(P0.05),B组35日龄仔兔胃蛋白酶的活性也显著提高(P0.05);C、D组28、35日龄仔兔的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度显著增加(P0.05),隐窝深度显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.1%酸化剂或0.3%血浆蛋白粉均能改善哺乳仔兔的生长性能,且酸化剂和血浆蛋白粉同时添加效果更佳。     

提高仔兔、幼兔成活率的几项措施

仔兔、幼兔死亡有3个高峰期。一是产后7天以内,这个时期仔兔还没有睁眼,全靠母兔喂养维持生命,如果母兔患有乳房炎、隐性乳房炎或母兔笼底不洁,乳头被污物污染,仔兔吃到这种母兔的乳汁,就会发生仔兔肠炎,死亡率很高。二是在仔兔18日龄补饲后的7天以内,这时的仔兔由原来全部吃奶转变为吃奶和吃饲料并行,     

仔兔的营养与提早补料

笔者根据近几年的生产实践,依据仔兔的生长发育和母兔的泌乳规律,以及母兔泌乳与仔兔增重的关系,提出对仔兔提早补饲的管理手段,以提高仔兔的成活率和断奶窝重,缩短育肥周期,加快商品生产.     

仔兔的营养与提早补饲

<正> 本文根据近几年的生产实践,依据仔兔生长发育和母兔的泌乳规律,以及母兔泌乳与仔兔增重的关系,提出对仔兔提早补饲的管理手段,以提高仔兔的成活率和断奶窝重,缩短育肥周期,加快商品生产。     

乳头数对母兔繁殖力的影响

按照母兔乳头数为１０和８分为试验Ａ组和试验Ｂ组，每组１６只。测定哺乳前三（组）周，每组母兔的泌乳量、仔兔每天的平均吮乳量等。试验结果表明：哺乳前三周，母兔的泌乳量、仔兔每天平均吮乳量、仔兔日增重、断奶窝重及断奶成活率，试验Ａ组分别为３１３８．６２克、２１．９８克／天、只、１４．１８克／日、５２４９．６８克和９３．９７％，分别比Ｂ组高８．３０％、１２．４３％、７．３４％、４．２７％和１０．５５％。经ｔ检验和Ｘ２检验后发现，除断奶窝重在Ａ、Ｂ两组之间差异不显著外，其它各项指标在Ａ、Ｂ两组之间均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可以得出结论：有较多乳头数的母兔能哺乳更多的仔兔，其繁殖力较强     

Effects of breed, parity, day of lactation and number of kits on milk production of rabbits

Lactation records (n = 86) from 60 does of four breeds (Californian, New Zealand White, Palomino and White Satin) were analyzed to assess the effects of breed, parity, day of lactation and number of kits on milk production. Breed of doe tended (P less than .07) to be important for mean milk yield according to ANOVA results. Californian does had numerically higher production than did does of the other breeds. Doe body weight, litter size born alive and weaned and litter weaning weight, likewise, were not influenced (P greater than .05) by breed of doe. Significant linear and quadratic relationships were found between milk production vs day of lactation, and milk production vs number of kits. However, breed x days and breed x number of kits interactions (P less than .05) indicated that the individual breeds responded differently to two of these effects. Peak lactation occurred at approximately 20 d after kindling. As kit number increased, milk yield also increased to a predicted maximum when 12 kits were suckling. Parity tended (P less than .10) to influence lactation yield in a curvilinear manner, increasing steadily through the seventh parity and declining thereafter. A nonsignificant residual correlation (.34) between milk production and doe body weight was observed. Corresponding correlations between milk production were high for litter size born alive and weaned (r = .62 and .87, respectively) and litter weaning weight (r = .86). Although lactation curves are unique to each particular breed, milk yield is influenced by several factors.     

The change of nursing for oestrus induction (biostimulation): Effect of contact between rabbit doe and its young

This study focused on the effects on subsequent reproductive traits of females and development of the current litter as a result of different contact between the rabbit doe and its progeny when a temporary doe–litter separation was used for biostimulation. Immediately after parturition and adjusting to eight young per litter, multiparous Pannon White rabbit does (n = 400) were divided into five groups based on parity, doe condition, and weight of litter and the kits. Rabbits in the control group (C) nursed freely up to weaning at 35 days of age. In the group following local farm practice (F) using a metal-plate for separation, females nursed once a day (8 am to 9 am) for the first 14 days of lactation and freely afterwards. In three biostimulation groups, there was a change from free to once a day nursing before insemination (i.e. controlled nursing at 8, 9 and 10 days) provided with a wire-mesh separation (BW: permits visual, olfactory, and acoustic contact); using a metal-plate for separation (BM: no visual but possible olfactory, acoustic and vibration contact); or with taking the litter with the nest-tray 5 m away from the doe's cage (BN: there is no contact at all) and returning to free nursing just after AI (at 11 days in the morning) up to weaning. The type of separation exerted a significant influence on oestrus and subsequent kindling of does. Comparing C, F, BW, BM and BN groups, sexual receptivity (30.4, 45.4, 24.0, 25.6, 43.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), fertility (74.4, 84.2, 80.8, 80.3, 89.5%; P < 0.05) and kindling rates (71.1, 85.5, 76.9, 77.3, 88.2%, respectively; P < 0.05) improved in F and BN groups. The total number of kits born (10.0, 10.3, 10.5, 10.4, 9.55, respectively; P = 0.392) and kits born alive per litter (9.25, 9.65, 9.59, 9.83, 9.03, respectively; P = 0.607) were not affected, but newborn kit weight was numerically less in the BW group (69.7, 67.5, 65.5, 67.6, 67.3 g, respectively; P = 0.166). Growth rates of current progeny up to weaning were higher and identical in C and BM but less in F and BN groups (27.5, 25.6, 27.1, 27.3, 26.7 g/day, respectively; P = 0.001). However, the total weight of 70-day-old rabbits per doe did not differ significantly (17.51, 17.53, 17.54, 16.81, 15.81 kg, respectively; P = 0.271). On the whole, the production of the F, BM and BN groups was superior to that of the control and BW groups since subsequent kindling results improved without a significant reduction in slaughter rabbits per doe from current litters.     

Characterization of straightbred and crossbred rabbits for milk production and associative traits

Two hundred twenty-five lactation and litter performance records from 82 does representing four genetic groups and two diets were analyzed to quantify breed, heterosis, reciprocal F1 cross and diet effects for milk production and associative traits. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbred and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Pelleted diets fed to does and litters were either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa diet. Three sire breeds of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbreds. Doe genetic group and diet were important sources of variation (P less than .05) for all traits examined except for litter milk efficiency (litter gain/milk intake) and doe feed efficiency (milk yield/feed intake). The sire breed of litter effect did not influence (P greater than .05) lactational performance of does nor associative preweaning traits. Straightbred NN does were heavier at kindling, yielded more milk, reared a heavier litter by 21 d and were more efficient in converting feed into milk than were straightbred CC does (P less than .01). Significant heterosis was detected for milk production and for litter size and weight at 21 d. Reciprocal differences between crossbred doe groups were observed (P less than .05) for litter milk efficiency and doe feed intake. The 74% alfalfa diet was superior to the commercial control diet for effects on milk production and litter size and weight at 21 d, although doe feed intake was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Reproductive Performance and Milk Production of Damascus Goats Fed Acacia Shrubs or Berseem Clover Hay in North Sinai,Egypt

Thirty-three adult Damascus does (29±1.1 kg BW) were fed 0.6 kg per head per day of a concentrate diet plus ad libitum rice straw (Oryza sativa, control, R), or green acacia (Acacia saligna, A) or berseem clover hay (Trifolium alexandrinum, B). All treatment groups had free access to underground saline water containing 3600 ppm TDS. The DM intake was lower (p<0.05) for the R group but did not differ between the other two groups. The DM intake of acacia was 0.64 kg per head per day (1.98% BW) during pregnancy and 0.93 kg per head per day (2.95% BW) during lactation. The drinking water differed (p<0.05) between the three dietary treatments; group B had the highest mean intake and group A had the lowest. The percentage kidding and the litter weight at birth did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the number of kids weaned/doe kidding and the weight of the kids weaned/doe kidding were significantly higher for group B. The mean body weight of the kids at birth and at weaning were significantly lower for group R. The total milk yield over 10 weeks and the milk composition (total solids, fat and protein percentages) were significantly different between the three groups; group B having the highest means and group R the lowest. These results suggest that supplemental feeding is required to enhance the productivity of goats in arid or semi-arid environments and Acacia saligna should not be used fresh in excessive quantities for extended periods.     

不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

选择年龄、体重基本一致,生长发育正常的健康獭兔种母兔24只,随机分成对照组以及A、B、c3个试验组,每组6只,对照组饲喂养殖场现有日粮（蛋白水平为15％）,试验组分别饲喂蛋白质水平为16％、18％、20％的日粮,研究不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响。结果表明。不同营养水平对窝产仔数、初生窝重没有明显影响,各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但对泌乳力、断奶窝重、断奶个体重等有明显影响。B组的泌乳力、断奶窝重与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,分别比对照组提高47．6％和1573．42g;断奶个体重,A组和B组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,比对照组分别高30．9％和47．4％,B组显著高于A组（P〈0．05）,比A组高12．6％,C组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;各组断奶成活数、成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Evaluating response to selection and nutritional needs in a three-way cross of rabbits

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the response obtained in a three‐way cross of rabbits when the lines involved had undergone within‐line selection for litter size or postweaning daily gain. The interaction between the level of nutrition and genetic level of the crossbreds was also studied. Using frozen embryos, old (H1) and current (H2) crossbred does and young were compared contemporarily. Does were fed a standard diet or a diet having high digestible energy and protein. The difference in the number of generations between lines used to produce both crosses were: 13 or 0 for the maternal lines, and 12 for the paternal line. The traits studied in the crossbred does were: daily feed intake during gestation, during the first 3 weeks of lactation and during the last week before weaning; doe weight at mating and at kindling; litter weight at birth and at weaning; total litter size, number born alive and litter size at weaning. The recorded traits for the young were: individual weight at weaning and at 63 days; individual daily gain after weaning; daily feed intake and feed conversion index. The last two traits were recorded as averages per cage. A total of 1161 litters from 190 does were involved. Significant differences in litter‐size traits, between H1 and H2 does, were observed and were higher than the expected from the within‐line response. The doe effect was not significant for other doe traits, adjusted to a constant litter size. The estimated difference in postweaning daily gain between H1 and H2 young was significant and in favour of H2, but the value was considerably lower than expected. The effect of type of feed and the interaction with the type of doe was not significant for any doe trait. The type of feed consumed by the doe was significant for postweaning daily gain, and the interaction with the type of crossbreds was significant for this trait and for individual weight at 63 days.     

Relationships between body weight at first mating and subsequent body development,feed intake,and reproductive performance of rabbit does

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the relationships between BW at first insemination and subsequent body development, feed intake, reproductive performance, and culling rate of rabbit does. Young rabbit does are vulnerable to body energy deficit in first lactation, resulting in decreased reproductive performance and high replacement rate. Heavy does at first insemination might be able to benefit from the extra amount of BW to cope with the energy deficit during first lactation. Data of three experiments were used in which does were given ad libitum access to feed during rearing and inseminated at 14.5 wk of age. The first two parities of each doe were recorded. Does were categorized in three groups based on their BW at 14.5 wk of age (first insemination): heavy (BW > or = 4,000 g), medium (BW 3,500 to 4,000 g), and small (BW < 3,500 g). Among does that kindled, differences in BW at first insemination were related to differences in voluntary feed intake and body growth rate during rearing. Heavy does consumed more feed per day (+ 45 g/d, P < 0.001) and had a higher BW gain (+ 12 g/d, P < 0.001) than small does from weaning (4.5 wk) to 14.5 wk of age. Body weight at first insemination did not affect BW, feed intake, and culling rate during the first two parities. Heavy does were heavier at first insemination and remained so throughout the reproductive period, but they followed a similar BW curve as medium and small does. A higher BW at first insemination (14.5 wk of age) improved litter size in the first parity (8.9, 7.7, and 6.4 for heavy, medium, and small does, respectively, P < 0.05). Extra BW at start of reproduction improves litter size in the first parity but does not contribute to an improved feed intake or increased BW development during reproduction.     

塑膜暖棚对繁殖母兔生产性能的影响

本试验将９～１０月龄新西兰繁殖母兔５０只和公兔６只，随机分为两组，试验组用塑膜暖棚饲养，对照组用普通兔舍饲养。试验结果表明，受胎率差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）；窝产仔数、总产仔数、初生窝重差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）；４０日龄断奶窝重、仔兔成活率、经济效益差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）。     

Reproductive and health traits among Boer, Kiko, and Spanish meat goat does under humid, subtropical pasture conditions of the southeastern United States

Boer (n = 132), Kiko (n = 92), and Spanish (n = 79) straightbred does were studied across 6 yr to assess doe fitness on southeastern US pastures. Does were exposed to Boer, Kiko, and Spanish bucks in a complete 3-breed diallel mating scheme each fall for spring kidding in March or May. A total of 1,041 doe-yr units were observed with does (ranging from 2 to 8 yr of age) managed together in a semi-intensive manner. The proportion of buck-exposed does delivering at least 1 live kid was less (P < 0.01) for Boer does (80%) than for Kiko (96%) and Spanish does (94%). Litter size and litter weight at birth were not affected (P > 0.15) by breed of dam. By weaning at 3 mo, the proportion of available does weaning at least 1 kid was less (P < 0.01) for Boer does (53%) than for Kiko (84%) and Spanish does (82%). For does weaning kids, litter size at weaning was greater (P = 0.01) for Spanish does (1.74 kids) than for Kiko (1.59 kids) and Boer does (1.47 kids). Litter weaning weight was lighter (P < 0.01) for Boer dams (23.0 kg) than for Kiko (27.2 kg) and Spanish dams (26.5 kg). The efficiency ratio of litter weight to dam weight at weaning differed (P < 0.05) among all 3 dam breeds: Boer = 51%; Kiko = 62%; Spanish = 68%. Annual rates of lameness, endoparasitism, and attrition, respectively, were greater (P < 0.01) for Boer does (69, 53, and 28%) than for Kiko (32, 24, and 10%) and Spanish does (42, 22, and 11%). Postpartum fecal egg counts for endoparasite loads were less (P < 0.05) for Spanish dams (346 eggs/g) than for Kiko (524 eggs/g) and Boer does (675 eggs/g). Whole-herd annual doe productivity based on all available does was less (P < 0.01) for Boer does (11.7 kg weaned/doe) compared with Kiko (22.0 kg weaned/doe) and Spanish does (21.1 kg weaned/doe). Boer does expressed substantially decreased levels of fitness compared with Kiko and Spanish does when semi-intensively managed on humid, subtropical pasture. Kiko and Spanish should be preferred as maternal breeds in meat goat production systems under conditions reflective of this study.