普通高温放线菌与饲草土尘致家兔实验性尘肺的研究

用从饲草中分得的土尘和从甘肃河西地区气喘病马肺中分到的一株普通高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris——T.v.),对50只家兔进行了实验性尘肺的研究。从病理形态可见,只有在土尘和菌尘先后感染或同时感染后其病理学改变才与河西地区马气喘病自然病例的病变更为相似。电镜检查,在实验兔肺泡巨噬细胞内可见到尘粒和T.v.孢子残骸。CIEP和ELISA检测,在染菌3次以上实验兔血清中检出了沉淀素抗体和循环免疫复合物。免疫荧光技术查明在肺组织内有T.v.孢子和IgG沉着。结果表明,在混合性尘肺的发病机理中,土尘和普通高温放线菌存在相互协同的关系,且尘肺的发生是机体对土尘所致肺泡损伤的非特异修复及对这种放线菌孢子侵害发生Ⅰ、Ⅳ型变态反应所引起的。     

普通高温放线菌与饲草土尘在家兔的实验尘肺研究

用从饲草中分得的土尘和从甘肃河西地区气喘病马肺中分到的一株普通高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris—T.v.),对50只家兔进行了实验尘肺的研究。病理形态上可见,只有在土尘和菌尘先后感染或同时感染后其病理学改变才与河西地区马气喘病自然病例的病变更为相似。电镜检查,在实验兔肺泡巨噬细胞内可见到尘粒和T.v.孢子残骸。CIEP和ELISA检测,在染菌3次以上实验兔血清中检出了沉淀素抗体和循环免疫复合物。免疫荧光技术查明在肺组织内有T.v.孢子和IgG沉着。结果表明,在混合性尘肺的发病机理中,土尘和普通高温放线菌存在相互协同的关系,且尘肺的发生是由机体对土尘所致肺泡损伤的非特异修复及对这种放线菌孢子侵害发生Ⅲ、Ⅳ型变态反应所引起的。     

普通高温放线菌与饲草土尘对象兔外周血T淋巴细胞的影响

用从河西气喘病马肺组织中分到的一株普通高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces Vulgaris)与饲草土尘,以先后不同的顺序或混合吸入感染,对50只健康家兔进行了临床免疫学和病理学研究,获得了和马气喘病相似的病理变化。ANAE染色结果表明,用上述菌尘和土尘多次吸入感染,可使家兔外周血T淋巴细胞值在一定时间内逐渐升高,然后又降至正常,但普通高温放线菌比饲草土尘对T淋巴细胞值的影响要大得多。T淋巴细胞的增生是机体对病原所发生的一种免疫反应。     

甘肃省马类动物气喘病病理研究

用电子探针、光镜与电镜对甘肃河西地区12例气喘病畜进行了病理研究。这些病畜包括马5例、骡5例和驴2例,年龄为5～18岁。病肺高度膨大,其切面细支气管明显。主要组织变化有慢性支气管炎和血管周炎、间质性肺炎、内含折光性无机粉尘的巨噬细胞和巨细胞。从这些病例的肺中分到了普通高温放线菌、干草小多孢菌、热吸水链霉菌和高大毛霉菌。在肺尘细胞中看到了线粒体空泡化和内织网脱粒等超微结构变化。同时这些细胞的无机元素(铝、硅等)含量增加。因此认为甘肃马气喘病是一种由外界吸入的无机与有机尘所致的混合性尘肺。     

马类动物气喘病病理研究：35例自然病畜病性与病理

用HE及特殊染色法、电镜、能谱分析、电子探针、偏光显微镜及微生物分离培养等方法,研究了气喘病自然病例的肺与支气管淋巴结。肺与淋巴结组织中尘细胞明显增多,细胞器受损,铝、硅等元素超常,肺组织变化还包括单核细胞性肺泡炎和间质性肺炎,从病肺中分到了普通高温放线菌、干草小多孢菌等菌类。结果表明,肺中有机与无机成分均存在。作者认为,甘肃河西一带的马类动物气喘病属一种极少报告的外源性混合性尘肺,其中,有机尘肺与国外描述的“马农民肺”(farmer's lung of horses)变化相似。     

甘肃省河西地区马类动物气喘病微生物学检查

本研究从35例气喘病马类动物中分离出与气喘病发生有关的微生物有普通高温放线菌、普通高温放线菌橙色变种、热吸水链霉菌、干草小多孢菌、构巢曲霉、桔青霉、局限青霉、杂色曲霉、禾谷镰刀菌、短密青霉、高大毛霉以及副流感3型。其中以嗜热放线菌类为主,并以9头健康马类动物和牲畜的饲草饲料中也分离到嗜热放线菌类和毛霉、青霉、曲霉等。试验证明,这些微生物在自然界分布广泛,而病畜体内菌检率较健畜为高。除了杂色曲霉和构巢曲霉外,其它在国内尚未见有在马类动物气喘病中分离的报道,而热吸水链霉菌在国外也未见报道。     

麦草土尘致家兔尘肺的病理学研究

用甘肃河西地区麦草土尘在家兔成功地复制出了尘肺模型,病理形态学研究表明,在肺与支气管淋巴结可引起尘沉着和尘细胞结节形成,引起支气管炎和血管周炎,单核细胞肺泡炎和间质性肺炎,淋巴结构的尘细胞结节形成等。这些变化与甘肃河西地区马类动物气喘病自然病例的变化相似。病理生理学研究表明,试验组动物有较严重的低氧血症和呼吸性酸中毒,肺循环中有大量单核细胞和微血栓滞留,试验后期肺组织顺应性明显降低,这也是引起尘肺     

人和动物空肠弯曲菌带菌调查

对人和鸡、猪、山羊、水牛、乳牛、马(骡)、家兔、豚鼠等的1018份肛拭标本或新鲜粪便标本的调查表明,人和上述动物均不同程度地带有空肠弯曲菌:健康儿童为0.97％,腹泻病人9.38％,鸡63.50％,猪51.92％,山羊45.14％,水牛20.00％,乳牛2.40％,马(骡)0.94％,家兔6.06％,豚鼠25.00％;并对分离的部分菌株进行了血清分型。本调查在国内首次从健康马(骡)中分离出2株空肠弯曲菌,经血清分型属51型,为我国增添了一种空肠弯曲菌的新的动物宿主。     

5株抗常见动物病原菌的优良拮抗放线菌的分类鉴定

为寻找新的抗菌微生物,本研究从西北部分地区盐渍土中分离到5株具有拮抗作用的放线菌1202、02-F-17、66J03、3501及3010,其代谢产物对引起鸡大肠杆菌病的大肠埃希氏杆菌(Escherichia coli)和引起牛隐性乳房炎的无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)等多种动物病原菌均有较强的抑菌作用.通过对其进行形态学特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁化学组分以及16S rDNA序列等多相分类研究,初步确定其分类地位分别为:5株菌均属链霉菌,其中1202与戈壁三素链霉菌(Streptomyces gobitricini)最接近,02-F-17与晶体链霉菌(Streptomyces cavis-cables)相近,66J03与易变链霉菌(Streptomyces mumbilis)相近,3501最接近红淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomycesrubrolavendulae),3010与比基尼链霉菌(Streptomyces bikiniensi)相近.     

家兔大肠埃希氏菌病的诊断与防治

家兔大肠埃希氏菌病是由大肠埃希氏菌的某些特定血清型株感染所引起的,发生于家兔、豚鼠等的肠道传染病,常在家兔群中形成大范围传播,并且可导致感染兔死亡。家兔大肠埃希氏菌病尤其对幼龄兔(4～6周龄幼兔)的影响最为严重,其不但极容易受到感染,而且在感染后常常迅速死亡。贵阳医学院实验动物中心饲养的家兔,近年来多次发生大肠埃希氏菌病,为了有效地控制该病的发生与发展,我们对2002年10月的发病家兔进行了病原学检查和治疗观察,现将结果报告如下。1发病情况与临床表现发病动物主要表现为腹泻,少食,体温降低或正常,并且多数迅速死亡。大多…     

"Haysickness" in Icelandic horses: precipitin tests and other studies

Blood samples were taken from 18 healthy horses (Group A), 15 horses clinically diagnosed to have "haysickness" ("farmer's lung") (Group B), 10 closely related horses (Group C) and 14 inbred horses (Group D). Precipitins in sera were measured by double gel diffusion test against Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria, Penicillium and Rhizopus species. In Group A, all the horses were precipitin negative except one with a faint reaction to Rhizopus species. In Group B all had precipitin against M faeni. One horse also had precipitins against Rhizopus species and another against A fumigatus. In Group C, seven of the 10 horses had precipitins against M faeni. Of these, five had a history of respiratory signs, but two horses with a faint reaction had no such history. In Group D, four out of 14 horses had positive precipitin tests against M faeni. Of these four horses, three also had a faint reaction to A fumigatus and one a faint reaction to Alternaria species. All were asymptomatic. These results indicate that "farmer's lung" in man and "haysickness" in horses are of the same origin. However, further studies are necessary to substantiate the diagnostic or prognostic value of these precipitin tests in equine practice. The question of whether hereditary factors play a role in causing this disease also warrants further studies.     

Serum proteins in guinea-pigs and horses infected with Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885)

The serum protein pattern in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi was analysed and compared with those found in horses with either a natural or experimental infection. In both species, a highly significant decrease in albumin levels and an increase in gamma-globulins were seen, leading to a very low albumin/globulin ratio. No significant differences in total protein levels between healthy and infected animals were registered. Likewise, alpha-globulins were not significantly affected. A decrease in beta-globulins was observed in one horse and in guinea-pigs with experimental infection, while in horses with natural infections this decrease was not constant. The serum protein patterns in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi appeared similar to those occurring in horses infected with this parasite. Guinea-pigs, therefore may be useful laboratory models for the study of equine trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi.     

麦草土尘致家兔尘肺的病理学研究

采用麦草土尘在家兔成功地复制出了尘肺模型。实验结果表明，感染土尘的家兔可引起间质性肺炎和尘肺病变。病理生理上，在这些动物检测到较严重的呼吸性酸中毒和低氧血症，肺微循环中还有大量单核细胞及微血栓滞留。在实验后期，肺脏的顺应性均降低，这也是尘肺动物呼吸困难的原因之一。     

甘肃省部分地区兔艾美耳球虫分子流行病学调查研究

为调查甘肃省兔艾美耳球虫的感染状况、虫种分布和风险因素,本研究从甘肃省平凉、酒泉、武威地区采集5个不同品种兔的592份粪便样品,提取粪便样品中的基因组DNA,基于艾美耳球虫核糖体第1内转录间隔区（ITS1）设计引物,采用特异性PCR扩增兔艾美耳球虫基因片段。结果发现,兔艾美耳球虫的总感染率为50%（296/592）;通过序列比对分析共鉴定出7种不同的兔艾美耳球虫,分别是大型艾美耳球虫（24.5%,145/592）、肠艾美耳球虫（4.1%,24/592）、中型艾美耳球虫（11.5%,68/592）、穿孔艾美耳球虫（19.8%,117/592）、维氏艾美耳球虫（24.5%,145/592）、小型艾美耳球虫（4.9%,29/592）和盲肠艾美耳球虫（0.84%,5/592）;以大型艾美耳球虫、维氏艾美耳球虫、穿孔艾美耳球虫为优势虫种,同时发现所调查的兔中有多重感染的情况,最多包括四重感染。统计学分析显示,地区因素（P<0.05）、品种因素（P<0.05）和年龄因素（P<0.05）是影响兔艾美耳球虫感染率的风险因素,提示应该针对这3种因素采取有效的防控措施。本研究结果揭示了甘肃省部分地区养殖场兔的艾美耳球虫感染率、虫种分布和感染率的风险因素,为预防和控制甘肃省地区养殖兔的艾美耳球虫病提供了科学依据。     

景电灌区绿洲综合生态系统管理耦合技术评价分析

以甘肃省景电灌区的3种典型村落(紧邻沙漠的大咀子村、以砂田为传统耕作方式的寺滩村和以盐碱地种植枸杞为主的红跃村)为研究对象,采用参与式方法调查了村民对沙地封育、保护性耕作、盐碱地种植枸杞(Lyciumchinense)、生态家园建设、防护林体系建设5项措施构成的绿洲综合生态系统管理体系的接受程度,利用层次分析法量化分析农民对管理措施的认可度和满意度。结果表明:目标层满意度加权平均值为8.569,说明综合生态系统管理的各项措施得到了农民的普遍认可;各准则层满意度权重排序为:沙地封育(0.417)保护性耕作(0.263)盐碱地种植枸杞(0.160)生态家园建设(0.097)防护林体系建设(0.062),各指标贡献值差异明显,说明农民对5项措施的认可度和满意度不同;不同村落对综合生态系统管理体系的认可度不同,同村落对不同管理措施的满意度及认可度权重差异较大;针对灌区发展现状,结合评价结果,提出了绿洲综合生态系统管理耦合技术及建设对策。     

Exposure of rabbits to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus or Penicillium sp: survival of fungi and microscopic changes in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Rabbits were exposed to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus by 1 of 2 routes: exposure to aerosols of dry spores or introduction of liquid suspensions of spores directly into the stomach. Rabbits also were exposed to aerosols containing spores of a Penicillium sp. Cultural and microscopic examinations of tissues from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts indicated fungi were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits within 1 hour after exposure to aerosols of A fumigatus or Penicillum spores. Viable A fumigatus and Penicillium were detected in lung tissues of rabbits for 2 or 3 weeks after inhalation of spores. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract no more than 1 week after aerosol exposure, and Penicillium, not beyond 48 hours. However, when large numbers of A fumigatus spores were introduced directly into the stomach, fungi were isolated from tissues for as long as 16 days after exposure even though the intestinal contents were negative 4 to 7 days after introduction of spores. Tests for precipitating antibody were negative, with one exception, among 26 rabbits surviving for 2 weeks or more. Microscopic changes were more pronounced in rabbits exposed to spores of A fumigatus than in rabbits exposed to Penicillium spores.     

Development of a laboratory animal model of postoperative small intestinal adhesion formation in the rabbit.

In order to establish a model of postoperative intestinal adhesions that would simulate the problem experienced in horses, New Zealand White rabbits were utilized to compare two models of adhesion formation that had been successful in the horse, an ischemic strangulating obstruction (ISO) model and a serosal scarification model. An untreated control group was compared with animals subjected to 1, 2, 3 and 4 h periods of ISO, and to serosal scarification. At postmortem examination 14 d postoperatively, the number of rabbits in each group with adhesions was recorded. Serosal scarification was significantly more consistent at producing adhesions than ISO (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.0022). The 3 h of ISO group was significantly different from the control group: however, compared to the serosal scarification group, fewer animals had adhesions and one animal died of complications associated with the experimental procedure. Based on these results, serosal scarification was selected as the best model for utilization in further studies of adhesion prevention.     

Respiratory mechanics in Standardbred horses with sub-clinical inflammatory airway disease and poor athletic performance

The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify respiratory mechanical dysfunctions in Standardbred horses with both poor performance and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology characteristic of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). A control group of healthy Standardbred horses was compared. Respiratory mechanics and breathing pattern were examined at rest and during hyperventilation induced using a rebreathing method. At rest, respiratory mechanics and breathing pattern were superimposable in both groups. In IAD horses, rebreathing increased ventilation, with larger tidal volumes and lower respiratory frequencies. During hyperventilation, IAD animals showed frequency-dependent dynamic lung compliance, and had greater viscous lung resistance and rate of dynamic work of breathing. As IAD alters pulmonary mechanics, the ventilatory load increases and horses requiring significantly higher energy for breathing may suffer restrictions in their athletic performance. This rebreathing method permits early evaluation of respiratory mechanical dysfunction in poorly performing horses with sub-clinical IAD.