白壳蛋鸡品种介绍

1京自904 京白904为3系配套,是北京白鸡系列中目前产蛋性能较佳的配套杂交鸡。父本为单系,母本为2个系。这种杂交鸡的突出特点是早熟、高产、蛋大、生活力强、饲料报酬高。在“七五”国家蛋鸡攻关生产性能随机抽样测定中,京白904的产蛋成绩名列前茅,甚至超过巴布可克B-300的生产性能,是目前国内较好的鸡种。     

蛋鸡合成系育种的意义及其在禽蛋生产中的地位

<正> 北京农业大学畜牧系蛋鸡育种课题组经过8年(1983～1990)的努力,先后育成了商品蛋鸡配套系“农昌2号”和“农昌1号”。这两个鸡种分别在“六五”和“七五”国家蛋鸡攻关性能测定中名列前茅。“农昌2号”浅褐壳蛋鸡72周龄入舍鸡产蛋总重量14.5公斤,饲养日产蛋总重量15.2公斤,料蛋比2.55:1,这三项指标均居参加“六五”蛋鸡攻关测定的13个组合的首位。“农昌1号”褐壳蛋鸡(1991     

北京白鸡生产性能的测定

在良好的饲养管理条件下,测定了北京肉鸡各个纯系及若干杂交组合的72周龄的生产性能,并以星杂288商品代、Ⅱ系未选群和上海金白、金黄作为对照,共计17个组合(或系),总鸡数5572只。测定结果:72周龄入舍鸡产蛋重以Ⅰ系近交系♂×Ⅲ系♀最高,达15.6公斤,产蛋数为270个。Ⅰ系♂×Ⅲ系♀和星杂288均为15公斤,产蛋数分别为262个和251个。未选育的Ⅱ系对照群仅为12.7公斤,产蛋数226个。由此看来,京白鸡优良杂交组合的生产性能达到了较高水平。     

不同碘制剂对鸡蛋碘含量及鸡生产性能的影响

试验用无机和有机碘制剂及不同梯度饲喂海兰白W一36、海兰褐商品蛋鸡.结果,蛋中碘含量分别平均提高了7.87倍和3.30倍,生产出碘含量符合600～2 000微克/个标准的高碘蛋,方差分析结果表明:三种碘制剂处理组与对照组差异明显(P＜0.01),两鸡种间分析无差异(P＞0.05);试验所选用的各种碘制剂在全价料中的碘浓度在72.5 mg/kg～145mg/kg时提高了蛋鸡生产性能、饲料转化率,且对体重无明显影响;而碘浓度升高到290 mg/kg时,蛋鸡的生产性能呈下降趋势;从生产高碘蛋的成本、蛋鸡生产性能分析,145 mg/kg最好.     

缙云麻鸭配套系生产性能测定

利用经多个世代选育的缙云麻鸭公母种鸭,引进绍兴麻鸭设立四个配套组合(缙青×绍麻正交组,绍麻×缙青反交组,缙青×缙Ⅰ本交组和缙青×缙青纯系组)。经300d饲养试验,其成活率、产蛋率、总蛋重、饲料报酬、经济效益等各项生产性能指标均以反交组最好,分别为99.7%,161.0枚,10.5kg,和2.81:1,充分表明了缙云麻鸭的种用价值。为今后进一步开展缙云麻鸭纯系选育和保种,更好利用缙云麻鸭品种资源,开发商用配套系提供了科学依据。     

日粮中维生素E、C和大豆油对高温期蛋鸡生产性能的影响及最佳添加水平

文章旨在通过正交试验设计研究饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E(VE)、维生素C(VC)和大豆油对高温期蛋鸡主要生产性能的影响,从而筛选出高温下提高蛋鸡生产性能的VE、VC和大豆油的最佳水平。试验选用41周龄京粉蛋鸡810只,试验设计选用L9(34)正交表,VE(100,200,300 mg/kg)、VC(100,200,300 mg/kg)和大豆油(1%、2%,3%)均为3个水平,分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复5个单笼,每个单笼3个蛋鸡。预试期1周,试验期为60 d,统计各组产蛋率、料蛋比和平均每日总蛋重。结果表明:高温下,对料蛋比影响最大的因素是大豆油,对产蛋率、平均每日总蛋重影响最大的因素是VE;VE 200 mg/kg或300 mg/kg、VC 100 mg/kg与大豆油2%组合的料蛋比最低;VE300 mg/kg、VC 200 mg/kg和大豆油1%或2%组合的产蛋率最高;VE 300 mg/kg、VC 200 mg/kg、大豆油2%组合的平均每日总蛋重最高,最佳组合为:VE 300 mg/kg、VC 200 mg/kg、大豆油2%。     

减少破损蛋的六项措施

正常情况下，破蛋率可以控制在 2％以下。但是，由于种种原因，鸡群破蛋率都在 5％以上。仅以养 1 000只商品蛋鸡为例，按每只鸡年产蛋 260个计算，共产蛋 260 000个，破蛋数可达 13 000个。除正常破损外，降低经济效益 2 340元 (注：按 16个 /kg， 4.8元 /kg计算 )。所以，广大养殖场 (户 )应采取有效措施，将破蛋率控制在 1.8％～ 2.1％。 1选用优良品种 　　蛋壳品质的好坏与破蛋率呈正相关，并受遗传因素的影响。不同的品种或品系间总有一定差别，通常褐壳蛋无论是从蛋壳厚度还是蛋比重方面均明显好于白壳蛋。因此，在引进鸡种时，应以…     

日粮代谢能水平对“京红1号”蛋种鸡育成期生长性能及后续生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮不同代谢能水平对"京红1号"蛋种鸡育成期生长性能及后续生产性能的影响。试验选用9周龄"京红1号"蛋种鸡1 260只,随机分为4个处理,每处理5个重复,每重复63只鸡,4个处理组日粮代谢能水平分别为11.30、11.50、11.70、11.90 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平均为15.5%,试验期为4周。饲养试验结束后育成鸡转入产蛋舍,4个处理组饲喂同一种日粮(代谢能水平为11.51 MJ/kg、粗蛋白水平为16.4%),从见蛋开始跟踪记录鸡只的生产性能(10 d)。结果表明:随着日粮代谢能水平的增加,蛋鸡平均体重、日增重和胫长均显著增加(P0.05);耗料增重比和血浆尿素氮水平显著降低(P0.05);11.90 MJ/kg处理组平均体重、日增重和胫长最高,耗料增重比和血浆尿素氮水平最低;11.70 MJ/kg处理组的生长性能次之,后续的生产性能表现最好,其见蛋日龄最早,初始产蛋率最高。综合育成期生长性能和后续生产性能结果,"京红1号"蛋种鸡育成期(9~13周龄)代谢能水平在11.70 MJ/kg较为适宜。     

山麻鸭三系杂交高产组合筛选报告

利用经选育的优秀蛋鸭山麻鸭、莆田黑鸭、金定鸭、闽农白鸭,进行二系、三系杂交,测定各杂交组合的产蛋性能。结果表明,F(PS2)、P(S1F)和F(S1P)3个三系杂交组合500日龄的产蛋数、总蛋重和料蛋比,分别达345.4枚、25.12kg、2.60:1;339.2枚、24.26kg、2.68:1,331.1枚、24.13kg、2.67:1,成为最佳组合。     

饲喂颗粒状和粉状料对蛋用雏鸡的增重试验

蛋用型鸡的育雏和育成阶段鸡的体重状况和日后鸡的产蛋成绩呈正相关,尤其是与周龄体重与产蛋成绩呈明显的正相关。因此,育雏和育成阶段鸡的体重是衡量鸡群质量的重要指标。育雏阶段鸡的体重状况除了与饲料营养水平、环境优劣、是否感染疾病、饲养方式等因素有关外,饲料形状也有一定的影响。本试验着重考察饲喂颗粒饲料和粉状饲料对蛋用雏鸡增重的影响。1材料与方法1.1试验材料山西省长治县某鸡场引进的5700只海赛克斯白1日龄健康雏鸡,长治市某饲料公司生产的全价同样营养水平的粉状和颗粒状雏鸡饲料。1.2 试验方法将5700只雏鸡随机分成两个…     

七个鸡种蛋品质比较分析

鸡蛋品质是鸡蛋生产者和消费者都非常关注的性状,为分析蛋品质在鸡种内及鸡种间的差异,本试验测定了5个地方鸡种和2个国外蛋鸡品种各30个蛋共12项常规蛋品质指标。分析结果表明:遗传背景对蛋品质影响较大,2个国外鸡种的蛋重、哈氏单位等指标高于地方鸡种,而地方鸡种在蛋形指数、蛋壳质量、蛋黄颜色以及蛋黄比率上占优,国内蛋用鸡种改良可以选择蛋黄性状为重点选育方向。7个鸡种中,海兰白蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋黄重是最大的,但海兰褐蛋鸡却与之完全相反,两者之间差异显著(P<0.05)。从品种内差异角度来看,商业化鸡种蛋品质变异系数小,国内鸡种整齐度有待进一步提高。     

不同类型鸡蛋物理性状的测定与分析

通过对20个白壳和48个褐壳新鲜商品蛋鸡鸡蛋的主要物理性状指标进行测定、计算,取得了这两种类型鸡蛋的蛋型指数、蛋壳厚度,蛋黄、蛋白和蛋壳在总蛋重中各自所占的比例及蛋的比重等物理性状指标。通过分析,分别得出了不同品种鸡群所产鸡蛋的蛋重与蛋黄重、蛋重与蛋壳比例、蛋壳比例与蛋的比重、蛋壳厚度与蛋壳的比例、蛋重与蛋的比重等几对性状之间的相关系数,并对它们进行了显著性检验。对两种类型鸡蛋的物理性状和几种性状之间相关系数进行了对比。     

Dietary levels of chia: influence on hen weight,egg production and sensory quality,for two strains of hens

1. Laying hens, 225 white and 225 brown, were fed for 90 d to compare a control diet with diets containing 70, 140, 210 and 280 g/kg chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed. 2. Hen weight was not significantly affected by diet; however, manure production was less for the hens fed on chia. 3. Egg weight and production, yolk weight, and yolk percentage were determined at d 0, 30, 43, 58, 72 and 90. 4. A sensory evaluation was conducted on eggs produced during the last week of the trial. 5. No significant differences in egg production were found among treatments for the brown hens. 6. With the 280 g/kg chia diet, the white hens produced fewer and lighter eggs than did the hens fed on the control diet. 7. No significant differences were detected in yolk weight until d 90. 8. On this date the yolks produced by the white hens fed on the 70 g/kg chia diet were significantly lighter in weight, whereas the brown hens produced significantly heavier yolks, compared with the hens fed on the control diet. 9. Yolk weight as a percentage of egg weight was lower for white hens throughout the trial except on d 58 with the 140 g/kg chia diet. Significant differences, however, were detected only with the 70 g/ kg chia diet on d 90 and with the 210 g/kg chia diet on d 58, 72 and 90. 10. No significant differences in taste preference or flavour were found among any of the chia treatments and the control.     

Comparison of changes in production and egg composition in relation to in vivo estimates of body weight and composition of brown and white egg layers during the first egg-laying period

1. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the production and in the body and egg composition of 45 TETRA SL brown egg layers and 45 TETRA BLANCA white egg layers during the first egg-laying period.

2. Changes in the body composition of the hens were followed in vivo by means of computed tomography (CT) four-weekly, between 20 and 72 weeks of age. The measurements covered the whole body of the hens using overlapping 10 mm slice thicknesses on a Siemens Somatom Emotion 6 multislice CT scanner.

3. The yolk, albumen and shell ratio of the eggs, produced on the days of the CT measurements by the hens, were determined and their composition was analysed chemically.

4. The body fat content of the hens increased continuously until 44 weeks of age and plateaued thereafter in both genotypes. However, the body fat content of the white egg layers was always higher than that of the brown egg layers.

5. The yolk ratio and the dry matter and crude fat content of the eggs of white egg layers were higher than the brown egg layers throughout the experiment.

6. Moderate correlations were observed in both genotypes between the body fat content of the hens and egg yolk ratio of their eggs.     

Nutritional requirement of digestible tryptophan for white-egg layers of 60 to 76 weeks of age

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible Trp for white egg layers in the period from 60 to 76 wk of age. A total of 180 Dekalb White layers with an average weight of 1,345 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 increasing levels of digestible Trp (0.167, 0.175, 0.183, 0.191, and 0.199%), 6 replicates, and 6 birds per experimental unit. The diets of the treatments contained 0.759% of digestible Lys, which was obtained using the prediction equation of the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine, and each treatment consisted of a digestible Trp-to-Lys ratio of 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26%. The digestible Trp levels in the diet had a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass, and conversion per mass and per dozen eggs, and a linear effect on egg weight. In conclusion, a diet with 0.192% digestible Trp, in a 25.33% ratio with digestible Lys or 212 mg/bird per day, can be recommended for white egg layers of 60 to 76 wk of age.     

Nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for white egg layers of 60 to 76 weeks of age

The objective of this study was to determine the requirement for digestible Thr for optimum performance of white egg layers in the period from 60 to 76 wk of age. DeKalb White Leghorn layers with an average weight of 1,345 kg were distributed 5 increasing levels of digestible Thr (0.523, 0.546, 0.569, 0.592, and 0.615%) in a completely randomized design, with 6 replicates and 6 birds per experimental unit for a total of 180 birds. The dietary treatments contained 0.759% of digestible Lys, which was obtained using the prediction equation of the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine, and each treatment consisted of a digestible Thr-to-Lys ratio of 69, 72, 75, 78, or 81%. The digestible Thr levels had a linear effect on feed intake and a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs. In conclusion, a digestible Thr-to-Lys ratio of 75.14% is recommended for White Leghorn of 60 to 76 wk of age, corresponding to the level of 0.570% in the diet and a daily intake of digestible Thr of 622 mg/bird.     

Genetic differences of Ascaridia galli egg output in laying hens following a single dose infection.

Groups of 20-week-old white (Lohmann LSL) and brown (Lohmann Brown) hens were reared under helminth-free conditions and both divided into two subgroups. One subgroup was artificially infected with 250 embryonated Ascaridia galli eggs, the other subgroup were kept as uninfected controls. During the following 12-month laying period individual faecal Ascaridia egg counts (FEC) were performed and bodyweight measured at monthly intervals. Laying performance and egg weights were determined daily. The mean FEC were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in infected white hens than in infected brown hens. The growth rate of the white hens was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the control group, whereas in brown hens no significant group difference was observed. The laying performances and egg weights did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between control and infected animals for either line. The estimated repeatabilities for mean log(10) FEC of different samples were reasonably high (0.16-0.54). Heritabilities for mean log(10) FEC were between 0.13 and 0.19 for white hens and between 0.0 and 0.10 for brown hens. Thus, it should be possible to select for A. galli resistance in chickens, which will be of importance for birds kept in alternative and organic farming systems.     

类黄酮对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血液生化特性的影响

试验选用864只39周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复96只鸡,采用单因素随机试验设计,分别饲喂添加0、30 mg/kg蜂胶黄酮（PF）和6 mg/kg大豆黄酮（DA）的玉米-豆粕型日粮8周。结果表明,日粮中添加PF和DA对蛋鸡产蛋率、破软壳率、料蛋比有改善的趋势;日粮中添加PF和DA能够显著降低蛋黄胆固醇的含量,在蛋保存的第7和14天两者均能不同程度降低蛋黄丙二醛的含量;在试验第4、8周,日粮中添加DA和PF能够显著提高血清HDL水平（P<0.05）,在试验第8周,DA显著降低血清TC和TG水平,而PF显著降低血清TC水平并显著提高血清胰岛素水平（P<0.05）;此外,日粮中添加DA和PF能够显著提高第4周时T、B淋巴细胞转化率（P<0.05）,且添加PF显著提高第8周时T淋巴细胞转化率（P<0.05）。     

Effects of feather wear and temperature on prediction of food intake and residual food consumption

Heat production, which accounts for 0.6 of gross energy intake, is insufficiently represented in predictions of food intake. Especially when heat production is elevated (for example by lower temperature or poor feathering) the classical predictions based on body weight, body-weight change and egg mass are inadequate. Heat production was reliably estimated as [35.5-environmental temperature (degree C)] x [Defeathering (=%IBPW) + 21]. Including this term (PHP: predicted heat production) in equations predicting food intake significantly increased accuracy of prediction, especially under suboptimal conditions. Within the range of body weights tested (from 1.6 kg in brown layers to 2.8 kg in dwarf broiler breeders), body weight as an independent variable contributed little to the prediction of food intake; especially within strains its effect was better included in the intercept. Significantly reduced absolute values of residual food consumption were obtained over a wide range of conditions by using predictions of food intake based on body-weight change, egg mass, predicted heat production (PHP) and an intercept, instead of body weight, body-weight change, egg mass and an intercept.     

Effects of supplementary iodine on the performance and egg traits of laying hens

1. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary iodine supplementation on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. A total of 600 SHSY type brown layers aged 21 weeks of age were chosen at random from a large flock. They were randomly distributed into 30 pens at 20 hens per pen. Each treatment comprised 6 replicates of 20 layers in groups of 5 birds. The diets were supplemented with 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg iodine as calcium iodate. The experimental period lasted 30 weeks. 2. There were no significant differences among the groups in body weight, food consumption, egg production, food consumption per kg eggs, eggshell index, eggshell breaking strength, shell thickness or egg yolk index. 3. Supplementation of the diet with 12 mg/kg iodine increased food consumption per dozen eggs compared to the groups fed on diets supplemented with 0 and 6 mg/kg iodine. 4. Egg weight was less in groups fed on diets supplemented with 12 and 24 mg/kg iodine than in the group receiving no iodine supplementation. 5. Iodine supplementation to provide 12 and 24 mg/kg reduced egg albumen index and egg Haugh units. 6. There were no significant differences among the groups in egg cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol contents. 7. The iodine concentrations in egg yolk, egg albumen and whole egg increased with increased iodine supplementation. 8. As a result, the 3 and 6 mg/kg iodine supplementation of diet could be used to enrich the eggs with iodine without any adverse effect on performance and egg traits.