黑麦草粉喂猪的养分消化动态分析及饲用价值研究

用猪体外两步酶解法测定了不同物候期刈割的多花黑麦草的干物质和能量消化率,并采用全收粪法对上述结果作了验证;最后用18头生长肥育猪作了不同比例黑麦草粉代替麦麸的饲养试验。结果表明:随黑麦草生长期延长,纤维含量上升,蛋白含量和干物质、能量消化率下降,适宜的刈割期应在抽穗至盛花期之间。草粉的消化能随生长期延长而下降。营养拔节期、抽穗期和盛花期分别为1.6,1.3和1.2兆卡/公斤。据此建议,黑麦草粉在生长肥育猪饲粮中的用量以前期10%,后期15%为宜。     

光叶紫花苕草粉喂猪的营养价值研究

对不同生育期光叶紫花苕的概略养分做了系统分析,并测定了必需氨基酸和β—胡萝卜素含量,最后用体内、体外法测试了猪对该草粉的消化率。研究表明,光叶紫花草苕粉含有丰富的蛋白质和胡萝卜素;必需氨基酸较平衡;随收割期后延,其营养价值逐渐下降。猪对光叶紫花苕草粉的干物质、总能、粗蛋白质和粗纤维消化率依次为:55.05,51.96,51.19和71.55％,由此得出的猪消化能为9.7兆焦/公斤(DM中),可消化粗蛋白为11.52％。用离体两步酶解法测定该草粉的干物质和总能消化率,结果与全粪法一致。     

水貂对5种非常规蛋白质饲料养分的消化利用率

试验旨在研究水貂对进口鱼粉、血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉、猪血球蛋白粉和肠膜蛋白粉5种非常规饲料的表观消化率,为合理利用饲料资源提供科学依据。试验选取年龄、品种、体重相近,健康的准备配种期改良型黑色母貂30只,平均分成5组,每组6只。采用套算法测定了水貂对5种饲料原料干物质、能量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷的表观消化率。试验结果表明:水貂对猪血球蛋白粉组干物质的表观消化率显著地高于进口鱼粉和羽毛粉组(P0.05),羽毛粉的干物质和能量表观消化率最低(P0.05)。猪血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白表观消化率组最高,羽毛粉组粗蛋白的表观消化率显著地低于其他各组(P0.05)。肠膜蛋白粉组粗脂肪表观消化率显著地高于血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉和猪血球蛋白粉组(P0.05),但与进口鱼粉组差相比异不显著(P0.05);5种试验饲粮的蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白利用率指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,5种蛋白质饲料中养分表观消化率最高的是进口鱼粉,其次是肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和猪血球蛋白粉,羽毛粉最低。     

酸模菠菜作为猪饲料的饲用价值评价

通过对酸模菠菜不同生长期常规营养成分分析和猪的体外消化试验，对酸模菠菜做为猪饲料的饲用价值进行了评价。结果：酸模菠菜的粗蛋白质含量为26.27%-13.00%，因生长期不同而存在着明显的差别。此外在离体条件下，酸模菠菜的干物质、能量、粗蛋白质的相对消化率均低于同营养期三叶草的同营养物质消化率。但由于酸模菠菜的营养物质，尤其是蛋白质含量较高，仍具有一定的饲用价值。     

三叶草的营养价值

红三叶草含干物质12.4％,每1千克含消化能0.33兆卡,粗蛋白质2.3％,粗纤维3.0％,钙0.25％,磷0.04％,赖氨酸0.08％。10千克红三叶草所含消化能相当1千克玉米,而粗蛋白质的量为1千克玉米的3倍。白三叶草含干物质17.7％,每1千克含消化能0.48兆卡,粗蛋白质3.9％,粗纤维3.5％,钙0.25％,     

不同处理芭蕉芋渣对猪饲用价值研究

对芭蕉芋渣进行了氨化和发酵处理,评价了不同处理芭蕉芋渣作为猪饲料的饲用价值。结果表明：氨化处理提高了芭蕉芋渣总氮含量,粗纤维由22-32％下降为13．71％;发酵处理芭蕉芋渣粗蛋白含量由2．91％增加至15．36％,粗纤维含量由22．32％下降为11．53％。育肥猪对芭蕉芋渣的消化率很低,干物质的消化率为11．27％,粗蛋白消化率为30．23％,粗纤维消化率仅为6．09％;氨化处理芭蕉芋渣干物质消化率提高11．45％,粗纤维消化率提高12．48％;发酵处理芭蕉芋渣干物质消化率提高5．99倍,蛋白质消化率提高2．61倍,粗纤维消化率提高6．72倍。     

红三叶草粉取代猪日粮中能量、蛋白料的适宜比例研究

红三叶草粉取代猪日粮中能量、蛋白料的适宜比例研究四川省万县市畜牧局张书贤四川省巫溪县畜牧局杨书全，陈经建随着畜禽存、出栏的增加，麦麸、菜籽饼等大宗能、蛋饲料资源供应不足的矛盾日益突出。因此，广泛开发利用饲料资源，因地制宜选择营养丰富、成本低的草粉资源...     

瘤胃微生物体外降解三叶草与猫尾草的研究

试验研究三叶草与猫尾草体外降解,旨在为人工瘤胃发酵生产蛋白质饲料原料配比提供依据。设置7个试验组,每组3重复,确定瘤胃微生物体外分解三叶草和猫尾草混合粉的最适比例。观察记录分析试验各段时间内产气量和干物质降解率,试验表明:三叶草粉和猫尾草粉的最佳配比为7??3,6??4次之。通过人工瘤胃发酵三叶草与猫尾草粉试验,将其产物变成有用的工业产品,瘤胃微生物发酵三叶草与猫尾草饲料生产生物蛋白质,为鸡猪等单胃非草食家畜饲料开发利用提供了广阔的前景。     

两种猪种对含全脂大豆抗营养因子饲粮的消化率反应

试验用 2× 3析因试验设计 ,研究了含有 2 0 %热处理全脂大豆、2 0 %生全脂大豆和不含有任何大豆及大豆产品的等能量、等氮和等赖氨酸水平的 3种饲粮对东北民猪仔猪和长白仔猪的饲粮养分消化率的影响。试验结果表明 :东北民猪仔猪对干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪 (P <0 .0 5 )、粗纤维、无氮浸出物 (P <0 .10 )的消化率显著高于长白仔猪 ;3种饲粮之间 ,热处理全脂大豆饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物的消化率高于生全脂大豆饲粮和对照饲粮。     

罗非鱼对木薯粉表现消化率的研究

选择健康的尼罗罗非鱼为试验鱼,以Cr2O3为指示物,以70％参照饲料和30％的试验饲料原料组成试验饲料,测定尼罗罗非鱼对鱼粉、豆粕、木薯粉和次粉中的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及灰分的表观消化率。结果表明：①罗非鱼对木薯粉干物质的表观消化率为73．14％,与鱼粉、豆粕干物质的表观消化率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,较次粉提高19．71％（P〈0．05）;②罗非鱼对木薯粉蛋白质的表观消化率为84．58％,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）,但显著低于鱼粉（P〈0．05）;③罗非鱼对木薯粉脂肪的表观消化率为93．35％,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）,较鱼粉低5．0％（P〈0．05）;④罗非鱼对木薯粉灰分的表观消化率为67．74％,与鱼粉、豆粕灰分的表观消化率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,显著高于次粉（P〈0．05）。     

Supply of trace elements to ruminants in the German Democratic Republic. 3. Supply of zinc]

The supply of zinc to ruminants as influenced by and depending upon the geological origin of soils was investigated using the hair test and the technique of indicator plants. A total of 1276 samples of red meadow clover and 3022 samples of red field clover and 4184 hair specimens from cows were analyzed. The following statistically well-established results were obtained which appear to be generalizable: Red meadow clover contained significantly more Zn than red field clover (48 ppm/38 ppm). Red meadow clover and field clover grown on loamy soils (59%), weathered soils of less (59%), red sandstone (57%) basalt (53%), shell limestone (47%) and Keuper (41%) contained only 59%-41% of the amount of Zn found in indicator plants that were grown in locations were the highest Zn level (weathered soils of porphyry). Zn concentrations in red meadow and field clover grown on soils of the same geological origin correlated with r = 0.87. A positive correlation (B = 0.53) was found to exit between the relative proportions of Zn contained in indicator plants grown on a particular soil and the proportions of Zn contained in hair specimens from Zn-deficient cows (less than 100 ppm of Zn). The largest number of hair specimens containing less than 100 ppm of Zn were found in cows from areas with soils of basalt (17%), and loess (18%), areas with loamy soils (24%), and sandy diluvial soils (25%), or with alluvial pastures (23%), or with soils of Keuper (27%), shell limestone (22%) or red sandstone (29%). Ruminants in these areas are liable to suffer from Zn deficiencies.     

红三叶个体水平异黄酮含量的差异及其形态特征和草产量比较研究

为探索选育高异黄酮含量红三叶(Trifolium pratense L.)新种质材料的可行途径，本研究测定和林格尔县实验地中300株红三叶地上部分的异黄酮含量，采用K-means聚类分析方法，将不同异黄酮含量红三叶聚类为4个类群(T1～T4),同时对4个红三叶类群进行形态特征进行观测，以及对各农艺性状和产量指标进行测定。结果表明：300株红三叶异黄酮含量介于15.65～34.16 mg·g^-1,平均含量为24.88 mg·g^-1。不同异黄酮含量的红三叶类群在形态特征、农艺性状、草产量等方面具有显著性差异，其中高异黄酮含量红三叶群体占300株的18.67%,平均含量为29.61 mg·g^-1,具有绝对株高和自然株高差值大于15 cm(平卧型)和叶片面积小于350 mm²的形态特征；同时绝对株高、草产量也显著更高(P<0.05)。本研究为红三叶高产优质栽培和品种选育奠定了基础。     

The effect of storage on the estrogenic effect of red clover silage.

Pure red clover was selected for plant estrogen analyses from the fresh fodder crops of 1972 and 1973. The investigations were made on fresh red clover and on the same red clover after periods of storage of varying length. The red clover was stored in manilla bags in a silo among the ordinary silge fodder, use being of the "green solution method" (Farmos Oy). In the studies the estrogenic effect of the fodder was ascertained by means of bioassay, the criterion being the increase in murine uterine weight. The known plant estrogens were determined by thin layer chromatography and by liquid chromatography. The estrogenic effect of the red clover silage fodder of 1972 was greater in all the silage fodder samples than it was in the fresh red clover. The quantity of individual isoflavones and "transformed" estrogen too, was greater in many of the silage fodder samples than it was in the respective fresh red clover. The estrogenic effect of the silage fodder made from the red clover of 1973 varied considerably; in some samples it was greater but in most it was smaller than the estrogen effect of the fresh red clover. However, apart from a few exceptions, the quantity of individual isoflavones and of transformed estrogens was smaller than it was the fresh red clover.     

Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 1. In vitro and in vivo studies of nitrogen utilization

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen.     

国外引进红三叶种质在甘肃中部地区的生长特性及生产性能初步评价

为丰富我国红三叶种质资源,给红三叶品种选育提供优异材料,探讨国外引进资源在甘肃中部地区的综合表现,本文以来自俄罗斯、加拿大和美国的31份红三叶种质为供试材料,对其形态特征、农艺性状、生产性能等方面的14个指标进行了测定,发现其在生育期、株高、分枝数、叶面积、茎叶比、再生速度和干草产量等指标上差异非常显著。来源地对供试材料的形态特征和生产性能也有影响。个别种质材料在单一性状上表现优异,可直接应用于生产。通过主成分分析,选取方差累计贡献率达78.94%的前5个主成分对供试材料进行综合评价,结果表明,31份种质中,来自俄罗斯的ZXY2008P-4996综合得分最高,表现最优,其次是来自美国的Scarlett和Star fireⅡ;ZXY2008P-5419综合得分最低,适应性最差。依据主成分向量可将31份红三叶种质聚为4类。     

红车轴草异黄酮对肉鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响

为了研究红车轴草（Trifolium pratense）异黄酮对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,将180羽1日龄AA肉仔鸡分成3组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+红车轴草异黄酮(10 mg/kg)、基础日粮+红车轴草异黄酮(20 mg/kg)。结果显示,红车轴草异黄酮可以提高肉鸡的日增体质量（P<0.05）和屠宰性能（P>0.05）,降低血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇和腹脂率（P<0.05）,减少了储存第6天肉中丙二醛含量（P<0.05）,降低了肉品滴水损失和剪切力（P>0.05）。表明红车轴草异黄酮能够提高肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能,改善肉品品质,添加20 mg/kg时肉鸡日增长速度最快。     

Apparent digestibility of amino acids, gross energy and starch in corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, oat groats and wheat middlings for growing pigs

Apparent nutrient digestibilities of yellow-dent corn, low-tannin sorghum, hard red winter wheat, barley, oat groats and wheat middlings were determined near the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract of growing pigs. Gross energy digestibilities for corn, sorghum and oat groats were similar; wheat had a slightly lower (P less than .05) digestibility, followed by barley (P less than .05), with wheat middlings being the least (P less than .05) digestible. About 7% of the gross energy in corn, sorghum, wheat and oat groats was digested in the large intestine, compared with 11% for barley and 17% for wheat middlings. The starch in all products was essentially 100% digestible by the end of the small intestine. Ileal amino acid digestibilities tended to be highest for wheat and oat groats, followed by corn, sorghum, barley and wheat middlings. The range in ileal digestibilities was 73.8 (sorghum) to 84.2% (wheat) for lysine, 69.6 (corn) to 81.4% (wheat) for tryptophan and 63.4 (wheat middlings) to 77.9% (oat groats) for threonine. Amino acid digestibilities determined over the total tract were generally higher than ileal digestibilities; however, values for lysine, methionine and phenylalanine were generally lower, indicating a net synthesis of these amino acids in the large intestine.     

红三叶耐热生理指标主成分分析及聚类分析

以三峡库区采集的9份野生红三叶居群和3份国内外品种为材料,对测定的6项生理指标进行相关性分析和主成分分析。主成分结果表明,前3个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达85％。叶绿素a和游离脯氨酸含量两项指标在热胁迫中的特征向量值均较大,表明这两项指标用于红三叶耐热性鉴定,评价结果的可靠性较大。根据筛选的两项生理指标,通过系统聚类分析,把12份红三叶材料分为耐热性强、中等、弱3个等级。     

紫花苜蓿化感作用的研究

通过培养皿砂培法的生物检测方法研究3种浓度(5%,7.5%,10% w/v)的紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa茎叶浸提液对受体植物黑麦草Lolium multiflorum cv.barspectra,高羊茅Festuca arundinacea cv.vegas,白三叶Trifolium repeus cv.haifa,红三叶T.pratense cv.common,萝卜Raphanus sativus cv.sijihong和紫花苜蓿浸提液自身幼苗生长及发芽的影响,以探明紫花苜蓿的化感作用.结果表明:7.5%和10%的紫花苜蓿茎叶浸提液对受体苗长、根长均产生明显的抑制作用,且随浓度的升高,抑制作用加强;适宜浓度处理的紫花苜蓿茎叶浸提液对黑麦草、高羊茅、红三叶、白三叶种子萌发具有明显的影响,发芽率明显降低.     

红车轴草异黄酮对肉鸡免疫器官、免疫球蛋白及抗氧化性能的影响

通过在饲料中添加红车轴草(Trifolium pretense L.)异黄酮,研究其对AA肉鸡免疫器官、免疫球蛋白及抗氧化性能的影响。选用180羽1日龄AA肉仔鸡分成3组,即对照组、处理Ⅰ组、处理Ⅱ组,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+红车轴草异黄酮(10 mg·kg^-1)、基础日粮+红车轴草异黄酮(20 mg·kg^-1)。结果表明:处理组的肉鸡日增重和免疫器官指数均高于对照组,饲喂21 d后,处理组血清IgM的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),49 d后,处理Ⅰ组肉鸡血清IgG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);红车轴草异黄酮提高了血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,处理Ⅰ组和处理Ⅱ组之间差异不显著。红车轴草异黄酮能够明显改善肉鸡生产性能、调节免疫和提高机体的抗氧化性。