近红外光谱技术快速测定豆粕、玉米真可消化氨基酸含量的研究

本试验应用近红外光谱技术（ＮＩＲＳ）预测了豆粕、玉米中的真可消化氨基酸含量。氨基酸消化率用去盲肠公鸡作试验动物,用修正的Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲法进行测定。定标的结果表明,豆粕中除与胱氨酸有关的几个方程外,其它氨基酸的定标经检验证明具有良好的预测性能。玉米真可消化氨基酸的定标性能不如豆粕好,目前还不能进行实际的应用,但大部分氨基酸定标方程的相关系数经Ｆ检验达到极显著水平,说明用ＮＩＲＳ预测玉米真可消化氨基酸是可行的。近红外光谱技术提供了一种可用于日常测定鸡真可消化氨基酸的即时分析方法,它能够替代查书面值以及使用耗时而昂贵的体内法测定真可消化氨基酸含量。营养学家可根据真可消化氨基酸数据进行饲料配方,起到准确、及时、低投入、高产出、低污染、高效利用饲料资源的作用。     

肉仔鸡对若干国产原料的氨基酸消化率

本试验研究了肉仔鸡性别与日龄对菜籽粕、棉籽粕、肉骨粉和羽毛粉的氨基酸消化率的影响。试验中测定了4周龄和6周龄的肉仔鸡公鸡和母鸡对菜籽粕、棉籽粕、肉骨粉和羽毛粉的氨基酸消化率。研究表明 ,除羽毛粉以外 ,4周龄肉仔鸡对其他3种原料的氨基酸真消化率显著高于6周龄肉仔鸡(P<0.01) ,肉仔鸡日龄对羽毛粉的氨基酸真消化率无影响。肉仔鸡性别对棉籽粕的氨基酸真消化率具有极显著影响(P<0.01) ,公鸡对棉籽粕的氨基酸真消化率极显著低于母鸡 ;性别对其它3种原料的氨基酸真消化率无显著影响。肉仔鸡性别与日龄对菜籽粕氨基酸真消化率存在极显著互作(P<0.01) ,对棉籽粕的氨基酸真消化率存在显著互作(P<0.05) ,且各种氨基酸消化率均表现出相同的变化趋势     

季节因素对黄羽肉种鸡氨基酸消化率的影响

在家禽日粮配制逐步实现以可消化氨基酸指标为基础的条件下 ,人们对其氨基酸消化率做了多方面的研究 ,如日龄、性别、日粮等因素对家禽饲料氨基酸消化率的影响 ,但有关季节因素对黄羽肉鸡氨基酸消化率影响的研究报道还很少。许万根 ( 1 996)认为 ,在进行饲料氨基酸消化率测定时 ,有必要考虑温度和光照这类季节影响因素。环境控制是现代养殖业保持低生产成本的重要因素之一。本试验旨在研究黄羽肉种鸡在不同季节(冬季和夏季 )对棉籽粕、菜籽粕和禽副产品粉氨基酸消化率的影响。1　材料与方法1 1　测定饲料样品　棉籽粕 (新疆 )、菜籽粕 (内…     

用回-直肠吻合法测定猪饲料氨基酸消化率研究

本试验选用4头经回-直肠吻合手术阉公猪(体重23.5±1.8kg)测定了玉米、次粉、麦麸、乳清粉、血浆蛋白粉、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、花生粕等11种猪饲料氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率.结果表明,乳清粉、鱼粉蛋白氨基酸真消化率最高,菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕较低,玉米蛋白粉最低.     

葵籽粕在家禽日粮中的应用

饲料配制技术和营养学的进步使棉籽粕、菜籽粕和葵籽粕等杂粕越来越多地用于家禽饲料 ,但因迄今尚未找到棉籽粕、菜籽粕脱毒的有效方法 ,其在家禽饲料中的用量仍然必须控制在有限的范围之内。据报道 ,葵籽粕作为家禽的蛋白质饲料原料 ,除绿缘酸被认为可能影响家禽生长外 ,是目前唯一未发现含有毒有害物质的饼粕蛋白饲料。葵籽粕的氨基酸平衡性较好 (除赖氨酸外 ) ,氨基酸利用率与豆粕相当 ,高于棉籽粕、菜籽粕等杂粕 ,Ｂ族维生素和维生素Ｅ含量丰富。其营养缺陷是赖氨酸含量低、粗纤维含量高。试验研究和生产实践表明 ,采用改善措施后 ,葵籽…     

糠麸饼粕类饲料原料净能预测及其对生长猪生长性能、氮和能量利用的影响

本试验在实测消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME)的基础上,用净能(NE)预测公式预测麦麸、洗米糠、玉米、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕NE值,并用原料NE值配制饲养试验饲粮来验证测得原料NE值和推荐的生长猪NE需要量的准确性.消化代谢试验测定麦麸、洗米糠、玉米、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕的DE和ME,实测原料化学成分,选用Noblet预测N...     

1～21日龄艾维茵肉鸡菜籽粕和籽粕净能预测模型研究

本试验旨在利用化学成分及表观代谢能( AME)结合化学成分建立1～21日龄艾维茵肉鸡菜籽粕和棉籽粕的净能(NE)预测模型,并比较菜籽粕和棉籽粕2种样品单独建模与合并建模的预测效果.样品NE值测定采用维持净能(NEm)+沉积净能(NEp)的方法,共测定菜籽粕和棉籽粕样品各15个.NEm采用回归法测定,设自由采食及在自由采...     

黄羽肉种鸡对棉籽粕、菜籽粕、禽副粉氨基酸消化率的比较研究

本试验对黄羽和爱拔益加肉种鸡在棉籽粕、菜籽粕、禽副粉3种饲料原料氨基酸消化率进行了比较研究。试验结果表明 ,经内源校正后 ,黄羽肉鸡对棉籽粕、禽副粉的总真氨基酸消化率高于爱拔益加肉鸡 ,对菜籽粕的总真氨基酸消化率和爱拔益加肉鸡十分接近。就单个饲料原料的总真氨基酸消化率而言 ,黄羽肉鸡对禽副粉的消化率最高 ,其次是菜粕和棉粕 ;爱拔益加肉鸡显示相同的规律 ;虽然爱拔益加肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡在谷氨基、酪氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸的内源排泄量差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05,P<0.01),两种肉鸡在内源总氨基酸排泄量之间不存在显著差异 (P<0.05)。     

五种蛋白质饲料的家禽氨基酸利用率测定研究

以可利用氨基酸为基础配制动物日粮已成为发展趋势。因此,饲料原料的可利用氨基酸含量和氨基酸利用率的测定是非常重要的。目前,国内动物日粮配制所参照的营养需要量标准和饲料氨基酸利用率大都依据国外的数据。国内的饲料原料因生长环境、气候、土质及饲料原料品种等与国外不同,两者营养成分含量差异较大,其氨基酸利用率差异也较大。为尽快建立起国内主要饲料原料的养分含量和氨基酸利用率数据库,为饲料营养价值的评定和配制动物日粮时选取饲料原料提供参考依据,本试验用正常鸡测定了鱼粉、大豆粕、菜籽粕、花生粕和棉籽粕5种饲料原料的氨基酸表观和真利用率。     

几种蛋白质原料体外消化率测定方法的比较

试验分别采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步法、肉食性鱼类(如鲈鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法和草食性鱼类(如草鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法测定了酪蛋白、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉等7种蛋白质原料的体外消化率。3种测定方法中,鱼粉的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉用两步法和草鱼消化酶法测定的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);棉籽粕消化率用两步法测定值高于用消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉的消化率用两步法比用鲈鱼消化酶测定的值高,差异极显著(P<0.01);草鱼消化酶法和鲈鱼消化酶法对酪蛋白的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而对于豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉草鱼消化酶法测定值高于鲈鱼消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步体外消化法在测定鱼粉蛋白质消化率时可以替代鱼类消化液粗酶消化法,对于其它蛋白质原料使用该方法应慎重。     

泰和丝毛乌骨鸡常用蛋白质饲料氨基酸的消化率

选用 9周龄和 12周龄泰和丝毛乌骨鸡各 12 0只 (雄、雌各 6 0只 ) ,采用代谢试验测定了不同性别泰和丝毛乌骨鸡对鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕和棉仁粕 4种常用蛋白质饲料的氨基酸真消化率。并分析了性别与周龄对泰和丝毛乌骨鸡氨基酸真消化率的影响。     

微生物发酵粕类蛋白质饲料的研究进展

作者综述了粕类蛋白质饲料,包括豆、菜、棉粕作为动物饲料原料的营养特点及经过微生物发酵后可有效改善其营养价值,提高动物消化利用率,促进动物生产,从而节约饲料成本,且有利于缓解中国蛋白质饲料资源紧缺的关键性问题,并提出了微生物发酵粕类蛋白质饲料存在的问题及发展前景。     

棉籽粕、菜籽粕和葵花粕对1 ～2月龄肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

选择１ 月龄的艾维茵肉仔鸡２４７ 只, 随机分为１３ 组, 每组１９ 只, 进行３０ ｄ 的饲养试验。在不同处理组的日粮中分别添加不同剂量的棉籽粕、菜籽粕和葵花粕以替代部分豆粕。结果： 在１ ～２ 月龄肉仔鸡的日粮中, 葵花粕的添加量以４ ％ 为最佳, 其日增重比对照组提高１１ ％ （ Ｐ ＞００５） 。棉籽粕和菜籽粕添加量分别为１０ ％ ～１５ ％ 时, 肉鸡日增重和对照组无明显差异 （ Ｐ ＞ ００５） 。棉籽粕和菜籽粕同时添加时要优于单一添加,其日增重比对照组提高５ ％ （ Ｐ ＞ ００５） 。在开发和利用棉籽粕和菜籽粕时, 要注意日粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和动植物油的添加, 其日粮中赖氨酸含量要比推荐量提高８ ％ 左右为宜。     

Utilization of alternative protein meals with or without multiple-enzyme supplementation in broilers fed low-energy diets

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different protein meals, with or without enzyme supplementation, on the performance of broilers. A diet based on a combination of protein meals (15% soybean meal, and 5% each of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, and cottonseed meal) was compared with 4 other diets containing 15% soybean meal and 20% of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, or cottonseed meal. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 2,630 kcal of ME/kg and 0.95% digestible lysine, with all other essential amino acids set to meet or exceed the ideal protein ratios. Each diet was fed with or without supplemental exogenous enzyme (Rovabio Excel at 500 g/metric ton of feed) to 6 replicate pens of 50 chicks from 1 to 35 d posthatch as coarse mash. In the cottonseed meal-based diet, supplemental enzyme resulted in high 35-d feed intake and FCR compared with the cottonseed meal-fed groups with no enzyme. There was a significant (P < 0.05) diet × enzyme interaction for 35-d feed intake and FCR. Birds fed the sunflower meal-based diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final BW gain and lower FCR as compared with those fed rapeseed meal- or cottonseed meal-based diets, whereas the BW gain of birds fed the rapeseed meal-based diet was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with birds in all other groups. In conclusion, in low-ME broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis, up to 20% sunflower meal and canola meal can be safely incorporated into the diet. Supplementation of Rovabio failed to exert any positive effect on production parameters when used with diets containing high levels of each of the common protein meals.     

Amino acid profile of escaped feed protein after rumen incubation and their intestinal digestibility.

The crude protein content and amino acid profile of seven feedstuffs (linseed meal, maize gluten meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal protected, soybean meal, fullfat soybean extruded and sunflower meal) were determined before and after ruminal incubation for 16 h in three bulls with large rumen cannulas. The intestinal disappearance of amino acids was measured using mobile bag technique. Ruminal incubation affected amino acid profile of all experimental feedstuffs. Crude protein degradation varied from 29.3% for maize gluten meal to 86.4% for rapeseed meal. A tendency towards increased disappearance was observed for glutamic acid, histidine, lysine and proline and decreased disappearance for branched-chain amino acids. The intestinal crude protein digestibility was higher than > 80%, except rapeseed meal (66.4%) and sunflower meal (77.8%). The least digestible individual amino acids were methionine and isoleucine in rapeseed meal, histidine and methionine in rapeseed meal protected and arginine in sunflower meal. In general, the lowest amino acid digestibilities were found in feedstuffs with the highest fibre content. The feedstuffs show that they have different potential for supplying of limiting amino acids. Of particular value are the feedstuffs with low crude protein degradability in the rumen and high intestinal digestibility of amino acids.     

菜籽饼的发酵脱毒及酶酸法水解制备复合氨基酸工艺研究

以菜籽饼为原料,选择黑曲霉、米曲霉、乳酸菌进行混合固态发酵,然后利用多菌种混合发酵中产生的蛋白酶进行菌酶水解试验,经55℃菌酶水解7 h,氨基酸含量达1.15 g/100 ml;然后,加适量盐酸,经95℃低酸水解8 h,氨基酸含量可达2.17 g/100 ml。本项目研究的生产复合氨基酸液的工艺集脱毒、菌酶、低酸水解为一体,能耗低、产率高,且氨基酸种类丰富齐全,为菜籽饼的综合利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review

The composition of rapeseed meal and hulls is reviewed with emphasis on components of nutritional interest. Carbohydrates in rapeseed meal are mainly pectins, pentosans and cellulose and comprise nearly one-half the gross energy. The digestibility of energy is lower for rapeseed than for soybean meal. Protein is well digested, but the protein digestion coefficient and the availability of amino acids are lower than for soybean meal. Data on digestible and metabolizable energy are summarized. The kinds of glucosinolates present in high (HG) and low (LG) glucosinolate rapeseed meal and the nature of their hydrolytic products are discussed. The toxic effects of oxazolidinethione , isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, and their relationship to their parent glucosinolates , to myrosinase action and to conditions during rapeseed processing are reviewed briefly. The effects of glucosinolates in animal tissues and products and the effects of converting to LG rapeseed meal are presented. Finally, a brief review is given of the responses of swine and cattle to the feeding of HG and LG rapeseed meal. The nutritional advantages of LG rapeseed meal, over the older type HG meal, are clearly evident from the feeding trials.     

固体发酵豆粕、菜粕和棉粕的复合菌筛选

试验根据豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为植物性蛋白饲料的营养特性,选择中性蛋白酶活较高的细菌和真菌作为发酵豆粕、菜粕和棉粕的菌种以改善豆粕、菜粕和棉粕的蛋白质品质。通过细菌和真菌的两两组合生长试验,分别筛选出适合发酵豆粕、菜粕和棉粕的最佳复合菌各一组。试验结果表明,发酵豆粕、菜粕和棉粕的最佳菌株组合为BS-2和Ao、BS-natto和Ao、BS-natto和Ao。