芬苯达唑的药理作用及其在动物生产中应用的研究进展

芬苯达唑是广谱、高效、低毒的苯并咪唑类驱虫药,对其理化性质、作用机理、药代动力学、毒理学、残留检测、耐药性和生产中的应用做简要综述,并对其今后的研究方向作出了展望,以期为芬苯达唑的合理使用提供参考。     

水牛实验血吸虫病的药物治疗效果比较

就目前我国家畜血吸虫病的3种药物进行人工感染水牛血吸虫病的不同途径治疗比较试验,并测定吡喹酮的有效血药浓度。结果以吡喹酮30mg／kg和15-25mg／kg,硝硫氰胺2mg／kS及硝硫氰醚15mg／kg应用口服、肌注或第三胃注射等不同疗法的灭虫效果和灭雌效果显著。建议在我国疫区根据各地习惯、经济和技术条件择药应用。并对牛体内残存雄虫情况进行了讨论。     

小反刍兽疫根除战略及现状分析

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的急性、烈性、高度传染性疾病,是WOAH法定报告动物疫病,对全球的畜牧业造成了严重的损失。FAO和WOAH联合制定了小反刍兽疫全球控制与根除战略。本文对小反刍兽疫全球控制与根除战略的内容和可行性进行了解读,并对我国小反刍兽疫防控情况进行分析,以期为我国小反刍兽疫的控制与根除提供参考。     

Development of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies against Peste-des-petits-ruminants Virus in Small Ruminants

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. A polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA was developed for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the serum samples of goats and sheep using purified PPR viral antigen propogated in Vero cell culture. A threshold (cut-off) value was set as twice the mean of the negative population based on the distribution of known negative serum samples in respect of PPR virus antibodies in the test. A total of 1544 serum samples from goats and sheep were screened by indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA. The indirect ELISA compared very well with competitive ELISA, with a high degree of specificity (95.09%) and sensitivity (90.81%). When compared with virus neutralization test, the present assay had 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity. With serum samples, the assay could clearly differentiate animals from the infected population from uninfected ones. These results suggest that the indirect ELISA may be a good alternative tool to competitive ELISA for seroepidemiological surveys.     

Post vaccination and colostral peste des petits ruminants antibody dynamics in research flocks of Kirdi goats and Foulbe sheep of north Cameroon

We studied Kirdi goats and Foulbe sheep kept on-station at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Garoua to look at their immunological response following vaccination with a specific peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus vaccine. Pre-vaccination PPR antibody seroprevalences were 44 and 29% in goats and sheep, respectively. Seroprevalences following vaccination were 100% in both species. Titres remained above the protection threshold level (1:10) in both species at 12 months. Maternal antibodies in young animals were detectable to up to 6 months of age but fell below the protection threshold level at 3.5 and 4.5 months in lambs and kids, respectively. Kids and lambs from immunised or exposed dams should be vaccinated at 4 and 5 months of age, respectively.     

发展反刍动物绿色营养技术

作者把以提高反刍动物对日粮营养物质的利用率和减少对环境污染为目标的一整套实用的营养技术称之为反刍动物绿色营养技术。本文从提高氮代谢利用率、提高日粮能量利用率和提高日粮矿物质元素利用率三个方面介绍了国际上在这些方面的研究进展和技术进步 ,并着重介绍了内蒙古畜牧科学院近年来在发展反刍动物绿色营养技术方面的研究成果。本文介绍的反刍动物绿色营养技术措施有以下九种 :(1)饲料蛋白质保护和尿素缓释技术 ;(2)激素调控氮代谢技术 ;(3)进入小肠食糜氨基酸平衡技术 ;(4)降低甲烷发散技术 ;(5)日粮营养结构平衡调控技术(利用代谢葡萄糖调控组织代谢层次C3+C6 能占ME摄入量比值技术) ;(6)提高低质粗饲料的营养工程技术 ;(7)使用矿物质螯合物或络合物技术 ;(8)日粮阴阳离子平衡技术 ;(9)控制磷的排放技术。作者着重指出 ,在设计和使用这些技术时 ,应强调围绕一定的调控目标 ,将多种营养技术措施加以系统组合 ,充分利用其正组合效应 ,尽量控制或缩小其负组合效应 ,以达到充分发挥各种营养技术措施整体优势的目的。     

不同驱虫药对伊犁马营养物质表观消化率的影响

[目的] 研究不同驱虫药对伊犁马营养物质表观消化率的影响,为驱虫药在马属动物养殖中的科学应用提供参考。[方法] 选择平均体重相近的1岁龄伊犁马40匹,随机分为5组,每组8匹（公母各半）,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组。在相同的饲养管理和日粮营养水平条件下,对照组马不驱虫,试验Ⅰ组马灌服伊维菌素乳剂0.1 mL/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅱ组马灌服吡喹酮片剂0.01 g/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅲ组马灌服阿苯达唑片剂0.025 g/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅳ组马灌服伊维菌素10 mg/（kg·BW）+阿苯达唑350 mg/（kg·BW）。驱虫后进行20 d的消化代谢试验,预试期15 d,正试期5 d;正试期采用全收粪法采集样品,测定或计算马营养物质消化代谢指标。[结果] 试验Ⅳ组的干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、粗蛋白（CP）、总能（GE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、磷（P）采食量和排出量高于其他4组（P>0.05）。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的DM、OM、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P消化量与对照组相比均有所提升（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的DM、OM、CP、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P表观消化率提高幅度分别为1.91%、1.87%、1.42%、2.27%、3.05%、2.13%、13.68%和2.06%（P>0.05）,试验Ⅲ组的DM、OM、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P表观消化率与对照组相比提高幅度分别为2.45%、2.83%、2.26%、2.10%、1.20%、20.24%和6.55%（P>0.05）;试验Ⅳ组除Ca的表观消化率高于对照组（P>0.05）,其余营养物质的表观消化率均低于对照组（P>0.05）。[结论] 在该试验条件下,单独使用吡喹酮片剂或阿苯达唑片剂对1岁龄伊犁马进行驱虫处理,对提高营养物质表观消化率表现出一定的积极作用。     

Effect of medicinal and aromatic plants on rumen fermentation,protozoa population and methanogenesis in vitro

The potential of tannins from 21 medicinal and aromatic plant leaves as antimethanogenic additives in ruminant feeds was investigated. The effect of tannin from these leaves on rumen fermentation parameters, protozoa population and methanogenesis was studied by incubating the samples [200 mg dry matter (DM)] without and with polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐6000 (400 mg DM) as a tannin binder during 24‐h incubation in the in vitro Hohenheim gas method. Based on the methane percentage estimated in the total gas produced, methane production in millilitre was calculated [methane volume (ml) = methane % × total gas produced (ml) in 24 h]. In the samples, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre (g/kg DM) ranged from 113 to 172 and from 352 to 444 respectively. The total phenol (TP; g/kg DM) content was highest in Terminalia chebula (274) followed by Hemigraphis colorata (71) and Sapindus laurifolia (51) respectively. In the remaining samples, it was <43 g/kg DM. Activity of tannins, as represented by the increase in gas volume on addition of PEG, ranged from 0 to 133%, with the highest being recorded in T. chebula. The per cent increase in methane on PEG addition was 0 for Ammi majus, Aristolochia indica, Cascabela thevetia, Ipomea nil and Lantana camara, illustrating that tannins present in these samples had no effect on methane concentration. The PEG addition increased the total protozoa count by >50% in A. indica and C. thevetica. One of the important findings of our study was that of the 21 samples screened, Entodinia population increased in 12 with PEG as compared to 7 where Holotricha increased, indicating higher susceptibility of Entodinia to tannin. There was no increase in the protozoa population with PEG when incubating Cardiospermum halicacabum, Clerodendrum inerme, Dioscorea floribunda, Nerium oleander and Selastras paniculatus, which strongly suggested that methane suppression recorded in these samples was not because of a defaunating effect of their tannins per se. The fermentation pattern reflected increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration from 0 to 28.3% with PEG addition among the leaves. Our results confirmed further observations that methanogenesis in vitro is not essentially related to density of protozoa population. Secondly, medicinal and aromatic plants such as C. inerme, Gymnema sylvestre and Sapindus laurifolia containing tannins appear to have a potential to suppress in vitro methanogenesis.     

Total Anthelmintic Failure to Control Nematode Parasites of Small Ruminants on Government Breeding Farms in Sabah,East Malaysia

Government-owned small-ruminant breeding farms in Malaysia provide the source of sheep and goats to smallholder farmers in the country. In the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah, high-level stock losses have been recorded on these farms for several years, frequently accompanied by clinical signs indicating pathogenic levels of infections with the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. This suggests that their dependence on chemotherapy to control parasite infections had failed. Accordingly, tests for anthelmintic efficacy using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) on the range of drugs used to control nematode parasites were carried out on the five government small-ruminant breeding farms in Sabah. These tests showed a total failure of the benzimidazole, imidothiazole, macrocyclic lactone and salicylanilide groups of anthelmintics to control H. contortus infections of sheep and goats on all farms. Drastic changes in animal management need to be made in an attempt to deal with this situation, for which suggestions are made.     

尿素在青贮饲料中的应用

在描述反刍动物利用尿素机理的基础上,介绍了尿素青贮的作用、青贮饲料中的尿素用量、尿素青贮对青贮成分的影响以及尿素青贮对家畜生产性能的影响,并进一步指出了存在的问题。