土壤胶体在不同饱和度土壤介质中的释放与淋溶行为研究

采用饱和与非饱和填充土柱纵向淋溶研究方法,结合对流弥散模型方程（CDE）对穿透曲线的拟合计算,全面考察了土壤介质水饱和度、土壤水pH/离子强度、土壤孔隙水流速和土壤胶体颗粒大小对天然土壤胶体在实际土壤介质中释放、沉积迁移行为的影响。分别获取胶体扩散系数和阻滞因子值,定量说明实验中水化学、水动力学等条件的作用影响力。结果显示,介质不饱和条件不利于胶体的释放和淋溶;高pH和低离子强度条件对土壤胶体释放与迁移有利;淋溶过程的间断干扰,可以促使土壤胶体的增量淋溶释放;淋溶强度及胶体颗粒粒径大小,能够影响胶体穿透时间和穿透浓度峰值大小。     

三峡水库消落区土壤胶体对Cd在土壤中迁移的影响

选取三峡水库消落区典型土壤,即紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土为研究对象,以相应土壤胶体、蒙脱石矿物的10 mg/L Cd(NO3)2淋洗液分别淋洗土柱,研究了水分散态胶体对镉在土柱中迁移的影响.添加上述胶体的镉淋洗液,在紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土土柱中镉迁移量分别是对照的1.18～4.96,1.05～2.37,1.10～4.33,1.03～3.33倍.结果表明胶体能够促进镉离子在土层中的迁移,其迁移能力遵循紫色土胶体≥紫色潮土胶体＞灰棕潮土胶体＞蒙脱石胶体＞黄壤胶体的规律.由此得出,胶体吸附态镉的迁移能力取决于胶体类型和土柱性质.     

离子强度及pH对不同类型土壤中胶体释放的影响

采用实验室土柱纵向淋溶法,研究了离子强度及pH变化对常熟乌栅土原状、扰动土柱以及东北黑土、江西红壤扰动土柱土壤胶体释放的影响。结果表明离子强度变化对我国不同类型土壤胶体释放影响不同：淋洗液电解质为NaCl时,对于常熟乌栅土以及东北黑土,离子强度减小促进胶体的释放,反之抑制胶体的释放;对于江西红壤,离子强度变化对土壤胶体释放则不产生影响。淋洗液电解质为CaCl2条件下,土壤胶体的释放量低于淋洗液为NaCl,且离子强度变化对三种土壤胶体的释放均不产生明显影响。相同条件下,常熟乌栅土及东北黑土胶体释放量远远大于江西红壤,pH变化则对上述类型土壤胶体释放的影响不明显。研究结果有助于进一步阐明水化学条件的变化对我国不同类型土壤胶体释放的影响规律。     

降雨对土壤胶体释放与迁移的影响研究

降雨作为影响水土流失的主要因子,对表层土壤垂直侵蚀的影响没有得到应有的重视,选取长春地区具有代表性的阶地农田的粘壤土、河漫滩的细砂土和黄土台地的粉壤土为研究对象,用实验室土柱淋滤模拟实验定量研究了降雨对表层土壤中胶体释放与迁移的影响能力,并首次从土壤胶体的释放与迁移的角度解释了土壤的垂直侵蚀作用,从而为长春市水土流失和水土污染防治提供了参考依据.结果表明,土壤环境中降雨对土壤胶体的释放与迁移的影响即对表层土壤垂直侵蚀的影响是不容忽视的,其释放与迁移随降雨周期均具有"脉冲"的规律,在淋滤初期胶体具有比较明显的释放,后来胶体就降到一个较低恒定的水平.降雨通过引起土壤水动力条件和土壤溶液化学两方面变化影响土壤胶体的释放和迁移,初始降雨对土壤表面的侵蚀作用比持续的降雨具有更明显的作用.由于土壤矿物和机械组成不同,降雨对3种土壤的垂直侵蚀程度不同,释放量(垂直侵蚀损失量)为农土土柱>河土土柱>黄土土柱,且介于30-120mg/m~3之间.     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。     

原子力显微镜在土壤胶体研究中的应用进展

胶体颗粒是土壤团聚体及土壤结构形成的基础物质,其表面性质及颗粒间相互作用对土壤性质及其肥力作用有着深刻的影响。原子力显微镜（AFM）具有纳米级的分辨率且能够测量物质颗粒间相互作用力的大小,将其应用于土壤胶体研究,可以更加直观、深入地阐明土壤胶体特性、探索土壤胶体作用机理。本文在概要介绍 AFM 的工作原理和特性的基础上,深入探讨了AFM 在测定土壤胶体表面形貌、测定土壤胶体相互作用力方面的研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展进行展望,可为深入揭示土壤胶体颗粒的表面特征及颗粒间相互作用方式、强度和机制,阐明土壤肥力演变过程、污染物在土壤中的迁移机理提供理论参考。     

水平沟整地措施对黄土丘陵区草原土壤水分动态平衡的影响

三峡水库消落带是库区水域与周边陆地环境的关键过渡地带,周期性反季节干湿交替使其具有强烈的物质交换特征。辨析消落带泥沙及其吸附的颗粒态磷的来源对消落带土壤污染防治和环境效应评估以及三峡水环境保护具有重要意义。以三峡库区汝溪河支流不同高程（145～155、>155～165、>165～175 m）消落带为研究对象,运用复合指纹技术查明,消落带泥沙中颗粒态磷的主要来源是长江干流悬移质和汝溪河上游悬移质。淹水期间长江干流江水顶托引起的泥沙沉积是颗粒态磷的主要来源,在>165～175 m高程带对颗粒态磷的贡献达到最大（54.5%）。雨季初期支流上游悬移质对145～155 m高程消落带的颗粒态磷贡献最大（51.6%）,而随高程的增加贡献率减少。消落带上方的土壤侵蚀产沙主要堆积在>155～165和>165～175 m高程范围内,导致消落带上方土壤对泥沙和颗粒态磷的贡献率都随高程的增加而增加。     

三峡水库典型支流消落带泥沙颗粒态磷复合指纹示踪研究

三峡水库消落带是库区水域与周边陆地环境的关键过渡地带,周期性反季节干湿交替使其具有强烈的物质交换特征。辨析消落带泥沙及其吸附的颗粒态磷的来源对消落带土壤污染防治和环境效应评估以及三峡水环境保护具有重要意义。以三峡库区汝溪河支流不同高程（145～155、>155～165、>165～175 m）消落带为研究对象,运用复合指纹技术查明,消落带泥沙中颗粒态磷的主要来源是长江干流悬移质和汝溪河上游悬移质。淹水期间长江干流江水顶托引起的泥沙沉积是颗粒态磷的主要来源,在>165～175 m高程带对颗粒态磷的贡献达到最大（54.5%）。雨季初期支流上游悬移质对145～155 m高程消落带的颗粒态磷贡献最大（51.6%）,而随高程的增加贡献率减少。消落带上方的土壤侵蚀产沙主要堆积在>155～165和>165～175 m高程范围内,导致消落带上方土壤对泥沙和颗粒态磷的贡献率都随高程的增加而增加。     

Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤胶体和非胶体颗粒上吸附的比较

研究了湖南长沙和海南昆仑的2种红壤胶体和非胶体的矿物组成、阳离子交换量(CEC)及Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在土壤胶体和非胶体颗粒表面的吸附行为,以明确红壤胶体对土壤表面化学性质的贡献。X射线衍射分析结果表明,两种红壤胶体的矿物组成均以次生矿物为主,次生矿物又以1∶1型高岭石所占比例最高。土壤非胶体颗粒中石英等原生矿物含量较高。土壤铁铝氧化物主要富集在土壤胶体部分,土壤胶体颗粒中游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量明显高于非胶体颗粒,如湖南长沙红壤胶体颗粒游离氧化铁的含量为78.03 g kg~(-1),而非胶体颗粒中仅为9.93 g kg~(-1)。土壤胶体颗粒的CEC显著高于非胶体颗粒部分,2种红壤胶体的CEC约为非胶体的12倍。等温吸附实验结果表明,土壤胶体颗粒对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量和吸附亲和力均显著大于非胶体颗粒,湖南红壤胶体对3种重金属的吸附量大于海南红壤胶体,与土壤胶体的矿物组成和CEC大小一致。Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤胶体和非胶体颗粒表面主要发生静电吸附,而静电吸附和非静电吸附两种机制均对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附有重要贡献。     

土壤胶体磷环境效应及其影响因素

胶体是磷素在环境中迁移转化的重要载体,土壤胶体磷对磷素生物地球化学循环具有重要作用,其活化迁移对土壤、水环境具有十分重要的影响。本文介绍了国内外土壤胶体磷的分类、分离和分析技术。重点阐述了土壤胶体磷活化、土壤基础理化性质（矿物组成、其他胶体元素、土壤孔隙结构、pH、氧化还原电位）、肥料及土壤改良剂应用对土壤胶体磷环境效应的影响。并针对目前土壤胶体磷流失存在的问题,提出相关对策及展望,以期为后续胶体磷研究和胶体磷污染的治理提供参考。     

土壤胶体对砂质土柱中草萘胺迁移的影响

采用室内砂柱模拟试验方法研究了红壤和黑土两种土壤胶体对草萘胺在砂质土柱中迁移的影响。结果表明,整个淋滤过程中红壤和黑土胶体的回收率比较高,分别达到66．76％和74．75％;胶体促进了草萘胺在砂质土柱中的迁移,与对照相比（无胶体）,加入红壤和黑土胶体后草萘胺的回收率分别提高了9．82％和10．63％。但是吸附在胶体上迁移的草萘胺数量比较少,只占到迁移总量的1．15％（红壤）和1．68％（黑土）,物理非平衡机制可能在迁移过程中起支配作用。     

草萘胺在五种土壤及其胶体上的吸附行为

土壤胶体是土壤中颗粒最细小的部分,由于具有巨大的比表面积和较高的吸附容量,是环境中污染物的重要吸附剂,直接影响到污染物的归趋和生物有效性.本文采用批次吸附试验的方法,研究了农药草萘胺在黄棕壤等5种土壤及土壤胶体上的吸附行为.结果表明,草萘胺在供试土壤及胶体上的吸附均能很好地符合Freundlich方程;与本体土壤相比,...     

Modelling of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil

The migration of colloids in soils can enhance the leaching of strongly sorbing contaminants. We present a model for the simulation of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil media under stationary flow. Transport in the intra-aggregate pores is simulated by convection–dispersion, and transport in the interaggregate pores, and a stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, is simulated by diffusion. The model describes the release of colloids from soil aggregates, sorption and desorption processes at the air–water interfaces, and flocculation and subsequent straining from the flowing water. All three processes were simulated as functions of ionic strength. Transport of ions in intra-aggregate pores was simulated by Fickian diffusion. The model was calibrated against experimental results of colloid leaching from columns packed with natural soil aggregates. The aggregates were of two soils differing in organic matter content. On each soil a single calibrated parameter set could describe the experiments with the three ionic strengths. The parameters for release of colloids from the aggregate surface and the sorption properties of the air–water interface were different for the two soils. The key parameters for leaching were the thickness of the stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, the mechanical dispersion, the maximum concentration of colloids at the surface of the aggregates, the sorption capacity and rate coefficient of the colloids at the air–water interface, and the colloid diffusion coefficient. Simulations were also done with two additional irrigation intensities at one ionic strength. Simulated leaching was greater than measured leaching at both irrigation intensities, but the diffusion-controlled release of colloids from the aggregates was simulated correctly.     

Stability and transportability of biosolid colloids through undisturbed soil monoliths

This study evaluated the stability of water-suspended biosolid colloids fractionated from municipal and agricultural wastes and their transportability through undisturbed soil monoliths. The aim of the study was to assess potential risks posed by dispersed biosolid colloid particles as carriers of contaminants associated with organic waste amendments applied to soils. All biosolid colloids showed remarkable stability over a wide range of pH conditions, with 50–90% remaining in suspension after 24 h. Lime-stabilized biosolid colloids (LSB) were more stable than poultry manure (PMB) and aerobically digested (ADB) biosolid colloids, with pH and organic matter (OM) content being the dominant factors influencing colloid stability. However, increased colloid stability did not always result in greater transportability. In spite of their higher overall stability, LSB colloids showed low transportability potential through undisturbed soil monoliths averaging < 0.1C/C₀, probably due to carbonate dissolution and increased ionic interaction with the soil matrix. The ADB and PMB colloids, with the highest OM content, exhibited increased mobility, particularly through soils with significant macroporosity. Breakthrough curves were mostly irregular, suggesting considerable macropore flow and increased interaction with the soil matrix. Eluent pH and EC fluctuations appeared to mainly affect LSB colloid transport, while the mobility of the remaining biosolid colloids was maintained over a wide range of ionic conditions. The findings of this study suggest that some biosolid colloids derived from soil-applied agricultural or municipal wastes may exhibit considerable mobility through soil macropores with potential to migrate to great distances in subsoil environments. Considering the high surface charge and electronegativity of these colloids, they may be a significant vector for hydrophobic contaminant transport and pollution of groundwater resources.     

水库消落带碳氮输移转化研究进展

水库消落带处于水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的交错区域。受水库水位周期性涨落影响，消落带土壤、植物与水库水体间频繁发生碳氮物质交换转化。河流-水库碳埋藏及其温室气体排放是当前全球碳循环研究的热点问题，而当前消落区相关研究仅对植物、土壤或水体等单个对象开展碳氮输移循环研究，而并未将水库消落带作为整体考虑其对河流-水库碳氮输移转化的贡献。本文综合消落带土壤淹水后碳氮含量变化、植被碳氮输入、土壤侵蚀研究，阐明消落带营养物质向筑坝河流的输入作用；并进一步分析与此相关的消落带碳氮循环及温室气体排放研究，明确消落带对筑坝河流碳氮元素转化的作用。提出当前亟待开展消落带碳氮输入源追溯、土壤侵蚀和温室气体通量长期监测，并基于同位素等技术手段明确消落带在水库碳氮输移转化中的贡献等若干问题，旨在系统明确碳氮元素在消落带和水体间的输移、水土界面的多途径生物地球化学循环转化过程，评估水库消落带在河流上、下游及河口碳氮输送转化中的作用。     

Transport and re-entrainment of soil colloids in saturated packed column: effects of pH and ionic strength

Purpose

Colloid migration in subsurface environments has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its suspected role in facilitating transport of strongly adsorbed contaminants to groundwater. The influence of bulk solution pH or ionic strength on model colloid (i.e., latex microsphere, amorphous silica colloids) transport is well established, while little attention has been paid to water-dispersible soil colloids. In this study, saturated packed columns were conducted to explore the mechanism of transport and fate of water-dispersible soil colloids and facilitating transport of Cu during transients in solution chemistry.

Materials and methods

Water-dispersible soil colloids were fractionated from a Cu-contaminated soil sample. Transport of soil colloidal suspensions was conducted with varying pH and ionic strengths, and then, re-entrainment of those retained colloids after completion the transport experiments was conducted by changing pore water solution transient ionic strength and pH conditions. Meanwhile, transport and fate of the Cu strongly adsorbed on the soil colloids were determined under different ionic strength conditions.

Results and discussion

The transport behavior of soil colloids in porous media was found to depend on the pH and ionic strengths of bulk solution. An increase in solution ionic strength and decrease in solution pH resulted in greater deposition which was revealed by the collision efficiency (??). It increased from 0.15 to 1.0 when solution composition changed from 0 to 50?mM NaNO₃ and decreased dramatically from 1.0 to 0.035 as the solution pH converted from 2.97 to 8.94. The results were in agreement with Derjaguin?CLandau?CVerwey?COverbeek theory. Upon stepwise reduction in ionic strength of eluting fluid or enhancement in its pH, a sharp release of colloids retained in the column occurred in each step. Meanwhile, the value of FRE _NaOH that reveals the effect of NaOH solution at pH?11 on the mobilization of retained colloids deposited in the primary minimum increased from 38.6% to 64.6% when the ionic strength of bulk solution changed from 0 to 50?mM NaNO₃ and decreased from 86.7% to 35.8% as the solution pH from 2.97 to 8.94. In addition, the transport and fate of the Cu strongly adsorbed on soil colloids were highly consistent with the results of soil colloids.

Conclusions

The colloid collision efficiency (??) decreased as the pH of bulk solution increased and increased as the ionic strength of bulk solution increased in saturated columns packed with pure quartz sand, and NaOH solution at pH?11 poses a predominant role on mobilization of the retained colloids deposited in the primary minimum. Meanwhile, the strongly adsorbed Cu on soil colloids almost cannot be detached from its carrier under the competition of coexisted cations in the bulk solution and cotransport with its carrier under different ionic strengths.     

SW—Soil and Water: Transport of Particulate and Colloid-sorbed Contaminants through Soil, Part 2: Trapping Processes and Soil Pore Geometry

It was established in Part 1 that potential impediments to movement of colloids through soil can be subdivided into straining and filtration, depending on whether a particle has a dimension similar to pores (leading to physical trapping) or much smaller. Information about size distributions of particles was also presented in Part 1. Owing to the dependence of colloid or particle capture processes on the relative size distributions of the particles and pores, information about pore sizes distributions has been derived here (Part 2) from hydrological equations. Various approaches to extending this mathematical treatment to indicate when particles would be trapped by necks or irregularities in the pore are also presented. Results suggest that protozoan microorganisms (such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia) are the only colloidal contaminants with sufficiently large diameter to have their movement restricted by physical straining in the soil pores when water drains from the soil under gravity, but if the soil is very wet (near to saturation) even these will move without restriction.     

基于文献计量分析的三峡库区消落带土壤 重金属污染特征研究

三峡库区消落带土壤/沉积物中重金属的研究受到日益重视,重金属的归趋对三峡库区的水环境和生态安全有重要意义。通过CNKI和WebofScience数据库检索了2001—2016年三峡消落带土壤/沉积物重金属污染特征研究的文献,并利用文献计量学方法分析文献特性及研究进展。2001—2016年,国内外发表的相关中英文文献分别为69篇、12篇,2011年发文量最多(15篇),此后一直维持在年产量≥5篇的水平,重庆和湖北的高校及研究所是研究主力。刊载论文最多的是环境学方面的期刊(19.75%)。所涉最多的主题是"重金属的污染调查及评价"(51.85%)。Cd的污染程度最大,且易迁移形态平均比例相对较高(38%),是消落带首要的污染控制元素,施肥是农业消落带Cd的主要来源。Pb和Hg的污染程度也较大且易迁移形态的比例均大于22%,交通污染是其主要来源。工业废物的点源排放对消落带重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As)普遍有较大贡献。消落带内重金属以垂向迁移为主,而植物对Cd、Cu、Zn具有较强的富集能力。淹水导致的pH、Eh、温度、有机质等变化对固液界面重金属的交互作用及形态变化有重要影响。今后,应加强消落带土壤理化性质和水力学性质变化对重金属地球化学行为影响,以及重金属示踪技术应用和泥沙富集重金属二次释放行为的研究。