规模化猪场猪群药物保健效果观察

目前，猪场疫病控制的方法正向着通过健康监测来提高猪群健康水平和生产能力的方向发展，规模化猪场的疫病防治已经不是单纯意义上的疫苗和药物控制，猪群保健逐渐被人们重视，群防群治的观念深入人心。规模化猪场应重视群体的预防和治疗，即确立猪群的保健，特别是妊娠母猪、哺乳仔猪和保育仔猪的保健预防，则不是病后治疗的观念。猪群保健分为母猪保健和仔猪保健两个部分，这两个部分既各自独立，又相辅相成，共同促进规模化猪场的经济效益。     

集约化种猪场生物安全体系的建立

集约化种猪场生物安全体系就是通过各种手段以排除疫病威胁，保护猪群健康，保证猪场正常生产发展，发挥最大生产优势的方法集合体系总称。总体包括：猪场环境控制，猪群的健康管理，饲料营养，饲养管理，卫生防疫、药物保健、免疫监测等几个方面。     

猪群的合理保健

对猪群的合理保健,可通过规划与建设猪舍,供给全价营养,控制环境,以增强猪体质,同时做好猪场卫生消毒和猪群免疫接种,并进行药物保健等几方面进行。本文对这几方面的实际做法作了阐述。     

规模化猪场猪群保健管理的关健点

健康稳定的猪群是猪场正常生产及取得良好经济效益的基础，在当前猪群免疫抑制性疾病广泛存在、猪群抵抗力低下，继发感染严重的情况下，强化猪群保健管理更显得重要和迫切。本文就当前猪群保健的关键点谈一些个人体会，供大家参考。     

论猪群保健计划

“猪群保健”一词是现今养猪业广为应用的时髦语，无论是在技术报告会上还是在同行私下交流间，做好猪群保健是大家最关心的事。近几年猪病肆虐让养猪人谈病色变，猪发生疫病就意味要用药，这大概是亘古不变的道理；猪群有病就意味不健康，而不健康就意味没有用药防好病，就意味没有用药搞好猪群保健，这大概也是亘古不变的道理。在如此思维逻辑下，猪群保健自然等于用药防病。于是养猪人纷纷企盼有那么一种灵丹妙药或者有那么一种济世良方横空出世拯救在疫病中艰难生存的猪群。     

猪群保健方案

近年来，随着自繁自养猪场的增加，其中的弊端也展现出来，导致中小规模猪场、养猪专业户经济效益差的最大原因就是对猪群的预防保健不当。要解决这一问题，猪场除了作好防疫之外，还必须有一套完整的猪群保健方案。现就猪群保健方案做一简单介绍：     

更新保健理念 实施健康养猪

“药物保健”是现代养猪生产中使用频率最高的一个词，一提到猪场保健，首先想到的就是如何通过添加药物来“防病于未染”，笔者曾接触到许多规模猪场，其保健方案大都是为了保证猪群健康、不发病，而在猪群某个固定的阶段或特定的环节、环境添加一些药物。其实，猪场保健和预防加药是两个不同的概念，保健的真正含义应该是通过一系列严格的环境控制、合理的营养调控和科学的预防接种及良好的饲养管理，从而达到杀灭或减少病原并提高猪群抗病能力的目的；     

浅谈猪群保健的几点误区

重视猪群保健，注意营养均衡，综合提高养殖效益，已经被越来越多的专业养殖户认可。但同样是保健，有时结果却大不相同，很多养殖场投入了大量人力物力进行保健，但结果猪群还是暴发疫病，造成巨大损失，这与保健不规范，存在保健误区有关。     

规模化养猪场猪群保健措施

随着养猪规模化程度的不断提高,其疫情也变得愈加复杂。为有效控制疫病,提高经济效益,需要对猪群开展合理的健康检测及积极有效的保健措施。为猪群创造良好的生长发育环境,不仅可以提高猪的生产性能,而且能提升猪群健康水平、增强猪群抗病力。笔者从增强猪只体质、做好猪场的卫生与消毒、加强猪群免疫接种、合理进行药物保健和坚持自繁自养、全进全出5个方面介绍了规模养殖场的保健措施。     

近几年猪场疾病防控方面误区

<正>关于呼吸道感染和猪群稳定的预防方案是这几年猪场关注最多的地方,这里要揭露两个误区,一个是母猪群用西药替米考星、泰万菌素做常规保健的误区,一个是仔猪群用高效长效西药针剂做所谓的三针保健预防副猪嗜血杆菌病的误区。误区一:替米考星、泰万菌素可做常规保健首先说抗生素保健问题:我们从三个方面来探讨他的伪科学性。第一个方面抗生素过量长期添加对敏感细菌的影响。大家都知道抗菌素是用来消灭细菌的,不同的抗生素作用机理不同。但是细菌做为一个生命群体,它们要     

Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters

Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGent^? risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (?0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.     

Mathematical modelling of pseudorabies virus (syn. Aujeszky's disease virus) outbreaks aids eradication programmes: a review

Pseudorabies virus will be eradicated from the Netherlands if a typical infectious pig (Rind) infects, on average, less than one other pig. In this review, we used a stochastic SIR model to estimate Rind using data from the field and from experiments. Rind in sow herds was estimated to be significantly less than 1 and in rearing and finishing pigs Rind was higher than 1. However, if Rind is higher than 1, PRV can still be eradicated if one infectious herd infects less than one other herd during the period that the herd is infectious(Rherd <1). Some future developments in Dutch pig husbandry (e.g. group-housing of sows) and possible risks after halting vaccination are also quantitatively evaluated.     

集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病诊断与净化方法

集约化是近年养猪行业的主要养殖模式,具有许多显而易见的优势。但是集约化的种猪养殖方式也存在一些弊端,当猪群出现疾病时,会迅速传染,疾病的传染速度和传染率都很高。伪狂犬病是种猪养殖中最为常见的重大传染病之一。该文对集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病的诊断与净化方法进行深入分析,并提出有效的诊断和净化措施。     

贵阳市规模化猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征血清学调查研究

试验应用ELISA检测方法对贵阳市3个未免疫猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）猪场和9个免疫猪场的后备母猪、生产母猪和5～10周龄断奶仔猪3个猪群进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）抗体检测。结果表明：贵阳市3个未免疫猪场中2个有PRRSV感染,猪群抗体阳性率在0％-10％之间,平均阳性率为5％;9个免疫猪场猪群PRRSV抗体阳性率在65％～90％之间,平均阳性率为82．80％,未免疫猪场与免疫猪场猪群抗体平均阳性率相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

Housing- and management-specific effects on the health of swine

Important diseases with regard to inadequate housing and management conditions in pig production are given. Typical examples like claw lesions, cannibalism and infectious factorial diseases are described. Beside negative factors of pig housing and management which are of particular pathogenic importance some aspects of disease control and herd health are listed finally.     

Occurrence, isolation and serotyping of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in cattle and pig slurry

In a survey on the occurrence of potential pathogenic bacteria in slurry, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rh.) was found in samples from 49 % of 84 cattle herds, 44 % of 32 pig herds, and 39 % of 67 cattle and pig herds. Among E. rh. isolates from 81 of the herds, 16 different serotypes were distinguished, including 1 serotype not previously described, which was designated serotype 23.Procedures of isolation and serotyping are presented and discussed, and the serotype distribution within the different herd categories is outlined.     

Five-year trends in female pig mortality on commercial breeding farms in Japan

High mortality in female pigs on breeding farms is a critical problem in the U.S. swine industry. The objectives of this study were to determine whether female pig mortality on Japanese commercial farms increased; to investigate correlations between the mortality and herd-management factors, especially herd size and lactation length; and to determine herd repeatability in female pig mortality. A five-year annual measurement data between 1999 and 2003 were abstracted from recording files of 113 farms in Japan. The year-effects on measurements were analyzed by using repeated measures data between 1999 and 2003 in mixed-effects linear models. The annual mortalities for female pigs in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 were 4.93%, 5.25%, 5.40%, 5.32%, and 4.85%, respectively. The year-effect on the female pig mortality was not found for the five years. Neither herd size, lactation length nor other management factors were found to be consistently correlated with female pig mortality for the five years. The repeatability of the mortality was 36.5% on commercial farms. In conclusion, female pig mortality did not increase during these five years in Japan. Herd size and lactation length were not risk factors for female pig mortality.     

Actinobacillus suis septicemia in mature swine: two outbreaks resembling erysipelas

In the winter of 1987/88 a previously unrecognized septicemic disease syndrome — actinobacillosis in mature sows and gilts — was diagnosed in two minimal-disease swine herds in southwestern Ontario. In herd 1, 34 sows, 2 boars, 13 feeder pigs, and 30 suckling pigs were affected; 11 sows, 2 feeders, and 18 suckling pigs died. In herd 2, 13 sows and 1 feeder pig were affected; 1 sow and 1 feeder pig died. The disease was manifested by moderate fever (39-40.5°C), round or rhomboid erythematous skin lesions, and inappetence. Sudden deaths without previous clinical signs were frequent. Histologically, coccobacillary thromboemboli in superficial and deep dermal vessels were associated with infarcted dermal and epidermal tissues. The causative organism, Actinobacillus suis, was isolated from the affected pigs. Treatment with commonly used antibacterial drugs was effective.

In many respects, the disease resembled acute swine erysipelas and presented diagnostic problems for this reason.

     

Lifetime reproductive and financial performance of female swine

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reproductive and financial performance for commercial swine herds grouped on the basis of pattern of removal of female swine. DESIGN: Cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 25 swine herds. PROCEDURES: Lifetime reproductive productivity was summarized as number of pigs weaned per herd day per mated female and as number of herd days per pig weaned per mated female. Factors associated with these 2 measures were determined by use of linear regression. Financial data from a commercial database were used to estimate maximum number of parities at removal associated with profitability. Sensitivity analysis was used to simulate how variations in daily maintenance cost and value per weaned pig would influence profitability. RESULTS: Mean number of pigs weaned per herd day per mated female was 0.054; mean number of herd days per pig weaned per mated female was 20.2. Both these measures were associated with proportion of nonproductive days during herd life, preweaning mortality rate per litter weaned, mean lifetime number of pigs born alive per litter weaned, and mean lifetime lactation duration. Maximum parity at time of removal associated with profitability ranged from 5 to 8. Daily maintenance costs per female had a greater impact on lifetime profitability than did value per weaned pig. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that lifetime reproductive and financial performance is optimized among swine herds that have higher proportions of high-parity females.     

Establishment of serological herd profiles for zoonoses and production diseases in pigs by “meat juice multi-serology”

The most important pork-borne zoonotic diseases in humans such as Salmonelloses and Yersinioses cause only latent infections in pigs. Thus, the infection of pigs does not result in apparent or palpable alterations in the pig carcasses. This is the major reason, why the traditional meat inspection with adspection, palpation and incision is not able to control the food safety risks of today. The objective of this paper is to evaluate a set of serological tests, which provides a classification of pig herds into “zoonoses risk categories” as demanded by EU law and into “herd health risk categories” by using meat juice as diagnostic specimen for ELISA tests. Serological data that were obtained by testing meat juice samples from various pig herds were analyzed as proof of the “meat juice multi-serology” concept. For that, at least 60 meat juice samples from 49 pig herds each were taken between September 2010 and March 2011 and tested for antibodies against zoonotic pathogens (Salmonella spp., Trichinella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Toxoplasma gondii) and against pathogens causing production diseases (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, influenza A virus subtype H1N1, influenza A virus subtype H3N2 and PRRSV). Apparent and true animal prevalence, herd prevalence values and intra-herd seroprevalence values as well as the predictive values for the herd and the animal prevalence values were calculated for each pathogen and each of the 49 randomly selected herds. The herd seroprevalence values (one seropositive sample per herd determined a “positive herd”) for Y. enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., T. gondii, M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV were higher than 80%, respectively, for the influenza A viruses between 60% and 14% and for Trichinella spp. 0%. Although all herds were located in the same area in the Northwest of Germany within a radius of 250 km, the intra-herd seroprevalence values for all tested pathogens, except for Trichinella spp., varied remarkably from herd to herd. In the case of Y. enterocolitica and T. gondii the intra-herd seroprevalence values varied even from zero to 100%. This shows that a serological risk categorization of pig herds regarding zoonoses and production diseases is meaningful if used for risk-based decisions in the framework of the new meat inspection concept and as part of the herd health management system. Thus, the development of a cost-efficient, time- and labour-saving test system for simultaneously detecting various antibodies should be the next step for an extensive implementation of the meat juice multi-serology concept.