侵染‘舞美’苹果的苹果锈果类病毒检测与全序列分析

2017年9月,在山东胶州调查苹果病毒病时发现‘舞美’果实表现出明显的花脸症状,取发病树体芽组织嫁接于健康‘富士’苹果幼树上,采用RT-PCR技术对其是否含有苹果锈果类病毒进行了检测,并利用DNAMAN、MEGA 5.1等软件对其全序列进行了分析。结果表明,显症‘舞美’果实、发病树体枝条及嫁接‘富士’枝条中均可检测出ASSVd,无症状‘舞美’果实和相应树体枝条中均未检测到ASSVd。‘舞美’分离物基因组主流序列为333 nt (登录号MG745387),与GenBank中已报道的ASSVd序列一致性为92%～99%。序列多重比对及系统进化树分析发现,该分离物的末端保守区和中央保守区与ASSVd参考序列一致,且与不同来源的ASSVd分离物亲缘关系较近。这是首次在‘舞美’苹果上发现和鉴定出苹果锈果类病毒。     

侵染小苹果的苹果锈果类病毒的检测和全序列分析

小苹果是抗寒海棠类与大苹果的杂交后代,因耐寒能力强,口感好,被广泛用于嫁接与育种材料,是我国寒凉苹果产区宝贵的种质资源。苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)侵染苹果后引起果实表面产生锈状斑、花脸、畸形等症状,严重降低果实品质和市场价值。2013年在调查苹果病毒病时发现北京市延庆县种植的小苹果表现出典型畸形症状,应用RT-PCR方法对其进行检测后经测序和序列分析表明,小苹果被苹果锈果类病毒侵染。克隆此分离物(ASSVd-YQ)全基因组序列,分析后得到其基因组全长为329个核苷酸,系统发育分析表明该分离物与来自不同国家和地区的ASSVd分离物间的进化关系极近。二级结构预测表明,该分离物的中央保守区与末端保守区与ASSVd参考序列相同。这是对侵染小苹果的ASSVd的首次检测和鉴定。     

我国部分苹果产区苹果锈果类病毒的检测和全序列分析

近年来,由苹果锈果类病毒Apple scar skin viroid(ASSVd)引起的苹果花脸病、锈果病在我国一些苹果产区日趋严重,对我国苹果生产和苹果产业发展造成严重危害。为了解ASSVd在我国一些苹果产区的发生和变异情况,采用RT-PCR对陕西、山东、山西、河北、北京和黑龙江6个苹果产区的35份苹果样品进行检测,并克隆获得30个分离物的基因组全序列,大小为330~333个核苷酸。分析表明,这些分离物的基因组全序列与GenBank中ASSVd基因组核苷酸序列相似度为96%~100%,在苹果锈果类病毒属的末端保守区及中央保守区保守,在致病区和左端区域有突变,一些分离物的突变位点相同。系统发育分析表明分离物因相同的突变位点而聚类,而与地理来源无关。     

苹果花脸和锈果症状伴随的苹果锈果类病毒分离物的分子特性分析

苹果锈果类病毒(apple scar skin viroid, ASSVd)侵染引起苹果花脸病和锈果病,近年来对我国苹果产业造成了严重损失,但造成两种症状差异的分子特性尚不明确。本研究前期从我国山东和山西收集表现花脸和锈果症状的苹果果实样品,进行了克隆和测序,获得56个ASSVd分子变种的全长核苷酸序列,长度在330～333 nt之间。通过对本研究获得的ASSVd分子变种比对分析及与报道的症状相关分子变种间的比较,表明花脸和锈果症状的ASSVd分子变种之间的一致率为86.9%～100%,变异率为0.0%～13.3%,均有4个主要变异区域(含21个变异位点),位于致病(P)区、P区与左端区(T_L)邻接区域及P区与中央保守(C)区的邻接区域,二级结构呈紧凑的棍棒状。选取我国症状相关及国内外其他代表性ASSVd分子变种进行进化分析,显示我国ASSVd分离物分为7个簇(Ⅰ～Ⅶ),且两种不同症状相关分子变种聚在相同簇(Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ)。其中,ASSVd簇Ⅰ为优势组群,含有我国新疆及其他地区和希腊及其他国家来源的分离物,推测为原始组群;簇Ⅱ、Ⅳ、V和Ⅶ表现出明显的我国地域专化性,...     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测体系的建立

为灵敏、快速地检测西瓜种子和果实中的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV),根据该病毒的衣壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)序列设计特异性引物,建立基于SYBR Green Ⅰ染料的实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)技术,并对采集的12份不同发育期西瓜果实样品进行检测。结果表明,建立的RT-qPCR检测技术可对西瓜种子中的CGMMV含量进行精确检测,检测下限为3.35×10~2 copies/μL。采集的12份不同发育期西瓜果实样品中有10份被检测出携带CGMMV,病毒含量范围为1.00×10~4～4.80×10~6 copies/μL。随着果实发育,由CGMMV引起的果实倒瓤症状愈加明显,果实中CGMMV的积累量也明显增加。授粉后25 d西瓜果实中CGMMV的含量是授粉后10 d时的30倍,表明病毒在果实中的积累可能受生长发育期的影响且果实倒瓤症状的形成与病毒积累量呈正相关。     

加强果树规范化采样和病毒检测,降低潜隐和危险性病毒对我国苹果产业的危害风险

苹果病毒病在世界各苹果产区广泛发生,危害严重,目前没有有效的防治药剂。苹果病毒具有潜隐危害、主要以嫁接方式传播的特点。危险性高的类病毒侵染导致苹果果实几乎失去经济价值。苹果病毒的检测是防止其传播和危害,繁育无病毒苗木和苹果树无毒化管理的一项关键技术。由于对病毒在苹果树体中的组织分布和浓度认知不到位,苹果病毒检测中存在样品采集和检测方法的误区。本文根据课题组十年来开展苹果病毒检测和研究工作的数据,简要概述了我国苹果病毒的发生危害特点,苹果病毒检测方法,详细给出了规范的样品采集、处理、总RNA提取、RT-PCR参数、检测引物、对照设置及检测结果判别的技术方法。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂在苹果果实不同部位中的残留

为了明确噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺和呋虫胺6种新烟碱类杀虫剂在苹果果实不同部位中的迁移转化规律,以10年生红富士苹果树为试材,分别于蚜虫发生期 (7月10日) 和果实采收前1 d (9月25日) 通过整株喷雾施药,随机取样,采用高效液相色谱仪测定,外标法定量,分析各杀虫剂在生长期套袋果实和不套袋果实及储藏期果实不同部位中的残留量及迁移规律。结果表明:在果实套袋情况下,施药后72 h内果实不同部位各新烟碱类杀虫剂的含量均呈现先逐渐上升而后下降的趋势,且在果皮中的残留量最低 (均低于0.08 mg/kg),其中烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉在果皮中的残留量低于最低检测浓度,而在果柄和果肉中的残留量明显高于果皮中的,表明套袋果实中药剂主要来源于枝叶运输,经果柄进入果实后易向果肉累积;在果实未套袋情况下,施药后72 h 6种杀虫剂在果肉中的含量均高于套袋果实果肉中的,分别是套袋果实果肉中含量的7.75、3.52、3.36、6.57、2.92和3.06倍,表明套袋可有效降低果实中该类药剂的残留量。储藏试验结果表明:直接向果面喷施6种新烟碱类杀虫剂后,药剂主要存在于果皮中,施药后14和21 d在果肉中的含量均低于最低检测浓度,表明储藏期果皮为该类药剂的主要残留部位,且不易向果肉中转移。     

红将军苹果花脸病毒病的综合防治

苹果是蓬莱市农业的支柱产业之一，总种植而积1.87万hm^2，总产量30多万t，总产值14亿多元。其中红将军苹果种植面积达1333hm^2，产量3万多t，产值1.1亿元。苹果锈果病在蓬莱市红将军苹果品种上主要表现为花脸型，植株较健株生长势弱，树上有个别黄化叶片。其果实成熟摘袋后呈红色和黄绿相间的不均匀的着色斑块，我们称为红将军苹果花脸病毒病。     

大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株体内运动规律的初步研究

 利用RT-PCR方法研究了大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株内的移动规律。先将介体麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)在BYDV-GAV新鲜病叶上饲毒,再将获毒蚜虫放置到二叶期的健康燕麦植株接种48h,随后分期提取接种植株的第1~6片叶和根组织的总RNA,利用特异引物扩增BYDV-GAV的外壳蛋白(CP)基因以检测病毒在燕麦植株内的复制和移动。结果表明,在接种5d后,接种叶片(第2片叶)呈现阳性,接种7d后,植株新生的第4片叶被侵染,接种9d后,部分的第3片叶呈现阳性,至接种16d,几乎所有的叶片均呈现阳性。仅在接种的第5、7和9d收集的根组织呈现阳性,而所有的第1片叶均为阴性,可能是由于这些组织内病毒含量太低所致。本研究初步揭示了BYDV-GAV长距离运动的规律并且发现该病毒在燕麦根部从接种到系统发病都没有进行大量增殖,为今后进一步研究病毒运动机制选取适当的植物材料提供了基本信息。     

滴灌模式对黄土高原苹果树生长、产量及根系分布的影响

以8 a生富士苹果为材料,设3种滴灌方式：分根交替滴灌（ADI）、单管滴灌（UDI）和双管滴灌（BDI）,以及3个灌水量处理：高水（W1）、中水（W2）、低水（W3）,通过大田试验,研究陕北黄土山地苹果区不同滴灌方式和灌水量对苹果地上部和地下部生物量、产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：苹果树在4个生长阶段的耗水量依次为果实膨大期（III）>开花坐果期（II）>萌芽展叶期（I）>果实成熟期（IV）,处理间耗水量大小排序为W1＞W2＞W3,ADI处理在各灌水量下均比其他滴灌方式下的耗水量小;苹果树生长中期和后期新梢长度、粗度以及叶面积指数（LAI）随滴灌量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,ADI-W2处理苹果树的新梢粗度与长度以及LAI最大;苹果树根系主要分布在0~80 cm土层中,但主要集中分布于20~60 cm土层中,在2018年与2019年,ADI-W2处理根系干重密度在南北侧40~60 cm土层达到最大值(137.9 g·m^-3,163.7 g·m^-3),吸收根长密度在南北侧40~60 cm土层达到最大值（820.1 m·m^-3,959.9 m·m^-3）;苹果树产量与生长后期的新梢长度、粗度、LAI有显著的正相关性,ADI-W2处理下产量和水分利用效率在2 a均为最高,在2019年分别达到 43 970.08 kg·hm^-2,7.12 kg·m^-3。综合考虑苹果新梢生长、根系分布、产量和水分利用效率等因素,建议最优的滴灌模式应是ADI-W2处理。     

苹果锈果类病毒(ASSVd)的种群及遗传变异分析

苹果锈果类病毒apple scar skin viroid(ASSVd)引起苹果锈果病,是限制我国苹果生产的重要因素之一。然而,目前对ASSVd全球种群的组成及遗传变异仍缺乏足够的了解。为此,本研究对GenBank中登录的212条基因组序列进行了比较、变异分析以及系统发育分析。确认ASSVd的种群符合准种模式,由165种序列相似但不相同的变体组成。以来自我国苹果的MW315909和MW302328为代表的两种变体的数量最多,是主流变体。依据参考序列(NC001340)分析碱基变异,发现碱基变异偏好于某种碱基,并且偏好于基因组上的一些特定位点。变异不仅发生在基因组二级结构的左末端区、致病区、中央区,也发生在可变区和右末端区。值得指出的是,基因组上有4个区域极少发生变异,为保守区。其中的两个保守区(末端保守区和中央保守区)是已知的,而在可变区与右末端区交界处的两个保守区是新发现的,它们对ASSVd的复制和移动可能具有重要作用。这些结果不仅有助于掌握ASSVd的发生及流行,而且为研发RT-PCR/qPCR检测技术提供了参考,为研究ASSVd与寄主的相互作用提供了线索。     

北京平谷区苹果锈果类病毒检测初报

采集北京市平谷区‘中秋王’、‘寒富’苹果叶片样品共12份,以Northern杂交、RT-PCR方法检测苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)带毒情况。结果表明,表现明显锈果症状的‘中秋王’样品均检出ASSVd,无明显症状的‘中秋王’样品没有检出ASSVd,而无明显症状的‘寒富’样品全部携带ASSVd。测序发现,所得序列与NCBI中已报道的ASSVd基因组序列相似性为91%~99%,且两品种中ASSVd主流序列完全相同。结果说明‘中秋王’对ASSVd较为敏感,感病后易于表现出明显的锈果症状;‘寒富’对ASSVd耐性较强,感病后不表现出明显症状。     

The response of plant species used in agriculture and horticulture to viroid infections

The reactions of the viroids causing cucumber pale fruit (CPFV), chrysanthemum stunt (CSV) and citrus exocortis (CEV) in different plant species and varieties used in agriculture and horticulture were studied. These viroids caused identical symptoms on tomato and potato. The reactions of chrysanthemum Mistletoe to CPFV or CSV were identical, but CEV-infected plants reacted quite differently. CPFV and CEV caused the same type of symptoms on cucumber plants but symptoms of CEV were always weaker.Ten of the tested horticultural crop species appeared to be susceptible to CPFV, of which eight produced symptoms. In the Netherlands, however, CPFV is only described as pathogen on cucumber plants grown in glasshouses. Ten species were susceptible to CSV of which three produced symptoms. In the Netherlands CSV only occurs in chrysanthemum. Nine of the tested crops proved to be susceptible to CEV and seven were sensitive to this viroid which occurs in citric crops of (sub)tropical climate zones.Our results show that the viroids studies form potential pathogens for other crops than cucumber and chrysanthemum which are now affected by two of them.Samenvatting Het viroïde dat de bleke-vruchtenziekte bij komkommer veroorzaakt (CPFV), chrysanthemum stunt viroïde (CSV) en citrus exocortis viroïde (CEV) produceren symptomen op tomaat en aardappel, die niet van elkaar zijn te onderscheiden. De reactie van chrysant Mistletoe op CPFV of CSV is identiek, maar na infectie met CEV reageren de planten volkomen anders. Komkommers ontwikkelen dezelfde symptomen na een besmetting met CPFV en CEV, hoewel laatstgenoemd agens altijd een zwakker ziektebeeld oproept.Tomaat, aardappel, aubergine, chrysant, komkommer, augurk, meloen enBenincasa bleken gevoelig te zijn en paprika en petunia vatbaar voor CPFV, terwijl in Nederland alleen van komkommergewassen bekend is, dat ze aangetast worden door dit pathogeen.Tomaat, aardappel en chrysant waren ook gevoelig voor CSV, vatbaar voor dit viroïde waren paprika, petunia,Nicandra, andijvie, komkommer, augurk enBenincasa cerifera. In ons land kennen we stunt alleen in de chrysantenteelt. Negen gewassen bleken vatbaar te zijn voor CEV, en zeven waren gevoelig voor dit viroïde, dat alleen in (sub)tropische klimaatzones voorkomt.Vierentwintig cultuurgewassen bleken onvatbaar te zijn voor alle drie viroïden. De resultaten van dit onderzoek wijzen er op dat CPFV, CSV en CEV nauw verwant zijn, maar niet identiek.     

Effects of resistance of Eremocitrus glauca and Microcitrus australis to viroid infection: replication,accumulation and long‐distance movement of six citrus viroids

In studies to identify genotypes resistant to infection with citrus viroids, Eremocitrus glauca and Microcitrus australis were selected because their evolution in their habitat in Australia and New Guinea may have led to the selection of unusual traits. The movement and accumulation of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Hop stunt viroid, Citrus bent leaf viroid, Citrus dwarfing viroid, Citrus bark cracking viroid and Citrus viroid V (CVd‐V) in self‐rooted as well as in graft‐ propagated E. glauca and M. australis plants was assessed by northern hybridization, RT‐PCR and by topworking to the sensitive selection 861‐S1 of Etrog citron. In both plant species the inoculated viroids were undetectable unless these plants were grafted to a susceptible Citrus partner, the rough lemon rootstock and/or the topworked Etrog citron, which acted as viroid sources. The results obtained indicate that M. australis and in particular E. glauca are poor viroid hosts in which viroid replication/accumulation does not occur or is extremely inefficient. However, viroid downward and upward movement to grafted Citrus partners in which viroid replication and accumulation occurs efficiently was not impaired. Eremocitrus glauca and M. australis showed differences regarding their properties as viroid hosts, but for both species CEVd seemed to have the lowest affinity among the viroid species tested and CVd‐V the highest. Even though E. glauca and M. australis do not appear to be truly resistant to viroid infection, they are interesting genotypes for further characterization of the mechanisms involved in viroid infection.     

Studies on the diagnosis of hop stunt viroid in fruit trees: Identification of new hosts and application of a nucleic acid extraction procedure based on non-organic solvents

A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled RNA probe specific for hop stunt viroid (HSVd) diagnosis has been developed. The high sensitivity and specificity of this RNA probe in dot blot hybridizations to nucleic acids from field samples, allowed the confirmation of the presence of HSVd in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and its detection in two fruit tree species not previously described as hosts of this pathogen, almond (Prunus dulcis Miller) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). This result supports and extends the notion of the world wide distribution of HSVd, infecting cultivated fruit trees. HSVd was also found to accumulate to much higher levels in mature apricot fruits than in leaves. Additionally, a sample processing procedure which does not involve the use of organic solvents was demonstrated to render faithful results when used for viroid detection. The combined reliability and facility of use of both this extraction procedure and the non-radioactive probe will benefit agronomic investigations addressing the detection and eradication of HSVd. Other applications of the work described here, as the study of possible causal relations between specific disorders and HSVd infection, are also discussed.     

Molecular Characterization of an Almond Isolate of Hop Stunt Viroid (HSVd) and Conditions for Eliminating Spurious Hybridization in its Diagnosis in Almond Samples

Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) has a wide range of hosts including herbaceous and woody plants. Recently, HSVd was demonstrated to infect almond trees (Astruc et al., 1996). In this work, we present the molecular characterization of an almond HSVd isolate and report on the problems encountered in the diagnosis of HSVd in almond tissue through dot-blot non-radioactive hybridization procedures. False positives were eliminated through incubation of the membranes with RNase at high ionic strength after hybridization. Further experiments which included Northern hybridization, RT-PCR coupled to Southern hybridization, and cloning and sequencing suggested that spurious hybridization signals were due to host RNAs with sequence similarity to HSVd. Genetic characterization of the almond isolate demonstrated the existence of two new HSVd sequence variants named HSVd.alm1 and HSVd.alm2. The changes of HSVd.alm1 and HSVd.alm2 were located at residues variable among HSVd sequences, in loops on the left part of the rod-like molecule that includes the pathogenic (P) domain. Multiple alignments with all the available HSVd sequences and subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that the two new almond sequence variants were included in the previously described Prunus group of HSVd sequences.     

Development of a standard method for detection of potato spindle tuber viroid in potato plants

A standard test method for detecting viroids was designed, to be applied on imported plant material, for which a zero-tolerance exists in the Netherlands towards potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV).Partial purification of nucleic acids after homogenizing leaf material with a Polytron homogenizer, followed by increasing the viroid concentration by inoculation of an intermediate tomato host, and complete purification of the small nucleic acids from the tops of these plants, followed by polyacrylamide gelectrophoretic analysis, proved successful. With this procedure, now used as a standard method, more samples could be handled than with other methods tested.Desalting by Sephadex filtration proved to be superior to dialysis. An attempt to develop a serological test for PSTV failed. Albinism, induced in PSTV-infected tomato plants by certain environmental conditions, was not of diagnostic value.

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Samenvatting Voor het viroïde, dat de aardappelspindelknolziekte veroorzaakt (ASKV) geldt in Nederland een nultolerantie. Al het geïmporteerde aardappelmateriaal wordt daarom getoetst op het voorkomen van het viroïde. Voor dat doel is een betrouwbare en, zo mogelijk, ook snelle toets noodzakelijk, die niet alleen secundaire infecties maar ook jonge, primaire infecties kan aantonen.Een standaardmethode, die werd ontwikkeld, bleek zeer betrouwbaar, hoewel niet snel. Zij toont meer infecties aan dan snellere methoden die in het buitenland beschreven zijn. De toets omvat de volgende stappen: 2–5 g bladmateriaal wordt vermalen en op het homogenaat wordt een eenvoudige nucleïnezuurextractie en-concentratie toegepast. Dit preparaat wordt gebruikt om vier jonge tomatezaailingen te inoculeren. Door deze zaailingen 4 weken onder optimale omstandigheden te houden wordt het eventueel aanwezige viroïde vermeerderd. Geeft tenminste één van de tomateplanten symptomen, dan wordt het oorspronkelijke monster ziek verklaard. Vertoont geen van de vier tomateplanten symptomen dan wordt een nucleïnezuurextractie uitgevoerd van de topjes van deze planten. Kleine nucleïnezuurmoleculen worden geïsoleerd, geconcentreerd en tenslotte geanaliseerd met behulp van polyacrylamide gelelektroforese.Om overdracht van het ene naar het andere monster te voorkomen werd voor het vermalen gebruik gemaakt van verwisselbare schachten bij de Polytron homogenisator.Ontzouten van de nucleïnezuurextracten met Sephadexfiltratie gaf betere resultaten en was sneller uitvoerbaar dan dialyse.Pogingen om een specifiek antiserum tegen ASKV te maken zijn niet gelukt. Onder onze omstandigheden was het ook niet mogelijk om op een betrouwbare manier albinisme in geïnfecteerde planten te induceren als middel om infecties met ASKV op te sporen.

     

Citrus viroid II variants associated with ‘Gummy Bark’ disease

A viroid etiology for citrus gummy bark (CGB) disease of sweet orange is supported by the similarity of symptom expression to cachexia disease of mandarins and tangelos caused by the hop stunt viroid (HSVd) related citrus viroid II (CVd-II), as well as the detection of CVd-II variants in CGB infected Washington navel and Dörtyol sweet orange, a Turkish cultivar. A survey was made of 67 clones of CVd-II related variants recovered from severe CGB symptomatic and non-symptomatic trees of the same cultivars growing in close proximity. Only CVd-IIa, a non-cachexia inducing variant, was found in non-symptomatic Washington navel trees and no CVd-II variants were recovered from the Dörtyol control. CGB infected sources contained a number of CVd-II related variants with the predominant species detected closely related to CVd-IIc, a known cachexia inducing viroid. Biological activity of representactive variants from CGB sources was determined by transmission to citron (Citrus medica) as well as by bioassay on the indexing host for cachexia, Parson's Special mandarin (Citrus reticulata).     

植物类病毒脱除技术进展

类病毒是已知最小的植物病原物,可侵染蔬菜、果树以及花卉等多种农作物,并对农业生产造成严重影响。目前,对感染类病毒的植株进行脱毒处理是一种有效的防控措施,本文针对果树、蔬菜和花卉上几种常见的类病毒,综述了茎尖培养、热处理结合茎尖培养、低温处理、超低温处理、化学处理及不含叶原基的顶端分生组织再生等植物类病毒的脱除技术,分析了不同方法的应用效果及所适合脱除的类病毒种类,同时展望了类病毒病害在未来植物病害防控中的重要地位,并提出综合考虑各种因素、制定合理方案、选用适宜方法的类病毒脱除建议。