秸秆连续还田对苏打盐碱水稻土养分及真菌群落的影响

为探明水稻秸秆长期还田对苏打盐碱土养分状况以及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,采用盆栽试验,设置0(CK)、3.0(RS1)、7.5(RS2)、12.0(RS3)、16.5(RS4) t·hm~(-2) 5个梯度秸秆还田量,于连续还田5 a后测定土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效养分含量以及真菌的相对丰度、Alpha多样性和群落结构变化。结果表明:秸秆还田显著降低了土壤全氮含量,降幅为20.37%～31.48%;RS1和RS3处理碱解氮含量较CK分别降低11.77%和9.61%;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤的pH值,增幅为9.39%～12.65%;RS4处理的有机质含量较CK增加了11.03%。随还田量的增加,全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量呈显著增加的趋势,均在RS4处理达到了最大值,较CK分别增加15.00%、49.34%、103.81%。总体上秸秆还田对苏打盐碱土起到了改良效果。Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,还田量3.0 t·hm~(-2)时,Aphelidiomycota、轮虫门以及黄藻门相对丰度与CK分别相差20.40%、1.47%、0.08%;还田量16.5 t·hm~(-2)时,子囊菌门、担子菌门、裂壳菌属、柄孢壳属、腐质霉属以及被孢霉属与CK分别相差52.45%、1.40%、30.70%、16.84%、0.53%、0.44%,表明秸秆还田能够显著提高部分菌门和菌属的相对丰度。秸秆还田显著降低了土壤真菌Alpha多样性,ACE指数、Chao1指数、香浓指数降幅分别为10.86%～25.32%、7.81%～26.32%、0.25%～31.34%。秸秆还田处理改变了真菌的群落结构,其中RS3和RS4处理对其影响更为显著。进一步利用RDA和Mantel test分析表明,全钾(p0.05)、全磷(p0.05)、有效磷(p0.01)、速效钾(p0.01)以及有机质含量(p0.01)对真菌群落结构的影响显著。综合分析表明,秸秆还田能够调节土壤的理化性质,从而影响真菌的群落结构。     

不同种植年限对特殊药材土壤化学性质和微生物多样性的影响

以不同种植年限特殊药材根际土壤为材料,采用IlluminaNovaSeq高通量测序法和常规分析方法,分析了种植年限(0 a, 1 a, 4 a, 24 a)对根际土壤化学性质及微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明：连续种植24 a后,土壤电导率、硝态氮含量显著高于其他种植年限。特殊药材连作对土壤细菌α-多样性指数均无显著影响,但土壤细菌丰富度和多样性减少;连续种植24 a真菌α-多样性指数中ACE指数、Chao1指数显著高于种植1 a,真菌丰富度和多样性增加。细菌群落Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)为优势菌门,Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属)、Xanthomonadaceae(黄单胞菌科)相对丰度随着种植年限增加呈明显上升趋势,未知菌属RB41、Lysobacter(溶杆菌属)相对丰度呈下降趋势。土壤真菌群落Mortierellomycota(被孢霉门)、Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Basidiomycota(担子菌门)为优势菌门,Mortierella(被孢霉属)相对丰度随种植年限增...     

短期玉米秸秆还田对冷凉地区土壤真菌多样性的影响

在玉米吐丝期,利用传统涂布平板法和高通量测序技术,设置常规秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆深翻还田(SF)和秸秆旋耕还田(XG)3个处理,研究0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层真菌群落丰富度、多样性和群落结构变化,揭示冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田真菌群落结构及其差异。结果表明:冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田对土壤真菌多样性的影响较大,秸秆还田土壤中可培养真菌数为SFXGCK;秸秆还田后土壤真菌优势菌群发生变化,CK优势菌为马拉色氏霉菌属、被孢霉属和葡萄孢属,XG优势菌为被孢霉属;XG和SF表层土壤中耐冷酵母菌属和被孢霉属是优势菌;SF处理20~30 cm土层优势菌为葡萄孢属。真菌菌群Alpha多样性、群落组成丰度、RDA(Redundancy analysis)和菌群相似性综合分析可知,SF和XG 0~20 cm土层菌群差异小;SF和XG均能增加10~30 cm土层真菌群落丰度。     

不同种植年限老芒麦根际土壤营养与细菌群落多样性

为揭示不同生长年限老芒麦根际土壤营养及细菌多样性变化特征,采用高通量测序技术对种植3 a（Y3）、4 a（Y4）和7 a（Y7）老芒麦根际土壤细菌群落组成和多样性进行分析。结果表明:随着种植年限的增加,土壤pH由7.95增加至8.03;土壤全氮（TN）、速效氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）含量随着老芒麦生长年限的增加显著降低,Y4较Y3分别降低了21.9%、12.0%、32.0%,Y7较Y3分别降低了34.5%、24.2%、38.9%;Chao 1 和Shannon 指数亦随种植年限的增加而降低,Y3、Y4和Y7的Chao 1指数分别为2605.42,2518.46和2483.89,Shannon指数分别为9.79,9.65和9.62。聚类分析表明,Y4与Y3之间细菌群落相似性基本一致,与Y7样地间差异较大。在门分类水平上,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门为优势菌门;在属分类水平上,优势菌群依次为Norank_c_Subgroup_6、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、Norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae、芽球菌属（Blastococcus）和RB41。相关性分析表明,TN、TP、TK、AK和AP与MND1和Gaiella呈极显著负相关（P<0.001）,而SOM与Gaiella和MND1呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）,pH与Bacillus、RB41和Norank_ f _67-14呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）。     

生长年限对甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对撂荒地（CK）、生长1 a（BM-1Y）、3 a（BM-3Y）和5 a（BM-5Y）的甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行测序分析，探究不同生长年限甘肃贝母对根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明：生长年限对甘肃贝母土壤理化因子和细菌菌群均有影响，其中BM-5Y处理显著降低了土壤有机质（OM）、水解氮（HN）和速效磷（AP）的含量（P＜0.05），较CK处理分别降低了22.76%、9.28%、51.25%；BM-5Y处理显著降低根际土壤细菌多样性（P＜0.05），其中OUT数、PD值及Chao I指数较CK处理分别降低了7.23%、6.79%、6.47%。生长年限改变了细菌群落在门和属水平的群落组成，但各生长年限中的优势菌门（相对丰度＞5%）相对稳定，均为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi），其在CK、BM-1Y、BM-3Y和BM-5Y处理中的相对丰度总和分别为82.28%、84.16%、83.12%和82.30%。土壤pH、OM、HN、AP及AK含量是驱动根际土细菌群落的主要环境因子，其程度大小为：pH＞AK＞HN＞AP＞OM。土壤理化因子与各优势细菌门的相关性不同，pH与放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05），OM、HN和AP均与厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。综上，甘肃贝母生长年限延长（BM-5Y）会显著降低土壤的养分含量和细菌群落的多样性。     

生物炭、三叶草和蚯蚓种养对西瓜根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为探究生物炭、三叶草和蚯蚓种养三种施用方式对西瓜根际土壤细菌群落多样性、功能预测及养分的影响,开展田间小区试验,设置对照(CK)、生物炭（B）、三叶草（T）、蚯蚓种养（V）、生物炭+蚯蚓种养（BV）、三叶草+蚯蚓种养（TV）、三叶草+生物炭（BT）和三叶草+生物炭+蚯蚓种养（BTV）等8个处理。结果表明：不同处理对西瓜根际土壤养分具有显著影响,BV处理土壤速效钾含量最高（383.41 mg·kg^-1）,TV处理土壤全氮含量最高（0.79 g·kg^-1）、BTV处理土壤速效磷含量最高（427.51 mg·kg^-1）,分别较CK处理提高102.23%、75.56%、23.88%。BTV处理Shannon指数显著高于其他处理;TV处理Simpson指数较T处理提高56.52%;B处理的ACE和Chao1指数较BTV处理分别提高10.95%和12.59%。不同土壤处理影响细菌群落组成和相对丰度,其中变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门为优势菌门。与CK相比,BTV处理的变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度分别提高47.85%和30.47%,而酸杆菌门相对丰度降低48.36%。PICRUST2功能预测分析表明,BTV处理根际土壤细菌群落中新陈代谢、氨基酸代谢和全局概览通路等功能的活性加强,其活性微生物在“生物炭—三叶草—蚯蚓种养—西瓜”复合生境中起重要作用。综上,不同土壤处理方式改善了土壤细菌群落多样性和土壤养分,其中生物炭和三叶草配合蚯蚓种养施用的综合效果最好。     

微生物菌剂对连作芹菜根际土壤真菌群落多样性与结构的影响

以宁南旱区连作4年芹菜根际土壤为研究对象,采用田间定位试验结合高通量测序技术,以常规施肥（CK）为对照,研究常规施肥＋枯草·哈茨复合菌剂（MF）,常规施肥＋枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）,常规施肥＋哈茨木霉菌（TH）3个处理对芹菜连作根际土壤真菌多样性及群落组成的影响。结果表明：施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著提高了土壤有效磷、速效钾含量,增幅分别为34.29%和9.98%。施用微生物菌剂增加了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,平均增幅分别为43.16%和12.98%,并显著改变了土壤真菌的β-多样性。被孢霉属(Mortierella)、织球壳属(Plectosphaerella)、赤霉菌属(Gibberella)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是各处理优势菌属,施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著降低了赤霉菌属、链格孢属、镰刀霉属等真菌性病原菌的相对丰度,降幅分别为59.88%、51.63%、36.13%。冗余分析表明土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性、pH值和全磷是影响真菌群落结构组成的主要驱动因子。综合而言,枯草·哈茨复合菌剂的施用不仅降低了连作芹菜根际土壤镰刀菌属、链格孢属、赤霉菌属等病原菌的富集,还通过改变有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质,进一步重塑土壤真菌群落结构。     

适应水稻秸秆还田的抗稻纹枯病拮抗菌株的筛选

[目的]筛选适应水稻秸秆还田的抗水稻纹枯病的拮抗菌株.[方法]从土壤中分离出4株芽胞杆菌和9株木霉,测定其对水稻秸秆的降解能力,对具有较好降解能力的菌株测定其对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制效果和对水稻秸秆的适应性.[结果]芽胞杆菌B4菌株和木霉T3、T5、T6和T9菌株对水稻秸秆有较好的降解效果,其中木霉T5和T9的降解效果最好;芽胞杆菌B4菌株对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率达40.48％,而且抑菌带能持久地保持,木霉T3、T5、T6和T9菌株对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率较高,抑制率分别为46.48％、45.63％、50.99％和53.38％,这5种拮抗菌的代谢物都能抑制菌丝的生长和完全阻止菌核的形成,而且这5株菌株对水稻秸秆都有一定的适应能力.[结论]木霉T5和T9具有较好的秸秆降解和抑制稻纹枯病菌的双重效果.     

水稻纹枯病生防菌株的筛选、鉴定及其防治效果

为获得对水稻纹枯病有生防潜力的菌株,从湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州植物根际土壤中分离获得菌株,筛选对水稻纹枯病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,并测定其发酵液的抑菌活性、抑菌谱及生物学特性;基于形态学特征、生理生化特征及分子生物学特征对其进行分类鉴定,并通过离体叶片、室内盆栽和田间试验进一步评价其生防潜力。结果显示,从根际土壤中共分离获得162株菌株,其中生防菌株E12对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率最高,达94.93%,且该菌株对常见的12种植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抑制率在59.84%~93.14%之间;生防菌株E12能分泌蛋白酶、嗜铁素和淀粉酶,具有固氮及形成生物被膜的能力;结合形态学特征、生理生化特征及分子生物学特征,将菌株E12鉴定为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia vietnamiensis;生防菌株E12处理离体水稻叶片后,其相对病斑长度较对照显著减小,对水稻纹枯病的室内盆栽和田间防治效果分别为62.51%和67.78%。表明越南伯克霍尔德氏菌E12在防控水稻纹枯病方面有较好的潜力。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

本文旨在筛选对水稻纹枯病有生防作用的菌株,并初步探索其生防作用机理。收集水稻、甘蓝、黄瓜等不同植物根际土壤,采用稀释分离和对峙培养法筛选对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani Kühn有抑菌作用的菌株;通过离体接种防效、盆栽防效、抑菌谱、对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发及形成的抑制作用等方面评价其生防潜力,并对生防菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从采集的37份根际土壤中共分离获得细菌297株,其中4株对纹枯病菌具有较好的拮抗作用,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达89.8%;对西瓜枯萎病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌、小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率均在85%以上;对水稻纹枯病的离体和盆栽防效分别为73.1%和66.3%;对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发的抑菌率在92%以上;经生理生化和分子鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。由此可看出,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治具有较强的应用价值,具有进一步开发成生物农药的潜力。     

Influence of bacteria isolated from rice plants and rhizospheres on antibiotic production by the antagonistic bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serratia marcescens</Emphasis> strain B2

Serratia marcescens strain B2 is an antagonistic bacterium that produces the red-pigmented antibiotic prodigiosin and suppresses rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA. Rice sheath blight disease was suppressed when plants were inoculated with this bacterium an hour before pathogen inoculation but not when plants were treated 4 weeks before pathogen inoculation. In both cases the bacteria were detected in the rice rhizosphere 4 weeks after inoculation. Bacteria isolated from the rice plant and rhizosphere inhibited biosynthesis of prodigiosin in S. marcescens strain B2. We suggest that bacteria isolated from rice plants and rhizospheres mediate the suppression of antibiotic production of biological control agents and that such suppression is common under field conditions.     

水稻纹枯病生防细菌筛选及其与病原菌侵染垫形成的关系

为筛选对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani具有拮抗作用的生防细菌,利用稀释涂布平板法,从吉林省水稻纹枯病样中分离筛选出对立枯丝核菌AG-1A具有高拮抗活性的生防菌株,通过gyrB基因序列分析鉴定其分类地位,并采用离体侵染试验和温室防治试验测定筛选生防菌株对水稻纹枯病的防效,在显微镜下观察生防菌株预处理后接种...     

Control of rice sheath blight by phyllosphere epiphytic microbial antagonists

Epiphytic microorganisms on the phyllosphere of traditional and high-yielding rice varieties were isolated from different agroecological zones of Sri Lanka and screened for theirin vitro andin vivo antagonism againstRhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-1 1A, the sheath blight pathogen of rice. Among a total of 196 bacterial and 91 fungal isolates, 12 bacterial and two fungal isolates which showed more than 50% growth inhibition ofR. solani were tested for theirin vivo antagonism. Among the 14 antagonists tested, six bacterial and one fungal isolate substantially reduced the incidence of sheath blight (by more than 82%) and severity (by more than 92%) of the rice varieties BG94-1 and IR8 grown in a pot experiment under open field conditions. Using five antagonists that showed the bestin vitro antagonism, a pot experiment was conducted to determine whether the presence of indigenous microflora on the rice sheath had any effect on the effectiveness of antagonism. Three isolates (B4, GbB5 and HMWB4) controlled sheath blight incidence and severity equally well in the presence and absence of indigenous microflora. Two isolates (BG352B1 and BG300B1) were more effective when they were introduced into the rice sheath without indigenous microflora. Among the effective antagonists determined by the pot experiment, isolates B4, B16, BG94-1B5, GbB5, HMWB4 and BG379-F2 were tested under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Under field conditions, severity of rice sheath blight was significantly reduced by the application of all the tested antagonists as a spray on rice sheath at a concentration of 10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹, starting 3 days after the development of symptoms and continuing for three applications at 10-day intervals. Antagonistic performances were consistent in the two seasons under field conditions andB. megatarium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2) performed as the most effective antagonists in both seasons. When disease severity was quantified as percentage sheath area covered by the disease lesions, the respective reductions in disease severity were greater than 50% and 61% byB. megaterium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2), respectively, in both seasons. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.     

稻糠与浮萍控制稻田杂草和稻纹枯病初步研究

温室盆栽和田间小区试验研究了稻糠、稻草糠、浮萍和满江红对稻田主要杂草和水稻纹枯病的控制作用,以及对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,单独施用稻糠、稻草糠、浮萍和满江红对水稻分蘖、株高、生物量和产量无显著影响,但可明显抑制稗草的萌发、降低其生物产量;对移栽的莎草、鸭舌草、牛毛毡的株高、鲜重控制效果不一。稻糠加浮萍可显著提高对主要杂草和水稻纹枯病的控制效果,且对水稻无明显影响。     

Influence of canopy structure on sheath blight epidemics in rice

Sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) is one of the most important constraints in achieving high grain yield in intensive rice production systems. Canopy structure can influence the development of sheath blight epidemics. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of canopy structure parameters such as shoot number, leaf area index, biomass production, contact frequency, light transmittance and plant height on the development of sheath blight epidemics in commercial fields. Field experiments were conducted in both early and late seasons of 2009 and 2010 in Wuxue, Hubei province, China. The effects of nitrogen (N) rate and hill density on structure and production parameters and sheath blight severity were investigated. Sheath blight severity was recorded as a sheath blight index or relative lesion height on inoculated and uninoculated plants in each crop. Lesion length was measured on inoculated plants in 2010. The results showed that the sheath blight index increased with an increase of N rate and hill density in uninoculated plots in each trial. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that contact frequency was consistently related to sheath blight. Lesion length on inoculated plants was not correlated with canopy structure. These results indicate that canopy structure influences sheath blight epidemics. A ‘healthy’ canopy resulting from appropriate crop management practices can be used to suppress sheath blight epidemics in rice.     

Differential behaviour of sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in tolerant and susceptible rice varieties before and during infection

This study characterized the early infection and establishment of the sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani on a tolerant rice variety, Swarnadhaan (IET 5656), and a susceptible variety, Swarna (MTU 7029). Assays using whole plants showed that disease severity was higher in Swarna than Swarnadhaan. In a detached leaf assay, Swarnadhaan showed a disease index that was 50% less than that with Swarna. Rhizoctonia solani exhibited different growth behaviour in the tolerant and susceptible varieties. The pathogen showed more hyphal growth in the susceptible host than in the tolerant variety. It also showed profuse branching, making intimate contact with the host surface to form more inter‐ and intracellular structures, and greater sclerotial development in the susceptible host compared to the tolerant one. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, it was observed for the first time that the pathogen could intercept host surface structures and use these for anchorage or penetration. Transformed R. solani, expressing green fluorescent protein, was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate pathogen behaviour, including the formation of infection cushions and subsequent colonization of the host tissues. This is the first ultrastructural report to characterize the differential behaviour of the sheath blight pathogen in the vicinity and within tolerant and susceptible rice plants.     

水稻与纹枯病菌互作的分子机制研究进展

水稻纹枯病是由死体营养型真菌立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA亚群引起的一种土传病害,在世界水稻种植区均有发生,是限制水稻高产的主要病害之一。虽然国内外学者针对纹枯病菌已开展了大量的研究工作,但由于该菌寄主范围较广、抗性水稻资源缺乏及其田间抗性鉴定的不稳定性等问题,该病害的研究仍没有取得突破性进展。挖掘自然界中存在的纹枯病抗源材料,选育抗病水稻品种是防控该病害、降低水稻产量损失,从而最大限度保障全球水稻产业可持续发展的有效手段。该文对近年来国内外关于水稻纹枯病菌与寄主的互作分子机制、抗性水稻基因资源挖掘及其抗性机制的最新研究进展进行综述,并提出下一步的重点研究方向,以期为推动水稻对纹枯病的抗性机制解析及抗纹枯病水稻育种提供参考。     

水稻稻飞虱和纹枯病系统控制研究

在系统分析历史资料、深入研究稻飞虱和纹枯病发生为害规律基础上,组建病虫测报模型,探讨控害丰产配套栽培技术及提高化防水平,定性定量地建立以准确的测报为前提,合理施肥、密植技术为主的生态控制为基础,按复合防治指标进行化学防治,系统控制稻飞虱、纹枯病,经近几年来的应用,收到显著的经济、生态及社会效益。