Sulfosulfuron incorporated in micelles adsorbed on montmorillonite for slow release formulations

Slow release formulations of the anionic herbicide sulfosulfuron (SFS) were prepared by incorporating it in micelles of an organic cation octadecyltrimethylammonium, which adsorb on the clay-mineral montmorillonite. The fraction of SFS adsorbed on the micelle-clay complex reached 98%, whereas for monomer-clay complexes, its adsorption was insignificant. Fluorescence studies showed surface contact between the micelles and the clay surface. The rate of SFS release from the micelle-clay formulations in aqueous suspensions was slow (<1%, 72 h). Spraying SFS formulations on a thin soil layer in a funnel, followed by irrigations (50 mm), resulted in complete elution of SFS from the commercial formulation (dispersible granular) versus 4% from the micelle-clay formulation. A plant bioassay in Rehovot soil showed that these respective formulations yielded 23 and 65% of shoot growth inhibition of foxtail. Consequently, the slow release micelle-clay formulations of SFS yield significantly reduced leaching and enhanced biological activity, thus providing environmental and agricultural advantages.     

Effects of polymeric slow release fertilizer on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients

One pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of a new polymeric slow release fertilizer (PRF) on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients. The experiment comprised three kinds of fertilizer (common compound fertilizer, 21% and 45% solubility of PRF in 25°C water, all fertilizers with N:P₂O₅:K₂O = 10:5.7:20) and three fertilizer levels (0, 21.6 and 43.2 g m^?2). Results showed that the high water-soluble PRFs (PRFHH and PRFHL) fit nutrient requirements of Chinese cabbage, and the high fertilization level significantly increased yield and improved quality of Chinese cabbage. Although the PRFHL treatment at 21.6 g fertilizer m^?2 had one-half less supplied nutrient than that of common compound fertilizer treatment (43.2 g fertilizer m^?2), the yield of Chinese cabbage with PRFHH and PRFHL was 8.0% more. The soluble sugar, vitamin C and leaf chlorophyll contents of Chinese cabbage can be effectively improved with PRFHH (43.2 g m^?2), PRFHL (21.6 g m^?2) and PRFLH (low water-soluble PRF, 43.2 g m^?2). The PRF treatment reduced the nitrate content and improved soil capacity of supplying nutrient effectively, and there were no changes in values of pH and electrical conductivity of soil.     

脲醛缓释肥料棒氮素缓释特性研究

以脲醛缓释肥料棒为研究对象,测定了其密度、压缩比以及抗压强度,并通过室内间歇式土柱淋溶试验,研究了脲醛缓释肥料棒氮素淋出特性及其氮素累积淋出率曲线方程拟合。结果表明,随着脲甲醛用量增加,缓释肥料棒密度、压缩比及抗压强度逐渐减小;脲醛缓释肥料棒可明显减少氮素淋失,随着脲甲醛用量增加,氮素累积淋出率减小,并且一级动力学方程对脲醛缓释肥料棒的氮素累积淋出率曲线拟合效果最佳(r=0.967**~0.998**,SE=0.94%~3.85%),可用于表征氮素累积淋出率与时间的关系。第42 d淋溶时,脲甲醛氮量占缓释肥料棒总氮0、25%、50%、75%的脲醛缓释肥料棒FR、UFR1、UFR2、UFR3的氮素累积淋出率分别较普通肥料减少了21.93%、49.46%、61.34%、82.90%。表明脲醛缓释肥料对氮素具有较好的缓释效果,且随着脲甲醛用量增加,缓释作用增强。     

碱性长效缓释氮肥对蕉园土壤pH和香蕉氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】近年来由于超量施用化肥导致蕉园土壤严重酸化,土壤生产力逐年明显下降,香蕉产量骤降,传统产区栽培面积锐减。为此本试验在超高密度栽培条件下,以碱性长效缓释氮肥（ALNF,N 22%）作为供试肥料,研究其降低土壤酸度的效果及对香蕉产量和氮肥利用率的影响,并进一步探讨肥料的碱性能否造成氮素的损失。 【方法】本研究包括两个试验,分别为肥料种类和肥料用量对比试验,香蕉栽培密度均为3333 plant/hm2。试验1为碱性长效缓释肥料（ALNF）、控释配方BB肥料（CRF_BB）、常规肥料（CCF）三因素对比试验,以无氮处理（CK）为对照。试验2为完全ALNF（N 337.5 g/plant）,ALNF+60 g尿素N（ACF1,397.5 g/plant）,ALNF+90 g尿素N（ACF2,427.5 g/plant）,以不施氮肥（CK）为对照。 【结果】超高密度栽培条件下,ALNF处理收获期土壤pH值分别比CRF_BB、CCF、CK、ACF1和ACF2处理提高了1.2、1.2、1.1、0.6和0.3个单位。ALNF和CRF_BB处理香蕉单株产量分别比CCF处理增加了43.4%和35.1%,ALNF和ACF1处理香蕉单株产量分别比ACF2增加了50.6%和40.0%。就氮素平衡而言,CRF_BB和ALNF处理作物携出氮量分别比CCF处理提高了48.9%和24.8%;CCF的氮素表观损失量最多,是ALNF处理的2.3倍;ALNF处理的土壤氮素残留量最多,分别是CRF_BB、CCF处理的1.6倍、2.4倍;ALNF处理香蕉的携氮量分别比ACF1、ACF2处理提高了5.0%、31.9%,土壤残留氮量增加了60.8%、162.6%,ALNF的氮素表观损失最少,并随着尿素添加量的增加而增加,ALNF处理的氮素表观损失量仅为ACF2的1/4。CRF_BB和ALNF处理的氮肥利用率分别比CCF的提高了66.7%、33.7%,ALNF处理比ACF1、ACF2处理提高了27.8%、87.7%,ACF1处理的比ACF2处理提高了46.9%。 【结论】碱性长效缓释氮肥能够显著降低土壤酸度,土壤pH提高了0.3~1.2个单位,提高香蕉产量35%~50%,增加香蕉氮素吸收量24%~50%,增加土壤氮素残留量,减少氮素表观损失,提高氮肥利用率27%~67%。单独施用碱性长效缓释氮肥不会造成氮素损失,但是碱性长效缓释氮肥与尿素混合使用会造成氮素损失并降低氮肥利用率。     

Surfactant-modified zeolite as a slow release fertilizer for phosphorus

The feasibility of using surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) as a carrier for fertilizer and for slow release of phosphorus (P) was investigated. Zeolite-A was modified by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, a cationic surfactant, to modify its surface to increase its capacity to retain anion, namely, phosphate (PO4(3-)). SMZ was thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy to study the effect of surfactant modification. Zeolite-A and SMZ were then subjected to P loading by treating them with fertilizer (KH2PO4). It was observed that the P loading on SMZ increased by a factor of 4.9 as compared to the unmodified zeolite-A. A comparative study of the release of P from fertilizer-loaded unmodified zeolite-A and SMZ and from solid KH2PO4 was performed using the constant flow percolation reactor. The results show that the P supply from fertilizer-loaded SMZ was available even after 1080 h of continuous percolation, whereas P from KH2PO4 was exhausted within 264 h. The results indicate that SMZ is a good sorbent for PO4(3-), and a slow release of P was achievable. These properties suggest that SMZ has a great potential as the fertilizer carrier for slow release of P.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用静态吸收法和土壤培养法,研究了缓释尿素与普通尿素混施条件下,氨挥发和土壤中氮素的动态变化特征。结果表明:缓释掺混肥处理能减少氨挥发损失氮量;与普通尿素处理(SRU0)相比,25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(SRU25)、45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素(SRU45)、65%缓释尿素+35%普通尿素(SRU65)、100%缓释尿素(SRU100)处理的氨挥发量分别降低19.88%、25.94%、42.84%和46.13%。在培养前期,普通尿素处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于缓释尿素处理,随着培养时间延长,普通尿素处理降低幅度最大,缓释掺混肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于普通尿素处理;而硝态氮含量随培养时间延长逐渐升高。其中,以45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素配比最佳,既能满足植物全生育期对养分的需求,又能减少氨挥发损失,节省经济成本。     

Effect of polyolefin resin coated slow release iron fertilizer and its methods of application on rice production in calcareous soil

Experiment was carried out to evaluate the, efficiency of different iron sources including polyolefin resin coated slow release Fe fertilizer (PRCCFe) and its methods of application on the performance of rice var. Swarna during rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 under calcareous soil at Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The pots were filled with 10 kg calcareous soil having high CaCO₃ (36.32%) and low iron contents (1.45 pp—less than critical limit). The experimental treatments comprised five iron sources (NPK + 100% pyrite, NPK + 100% polyolefin resin coated slow release Fe (PRCSRFe), NPK + 50% pyrite + 50% PRCSRFe, NPK + 75% pyrite + 25% PCRSRFe, and NPK + 25% pyrite + 75% PCRSRFe and two methods of application (uniform and co-situs) including one control (NPK only). These 11 treatment combinations were laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) replicated thrice. The two methods of iron application did not differ significantly with respect to crop yield though higher yield was recorded with co-situs application. Among the Fe sources, application of iron 75% through to + 25% through polyolefin resin coated slow release Fe fertilizer produced the highest grain yield.     

载体尿素的研制及其释放机理研究初探

据统计,我国氮肥的当季利用率仅为30%~35%,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素对环境的污染是近年来倍受关注的课题。缓释/控释肥料的研制已成为肥料研究的热点[1],研制出了一些尿素二次加工产品[2]。但是由于工艺较复杂,成本太高;而且许多添加物在土壤中难生物降解,对土壤和作物产生污染     

缓释肥处理下麦田土壤细菌和真菌群落对气候变化的响应

采用控制系统来模拟未来大气CO₂浓度和气温升高的气候变化情景,借助基于半导体芯片技术的IonS5TMXL测序平台并结合相关生物信息学方法对气候变化背景下缓释肥处理的麦田土壤进行16S rRNA细菌V4区和18S rRNA真菌ITS区测序分析,探究了缓释肥处理下麦田土壤细菌和真菌对气候变化的响应。结果显示,所有样品测序后获得细菌和真菌平均有效序列数分别是80543和64303个,平均OTUs分别是3149和1161个。Alpha多样性分析显示,大气CO₂浓度升高小麦土壤细菌的Shannon和Chao1指数均降低,而土壤真菌在各气候环境下均无显著差异。主成分分析显示,各处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,真菌群落结构在气温升高时差异明显。缓释肥处理与普通肥相比,土壤细菌和真菌的Alpha多样性及群落结构在不同气候条件下均没有差异。菌群分类学表明,小麦土壤的优势细菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门,主要的优势细菌属有9种;优势真菌门为子囊菌门、被孢菌门和担子菌门,主要的优势真菌属有7种。大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,施用普通尿素使变形菌门和鞘氨醇单胞菌属的相对丰度分别增加10.34%和46.27%。在对照温度对照CO₂浓度条件下,缓释肥处理比普通肥处理使子囊菌门和毛壳菌属相对丰度分别显著增加39.85%和295.33%;在升高温度对照CO₂浓度条件下,缓释肥处理比普通肥处理使子囊菌门和毛壳菌属分别增加33.16%和154.49%。CO₂对变形菌门、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和毛壳菌属的影响达显著水平。在各气候变化环境下,各土壤理化性质均有所改善;与普通氮肥相比,缓释氮肥处理在各气候环境下土壤有机质、碱解氮和全氮含量降低,土壤有效磷和总磷含量升高。冗余分析表明,土壤细菌群落结构主要受土壤全氮和盐分含量的影响,而真菌群落结构主要受土壤pH和有效磷含量的影响。研究结果表明,未来气候环境变化对土壤微生物群落的影响大于缓释肥处理。该结果加深了缓释肥对土壤微生物群落结构和多样性影响的认识,为未来气候环境变化下缓释肥推广使用提供理论依据。     

Studies on the release of adsorbed copper by soils and compost

Copper deficiency has been observed in soils rich in organic matter such as peat or in light mineral soils derived from silica and carbonate rich sediment. The deficiency can be corrected by adding copper sulphate in different doses. Also, the unavailable copper can be made available by increasing the acidity of soils by some means. It has been suggested that copper forms complexes with organic compounds present in the soil and gets fixed by the mineral exchange materials, thereby becomes unavailable to plants.     

施用不同缓释肥料对春小麦产量的影响

通过对Triabon和Field两种缓释肥料的试验研究,结果表明:缓释肥料具有良好的养分缓释效果,肥效期均可达到100d,但Triabon缓释效果优于国产的Field。施用缓释肥料Triabon600kg/hm2,春小麦单产7083kg/hm2,比对照增产42 5%,且穗粒数、千粒重均较对照增加明显,Field次之。施用缓释肥料的籽实、茎叶N、P、K携出量分别比等NPK养分混配肥料S提高了2 4%～14 8%,5 6%～21 2%,8 0%～11 3%。缓释肥料的N利用率达到37 2%～60 9%,P利用率24 7%～40 3%,K利用率71 3%～81 9%,减少了肥料损失。     

Cations adsorbed to soil organic matter — A regulatory factor for the release of organic carbon and hydrogen ions from soils to waters

Surface waters in northern forest ecosystems receive a substantial amount of drainage water from superficial soil horizons enriched in organic matter (SOM). Chemical reactions in the interface between the soil solution andf organic colloides will therefore affect the surface water chemistry. The mobilization of total organic carbon (TOC) and pH was studied as a function of amounts of organically adsorbed Na, Ca and Al in two O and one A horizon, which differed in the likelihood of contributing to the chemistry in runoff, in a forested watershed in northern Sweden. The samples were hydrogen ion saturated, washed and titrated with NaOH, Ca(OH)₂ and Al(OH)₃ in a constant ionic medium of 0.01 M NaCl in order to give rise to a population of manipulated samples differing in the composition of adsorbed cations. The highly humified SOM accumulated in the O_h and A_h horizons of a Gleysol close to the draining stream was stabilized by flocculating Al (95% of adsorbed metal cations), which resulted in a low release of TOC. These horizons showed a high potential of organic carbon solubility when Al was changed for di- or monovalent cations. Calculations suggested that the release of TOC would increase more than ten times if Al was exchanged for Ca upon liming to pH 6.0. The pH values of all horizons were shown to be determined mainly by the composition of adsorbed mono-,di- and trivalent cations.     

缓释肥在水稻抛秧栽培中的应用效果

近年来,随着人民生活水平的提高和种植业结构的调整,广大农民迫切需求省工增产高效的技术.     

含硫尿素养分缓释释放测定方法的研究

包膜尿素肥料是提高肥料利用率，解决环境污染问题的一种新型肥料。针对目前对缓释肥料释放特性的研究集中在化工制作领域这一现状，采用不同的测定方法，阐明含硫尿素中的养分氮在水及土壤中的转化特点，确定养分的释放速率，以求找出适合农业生产应用的方法。研究表明，可以用电导率法快速准确地定性评价缓释肥料的供肥特性和供肥速度，用土壤培养法和水培法定量测定其供肥性能。     

有机-无机缓释肥对番茄产量和氮肥利用率的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了有机-无机缓释肥料对番茄产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与施用等NPK无机养分对照比较,施用缓释肥料B显著提高氮肥利用率,增加肥料氮在果实和叶片中的分配率;并且有利于后期产量形成,增产17.13%。施用缓释肥料A2提高氮肥利用率,增加肥料氮在根系和叶片中的分配率;并且有利于后期产量形成,增产16.33%。施用缓释肥料A2,氮肥利用率和产量的增幅均较小。     

熔融造粒腐植酸尿素的缓释性能研究

运用碱处理风化煤得到水溶性腐植酸和沉淀混合物以及未处理的风化煤细粉（80目）分别与熔融尿素混合造粒,制得3种类型的腐植酸尿素产品,利用土柱淋洗方法研究不同腐植酸尿素产品的缓释性能。结果表明,除添加10%的未处理风化煤处理外,其余腐植酸尿素产品与普通尿素相比,均表现出具有氮缓释性能。其中,以添加水溶性腐植酸的产品缓释性最强;且当水溶性腐植酸与尿素比例为3∶7时,肥料的缓释效率最高。在本试验条件下,风化煤类腐植酸熔融造粒工艺下制成腐植酸复合尿素的缓释性能,与添加腐植酸的数量呈正相关;水溶性腐植酸添加比例与腐植酸复合尿素缓释性能相关性较低。3种类型的腐植酸复合尿素,以添加水溶性腐植酸的肥料质量最稳定。对风化煤进行活化后提取水溶性腐植酸,适量添加到熔融尿素中进行造粒,可生产出具有较好缓释性能的腐植酸尿素产品。     

华北小麦-玉米轮作区缓控释肥应用效果分析

田间试验以常规施肥为对照,分析了华北平原北部小麦-玉米轮作区缓控释肥不同配比和用量土壤硝态氮含量和产量性状的变化。结果表明,常规用量分次施肥（100%UD）处理,土壤中NO-3-N含量在小麦生育后期仍然维持较高的水平,并且穗数、千粒重以及产量相对较高; 缓控释肥处理土壤中硝态氮（NO-3-N）含量与100%UD相比处于较低的水平,但产量无显著差异。玉米生长季缓控释肥表现出了明显优势,肥料利用率提高,玉米穗秃尖长度减小; 其中减少20%用量的缓控释肥处理（80%SCR）产量显著高于常规施肥处理,增产达到18.3 %。缓控释肥缓慢释放的特性有利于被作物及时充分吸收,减少了在土壤中因淋失而造成浪费的机会,从而使得肥料利用率提高。从小麦、玉米两季的变化情况来看,还需要进一步优化肥料在不同生长季之间的配置,使缓控释肥料发挥其最大潜力,实现小麦玉米产量双高产和经济效益、环境效益同步提高。     

Layered double hydroxides as supports for the slow release of acid herbicides

A Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was intercalated with the anionic herbicides 2,4-D, MCPA, and picloram by using three different methodologies: (i) direct synthesis (DS), (ii) regeneration (RE), and (iii) ion exchange (IE). The resulting complexes were characterized and assayed by batch release and column leaching tests, aiming at the controlled release of these herbicides. All the tested LDH-herbicide complexes displayed similar slow herbicide release properties in water, although the IE method seemed to result in complexes with a greater fraction of herbicide in a readily available form. Apparently, the LDH-herbicide complexes released most of the active ingredient present in the complexes at the end of the batch release experiment. This was attributed to the replacement of the intercalated herbicide by carbonate and hydroxyl anions from the aqueous solution. Compared to the free herbicides, the application of the three LDH-herbicide complexes (RE) to soil columns resulted in reduction in the maximum herbicide concentration in leachates and led to the retardation of herbicide leaching through the soil. All LDH-herbicide complexes presented an herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free (technical) herbicides. Our results indicated the potential applicability of LDHs as supports for the preparation of slow release formulations of acid herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, or picloram.     

粘土包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征及其增产效应

以尿素为缓释肥料核心,两种粘土矿物为包膜材料,聚乙烯醇为粘结剂,研制出两种包膜缓释肥料,并探讨了两种包膜肥料在土壤、石英砂等介质条件下的氮素释放特征及形态转化规律,还通过盆栽试验进一步研究了包膜尿素的增产效应。试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,两种粘土矿物肥料均具有较好的缓释性能,在以石英砂为介质时表现的尤为明显;包膜后的尿素具有较明显的生物增产效应,两种包膜肥料在株高、鲜重、干重等主要产量性状方面与普通尿素均存在显著差异。