福建省大麦品种生态适应性研究

全国大麦生态试验结果表明：福建省大麦品种具有较好生态适应性，在我国地域辽阔、生态条件复杂的环境中，各个阶段发育和生育基本正常，表现特早熟，产量构成因素表现正常。统计结果，在春麦生育期与纬度呈极显著负相关，与海拔呈极显著正相关；在冬麦区，大麦生育期与纬度极显著正相关，与海拔相关不显著。因两个品种产地不同，特征特性存在差异，生态适应性表现略有不同，反映出品种特异性。试验结果可为本省大麦引种、供种及穿梭育种提供科学依据，对今后大麦生态育种起到促进作用。     

福建省大麦品种生态适应性研究

全国大麦生态试验结果表明 :福建省大麦品种具有较好生态适应性 ,在我国地域辽阔、生态条件复杂的环境中 ,各个阶段发育和生育基本正常 ,表现特早熟 ,产量构成因素表现正常。统计结果 ,在春麦生育期与纬度呈极显著负相关 ,与海拔呈极显著正相关 ;在冬麦区 ,大麦生育期与纬度极显著正相关 ,与海拔相关不显著。因两个品种产地不同 ,特征特性存在差异 ,生态适应性表现略有不同 ,反映出品种特异性。试验结果可为本省大麦引种、供种及穿梭育种提供科学依据 ,对今后大麦生态育种起到促进作用     

福建省大麦品种生态适应性分析

通过统计两个代表福建省大麦生态类型的大麦品种“早黄大麦”和“六棱白肚”在全国 2 4个生态点不同生态条件下的试验结果 ,对福建省大麦品种生态适应性进行了分析。结果表明 :福建省大麦品种在我国地域辽阔、生态条件复杂的环境中 ,各个阶段发育和生育期基本正常 ,表现早熟 ,产量构成因素表现较正常 ,具有较好生态适应性。因两个品种产地不同 ,特征特性存在差异 ,生态适应性表现略有不同 ,反映出品种特异性。试验结果可为福建省大麦引种、供种及穿梭育种提供科学依据 ,对今后大麦生态型育种起到促进作用     

新疆大麦品种（系）不同生态区适应性鉴定试验

本研究以10个大麦品种(系)为试验材料,在新疆不同生态区进行适应性鉴定试验,对各品种(系)在农艺性状、抗逆性、产量构成及产量等方面进行比较。结果表明,奇引6号的产量最高,达413.71 kg/667 m²;奇引2号、奇引9号、奇引5号和奇引3号的产量分别为393.21、390.64、387.26、377.83 kg/667 m²,分别比对照甘啤4号增产14.76%、14.01%、13.02%、10.27%,增产达到极显著水平;奇引7号、奇引4号的产量分别为359.94、349.00 kg/667 m²,分别比对照甘啤4号增产5.05%、1.86%,增产不显著。     

不同地区大麦品种农艺性状比较与西藏青稞品种改良

为了筛选可用于西藏青稞（裸大麦）改良的优良种质材料,通过对来自国外的7个大麦品种、中国农科院品资所的17个大麦品种以及西藏地区32个大麦品种（青稞）分蘖数、成穗数（有效分蘖）、株高、穗长、穗粒数及千粒重等主要农艺性状的调查,比较它们的生长特点以及在陕西杨凌地区的生长表现,发现西藏青稞的主要特点是株型高大分散、叶片宽大肥厚、易倒伏、千粒重较大;国外引进品种株型中等大小且紧凑,叶片细长,抗倒伏能力较强,在国内外参试材料中选出了1321、西引2号等材料,可作为西藏地区大麦品种改良的优异种质材料。     

Evaluation of protein nutritive value in barley and wheat cultivars usingAspergillus flavus

The fungusAspergillus flavus was used to evaluate the protein nutritive value of barley and wheat cultivars with a wide range in protein and amino acid concentrations. The biomass yield, after 72h incubation on isonitrogenous diets, also varied widely among barley or wheat cultivars. However, biomass was more closely associated with sample weight or glucose supplementation of the medium than with amino acid concentrations. Only threonine, serine and histidine in barley proteins gave low positive correlations with biomass yield at all energy levels in the diets, and no consistent correlations were found in the wheat experiment. Also biomass mycelium varied in nitrogen concentration, depending on diet, and biomass weight was not a consistent measure of nitrogen retention by the mycelum. It was concluded thatA. flavus was not a satisfactory organism for rapid screening of barley or wheat cultivars for concentration of available amino acids, essential for human nutrition.     

The effects of extrusion on the content and properties of dietary fibre components in various barley cultivars

Wholemeal flour from five Czech spring barley materials was processed in a single-screw extruder at 130 °C, addition of 20% water and a screw speed of 220 rpm. Two barleys (AF Cesar, AF Lucius) were hulless cultivars with a standard starch composition, while three barleys (KM 2624, KM 2460-1, KM 2460-2) were hulled waxy lines. The effect of extrusion on content of different dietary fibre fractions was determined. Also the changes of the molar mass of β-glucan were studied. Regardless of the barley genotype (standard starch or waxy), the extrusion had no significant effect on arabinoxylan content. A significantly higher beta-glucan and soluble dietary fibre content in barley cultivars with standard starch composition was observed after extrusion. The content of insoluble dietary fibre decreased significantly in all extruded flours. The molar mass of water-extractable beta-glucan increased independently of the barley variety after extrusion. But the increase in beta-glucan extractability due to extrusion was not observed.     

Effect on yield and dry-matter distribution of the stay-green characteristic in cultivars of forage maize grown in England

To test whether or not the ‘stay‐green’ (SG) characteristic confers benefits in terms of crop yield or distribution of dry matter (DM) in selected forage maize cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 1998 and 1999 at two sites in England: Writtle College, Essex and the University of Leeds, West Yorkshire. Five SG and five conventional (C) cultivars of forage maize were grown in replicated field‐scale plots at each site in both years. One‐metre lengths of single rows in each plot were harvested by hand, leaving a 20‐cm stubble, on four occasions each year over 3‐week periods (harvest 1 to harvest 4), prior to the harvest of the remainder of the fields. Plants were chopped, mixed and a subsample taken for determination of DM content by oven‐drying. Mean yields of whole plant DM were similar between SG and C cultivars. Both yield of DM and proportion of ear in the total plant DM increased from harvest 1 to harvest 4 (P < 0·01). The increase in DM yield between harvest 1 and harvest 4 was greater for C than for SG cultivars (P < 0·05). Within sites there were no differences in the concentration of whole plant DM between SG and C cultivars, which increased from harvest 1 to harvest 4 (P < 0·001). The proportion of ear DM in the whole plant DM tended to be higher for C than for SG cultivars in both years and increased (P < 0·001) from harvest 1 to harvest 4. The concentration of DM in the ear fraction was higher (P < 0·05) for C than for SG cultivars. We conclude that differences between SG and C cultivars of forage maize are likely to be relatively small when grown in the English climate and harvested after the same growing period.     

Use of advanced recombinant lines to study the impact and potential of mutations affecting starch synthesis in barley

The effects on barley starch and grain properties of four starch synthesis mutations were studied during the introgression of the mutations from diverse backgrounds into an elite variety. The lys5f (ADPglucose transporter), wax (granule-bound starch synthase), isa1 (debranching enzyme isoamylase 1) and sex6 (starch synthase IIa) mutations were introgressed into NFC Tipple to give mutant and wild-type BC₂F₄ families with different genomic contributions of the donor parent. Comparison of starch and grain properties between the donor parents, the BC₂F₄ families and NFC Tipple allowed the effects of the mutations to be distinguished from genetic background effects. The wax and sex6 mutations had marked effects on starch properties regardless of genetic background. The sex6 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but the wax mutation did not. The lys5 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but exceptionally high β-glucan contents. The isa1 mutation promotes synthesis of soluble α-glucan (phytoglycogen). Its introgression into NFC Tipple increased grain weight and total α-glucan content relative to the donor parent, but reduced the ratio of phytoglycogen to starch. This study shows that introgression of mutations into a common, commercial background provides new insights that could not be gained from the donor parent.     

不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物含量的变异规律

为了探明不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物含量的变异规律,采用超声辅助提取、高效液相色谱法测定的方法对15个大麦品种（系）籽粒中的13种酚酸进行了提取、测定和分析。结果表明,大麦籽粒中的酚酸类化合物主要是羟基苯甲酸衍生物,羟基肉桂酸衍生物含量较少。不同品种和不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物的含量存在极显著的差异,黑皮大麦籽粒中总羟基苯甲酸衍生物（THBA）、总羟基肉桂酸衍生物（THCA）和总酚酸（TPA）的含量均高于非黑皮大麦;二棱大麦籽粒中THBA、THCA和TPA的含量均高于多棱大麦;皮大麦籽粒中THCA和TPA的含量高于裸大麦,但THBA的含量与裸大麦无显著差异。另外,与裸大麦相比,皮大麦籽粒中含有更为丰富的酚酸种类。     

Effect of processing on the beta-glucan physicochemical properties in barley and semolina pasta

A health claim linking the consumption of barley β-glucan and the lowering of blood cholesterol has been allowed in North America and Europe which resulted in increased interest in barley products. Waxy barley flour rich in β-glucan (10% d.b.) was used to produce barley functional spaghetti and compared to semolina spaghetti. The impact of processing (extrusion, drying and cooking) on the physicochemical properties of barley blends and pasta as the molecular characterization of β-glucan were investigated. Pasta processing did not significantly affect the amount of β-glucan, but it impacted the β-glucan physicochemical properties in the end products. In all pasta, extrusion and drying were detrimental to the β-glucan properties, while cooking significantly increased the extractability and molecular weight of β-glucan, and in turn its viscosity, which determines its physiological effectiveness. In general, replacing wheat semolina with barley flour rich in β-glucan resulted in improved barley pasta containing the recommended amount of β-glucan per serving and enhanced β-glucan properties.     

Phloem sugars and amino acids as potential regulators of hordein expression in field grown malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The commercial quality of malting barley is dependent on the content and composition of grain proteins which are subjected to nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) control. In nutrient deficient soils, grain protein content is mainly a consequence of the remobilization efficiency. In order to evaluate the effect of N and S soil availability on phloem amino acid and sugar export rates and B- and C-hordein gene expression during grain filling, a factorial combination of N and S fertilization assay was carried out under field conditions. Besides, several carbon (C) and N metabolites were analyzed in leaves and spikes. We observed that, even under soil N and S availabilities that do not limit yield, N and S fertilization induced significant changes in N and C metabolism. N phloem remobilization was promoted by S fertilization independently of N fertilization and C remobilization was also promoted by S fertilization but only in N fertilized plants. The B- and C-hordein gene expression correlated positively with sugar and amino acid exudation rate, respectively. Our results suggest an important role of the export rate of sugars and amino acids in the regulation of grain prolamine expression.     

大豆优异种质商7608育种价值分析

对商7608种质与其12个衍生品种间共祖先度的分析和配合力测定结果表明：该种质遗传基础丰富，农艺性状优良，抗病性强，配合力高，具有极高的利用价值。在黄淮夏大豆区有着广阔的利用前景。     

黄淮夏大豆优异种质郑77249的育种价值分析

对郑７７２４９种质与其２４个衍生新品种间共祖先度的分配和配合力测定结果表明,该种质遗传基础丰富,农艺性状优良,抗病性强,配合力高,具有极高的利用价值在黄淮夏大豆区有着广阔的利用前景。     

山东省审定大豆品种的产量、品质及株型演变

自1982年开展农作物品种审定工作以来，山东省共有50个大豆品种通过国家或省级审定。本文分析了这50个审（认）定品种的区域试验平均产量、最高产量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和生育期、株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、百粒重等农艺性状。结果表明，区域试验平均产量由1982-1985年的1892.73 kg/hm2提高到2001-2005年的2820.67 kg/hm2，增幅为49.0%；最高产量由3072.0kg/hm2提高到4389.3kg/hm2，提高了42.9%；蛋白质和脂肪含量随时代和选育目的的不同而在37.00%~46.44%和16.80%~22.50%之间变化。山东省夏大豆的理想株型应是株高70~80cm，主茎节数14~16节，有效分枝1~2个，并且在此基础上，有密而均匀的结荚。