Axonal transport of gangliosides in the goldfish optic nerve

Radioactive glucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine injected into the goldfish eye are incorporated into gangliosides that undergo rapid axonal transport to the optic nerve terminals. All ganglioside fractions are labeled. These data provide the first evidence that axonal transport has a role in neuronal ganglioside function and metabolism.     

Axonal transport of tritium-labeled putrescinein the embryonic visual system of zebrafish

The transport of [(3)H]putrescine is demonstrated by autoradiography in the retino-tectal tract of Brachydanio rerio embryos. Transport of [(3)H]putrescine appears to be more rapid than that of tritium-labeled protein and is not inhibited by a colchicine effect on axonal neurotubules as is protein transport. The radioactivity transported to the brain is found, on electrophoresis, in the putrescine fraction.     

Estrus-inducing pheromone of male mice: transport by movement of air

The proportion of female SJL/J mice exhibiting estrus whet 2 meters downwind (6 meters per minute) from a group of 15 hybrid mi not significantly less than that of females placed directly under the males posed to their urine. The proportion of mice showing estrus when placed 2 upwind was significantly less than that of mice downwind or of mice beloii but not different from that of females remote from males. These findings sh the pheromone from male mice is volatile and further support the concep, acts through olfactory receptors.     

Human monocytes: distinct receptor sites for the third component of complement and for immunoglobulin G

Human monocytes contain two distinct receptor sites, one specific for the third component of complement (C'3), the other for immunoglobulin G(gammaG). The two receptors may function either independently or cooperatively in the induction of phagocytosis. Ingestion of erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin M antibody requires a relatively large number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. Ingestion of erythrocytes sensitized with gammaG antibody is independent of complement; however, the reaction is inhibited by concentrations of gammaG far below those in normal serum. Inhibition by gammaG-globulin is overcome by a relatively small number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. The two monocyte receptors exert a cooperative effect on ingestion by monocytes of erythrocytes coated with gammaG antibody in the presence of inhibitory amounts of free gammaG.     

Properties of the major component of a peptic digest of rabbit antibody

The molecular weight of the active, major component isolated from a peptic digest of rabbit antibody was found to be 106,000. After treatment with a disulfide-splitting reagent, the molecular weight was 56,000, and the products migrated as a single peak in the ultracentrifuge. he univalent fragments thus formed can be partially recombined by passage through IR-120 cation-exchange resin at room temperature or by treatment with a difunctional organic mercurial. Some splitting of the pepsin-treated antibody molecule occurs on carboxymethylcellulose at pH 5.4.     

A major food web component in the orinoco river channel: evidence from planktivorous electric fishes

Deep-water sampling of the Orinoco River main channel resulted in the collection of an unexpectedly high abundance and diversity of specialized fishes. Twenty-eight of the more than 60 species collected belong to the Gymnotiformes(New World electric or knife fishes). One of the more numerous of these, a recently described species of the genus Rhabdolichops, consumes large numbers of very small planktonic Crustacea and insect larvae. These items are captured in the very swift, turbid, and deep waters of the Orinoco. Although the strong dependence of the river food web on terrestrial and floodplain food sources is well known, the specialized capabilities of Rhabdolichops and of other fishes that occur with it indicate a significant extension of the river food web into the main channel.     

饥饿对白斑狗鱼耗氧率、代谢率及主要生化指标的影响

在不同温度下[(3±0.5) ℃,(8±0.5) ℃和(13±0.5) ℃)]对白斑狗鱼的呼吸耗氧率、代谢率及主要生化指标(肝糖元,乳酸,酸、碱性磷酸酶)进行120 h的饥饿试验.试验结果表明:在水温为(3±0.5) ℃、(8±0.5) ℃和(13±0.5) ℃下,白斑狗鱼的耗氧率与饥饿时间呈负相关,分别由(0.005 1±0.001 7) mg/(g·h)、(0.016±0.001 9)mg/(g·h)和(0.025±0.005 4) mg/(g·h)下降至(0.001 1±0.000 35)mg/(g·h)、(0.009 8±0.001 2) mg/(g·h)和(0.015±0.003 2) mg/(g·h).代谢率随着饥饿程度的加深而降低,分别由(5.23±0.34) mg O2/(kg·h)、(16.05±23.89) mg O2/(kg·h)和(25.39±37.28) mg O2/(kg·h)下降至(1.08±0.052) mg O2/(kg·h)、(7.48±14.77) mg O2/(kg·h)和(14.99±21.94) mg O2/(kg·h).肝糖元随着饥饿程度的加深而减少,分别由(67.70±6.66) mg/g、(59.69±5.75) mg/g和(41.83±3.72) mg/g减少至(54.14±5.12) mg/g、(38.77±3.38) mg/g和(19.18±1.14) mg/g;肝组织中乳酸含量随饥饿程度的加深而增加,分别从(0.36±0.004) 1 mmol/g prot、(0.25±0.002 9) mmol/g prot和(0.15±0.003 4) mmol/g prot增加至(3.16±0.089) mmol/g prot、(0.87±0.008 4) mmol/g prot和(0.48±0.028) mmol/g prot;随着饥饿时间的推移,肝胰脏中的酸、碱性磷酸酶活力也出现不同程度的增强,在(3±0.5) ℃下,分别增加了217.36 U/g prot和157.85 U/g prot;在(8±0.5) ℃下,分别增加了27.67 U/g prot和34.43 U/g prot;在(13±0.5) ℃下,分别增加了98.62 U/g prot和10.95 U/g prot.     

Probing the mechanisms of macromolecular recognition: the cytochrome b5-cytochrome c complex

The specificity of complex formation between cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) and cytochrome c (cyt c) is believed to involve the formation of salt linkages between specific carboxylic acid residues of cyt b5 with lysine residues on cyt c. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter the specified acidic residues of cyt b5 to the corresponding amide analogues, which resulted in a lower affinity for complex formation with cyt c. The dissociation of the complex under high pressure resulted in specific volume changes, the magnitude of which reflected the degree of solvation of the acidic residues in the proposed protein-protein interface.     

基于沙粒佛汝德数相似原理推算沙波河床上推移质输沙率

基于沙粒佛汝德数相似原理,首先推导出利用模型试验结果估算原型沙波河床上推移质输沙率的推算公式;然后塑造与原型较为一致的床面形态,利用模型试验对推算公式进行了验证。结果表明,在保证原型与模型的粒径比尺较大,且模型与原型床面形态一致的条件下,运用该方法推算沙波河床上的推移质输沙率时,可以取得较为满意的结果。     

Computations underlying the execution of movement: a biological perspective

To execute voluntary movements, the central nervous system must transform the neural representation of the direction, amplitude, and velocity of the limb, represented by the activity of cortical and subcortical neurons, into signals that activate the muscles that move the limb. This task is equivalent to solving an "ill-posed" computational problem because the number of degrees of freedom of the musculoskeletal apparatus is much larger than that specified in the plan of action. Some of the mechanisms and circuitry underlying the transformation of motor plans into motor commands are described. A central feature of this transformation is a coarse map of limb postures in the premotor areas of the spinal cord. Vectorial combination of motor outputs among different areas of the spinal map may produce a large repertoire of motor behaviors.     

Fluid transport: concentration of the intercellular compartment

Intercellular spaces of Periplaneta rectal pads are visible at a magnification of x 100 and distend during fluid uptake. Samples (0.025 to 0.1 nanoliter) obtained by micropuncture from the spaces were consistently more concentrated than the fluid in the rectal lumen. This observation supports the hypothesis of "local" osmosis in epithelial fluid transport.     

Intestinal calcium transport: the role of sodium

The role of sodium in intestinal calcium transport was investigated in everted rat intestine. Ethacrynic acid, but not ouabain, inhibited calcium transport. However, ouabain did inhibit net water transport and, therefore, sodium transport, establishing the dissociation of the two transport processes. In addition to a magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (activated by sodium and potassium), a phosphatase dependent on sodium and calcium was localized to the lateral and basal membrane fractions of the mucosal cell. Activity of the latter phosphatase, similar to calcium transport in intact tissue, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid and not by ouabain. Sodium, therefore, may participate in the calcium transport process by activating an enzyme complex, dependent on adenosine triphosphate, that mediates calcium transport.     

Radiative properties of the background aerosol: absorption component of extinction

The light-scattering and light-absorption coefficients of the global background aerosol define its single-scatter albedo. Continuous, simultaneous measurements of these optical coefficients were made on a daily basis for the remote marine mid-troposphere; such measurements are essential for assessment of the effects of aerosol on atmospheric radiative transfer. Measurements of light-absorption coefficients made at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii were higher than expected, and the single-scatter albedo was lower than the value often used in radiative transfer models. Soot appears to be the most likely primary absorber, and hemispheric dispersal of this combustion-derived material is suggested.     

Ser-Leu-Arg-Arg-atriopeptin III: the major circulating form of atrial peptide

Vasopressin induces a concentration-dependent increase in atriopeptin immunoreactivity in plasma. Rat plasma, rat atrial extract, and synthetic atriopeptin III (APIII) produced parallel displacement curves of iodine-125-labeled APIII binding to specific antiserum. Fractionation of plasma atriopeptin immunoreactivity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the major portion consists of two species of low molecular weight peptides in a ratio of 10 to 1. Both peaks exhibited potent vasorelaxant activity, suggesting the presence of the carboxyl terminal Phe-Arg sequence of atriopeptin in each species. Sequence determination of the purified peptides indicated that the major peptide is Ser-Leu-Arg-Arg-APIII and the minor peptide APIII. It appears that the former is the major species of atrial peptide in the rat circulation and that it is the product of selective cleavage of the high molecular weight precursor.     

Interferon-gamma: the major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii

Mice were injected with a monoclonal antibody to interferon-gamma to examine the importance of endogenous production of this lymphokine in resistance against infection with the sporozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mice with intraperitoneal infections of T. gondii that received no antibody survived and developed chronic T. gondii infection, whereas the infected mice that received the monoclonal antibody died of toxoplasmosis. The activation of macrophages, which kill T. gondii in vivo, was inhibited by administration of the monoclonal antibody, but the production of antibodies to T. gondii was not suppressed. The fact that an antibody to interferon-gamma can eliminate resistance to acute Toxoplasma infection in mice suggests that this lymphokine is an important mediator of host resistance to this parasite.     

C/M值对腐植酸-高岭土复合体形成机制及吸附特性影响

为了探究有机质与矿物质之间的比值(C/M)对高温高压下复合体形成过程的影响,采用亚临界水处理方法模拟自然界有机-矿质复合体的形成过程,分别在常温常压与高温高压条件下,制备出C/M值为10%、5%、2%、1%、0.5%的复合体样品。对样品进行比表面积全分析、傅立叶红外光谱图分析以及扫描电镜的测试,分析样品的表面性质官能团变化和微观结构变化。结果显示,C/M值的增加通过影响腐植酸与高岭土结合方式来影响复合体的结构性质,C/M值小于1%时,常温常压状态下腐植酸吸附在高岭土表面或微孔中,高温高压条件下腐植酸与高岭土表面形成稳定结构。C/M值大于1%时,常温常压状态下腐植酸以游离形式,发生静电作用被吸附或氢键作用脱离复合体,高温高压状态下腐植酸与复合体外层腐植酸不断聚合成大分子累加到复合体表面。对不同C/M值的复合体进行卡马西平(CBZ)吸附批实验结果表明,C/M值的增加使得复合体线性吸附作用更强。Fruendlich吸附模型拟合中Kf值与N值变化证实,常温常压条件下,有机质含量较小时,复合体内高岭土与腐植酸共同吸附CBZ,线性吸附较为明显;有机质含量较大时,复合体外层腐植酸成为吸附质的主要部分。高温高压下复合体的C/M值较大时,复合体外层腐植酸聚合成团簇状阻隔CBZ与内层复合体的接触,复合体吸附能力增加不明显。     

Outer membrane active transport: structure of the BtuB:TonB complex

In Gram-negative bacteria, the import of essential micronutrients across the outer membrane requires a transporter, an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane, and an inner membrane protein complex (ExbB, ExbD, TonB) that couples the proton-motive force to the outer membrane transporter. The inner membrane protein TonB binds directly to a conserved region, called the Ton-box, of the transporter. We solved the structure of the cobalamin transporter BtuB in complex with the C-terminal domain of TonB. In contrast to its conformations in the absence of TonB, the Ton-box forms a beta strand that is recruited to the existing beta sheet of TonB, which is consistent with a mechanical pulling model of transport.     

Crossing the nuclear envelope: hierarchical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport

Transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm is a critical cellular process for eukaryotes, and the machinery that mediates nucleocytoplasmic exchange is subject to multiple levels of control. Regulation is achieved by modulating the expression or function of single cargoes, transport receptors, or the transport channel. Each of these mechanisms has increasingly broad impacts on transport patterns and capacity, and this hierarchy of control directly affects gene expression, signal transduction, development, and disease.     

Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms

Ocean-going ships carry, as ballast, seawater that is taken on in port and released at subsequent ports of call. Plankton samples from Japanese ballast water released in Oregon contained 367 taxa. Most taxa with a planktonic phase in their life cycle were found in ballast water, as were all major marine habitat and trophic groups. Transport of entire coastal planktonic assemblages across oceanic barriers to similar habitats renders bays, estuaries, and inland waters among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. Presence of taxonomically difficult or inconspicuous taxa in these samples suggests that ballast water invasions are already pervasive.