舟山渔场禁渔线以外海域单拖网鱼类群落结构变动分析

根据2010年2月、5月、9月和11月对舟山渔场禁渔线以外海域渔业资源底拖网调查数据,对该海域鱼类群落结构的季节变化进行了分析。调查中共捕获鱼类80种,隶属于13目,49科,59属,其中以鲈形目最多（30种）。Simpson多样性指数（C）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H＇）和Pielou均匀度指数（J＇）均呈现出9月以后逐渐升高、随后下降、5月基本达到最低点的趋势,而Margalef丰富度指数（D）在5月较高,表明5月鱼类种类丰富度较高。资源生物量曲线（ABC）的结果受优势种影响较大,2月质量优势度曲线位于数量优势度曲线之上;5月质量优势度曲线与数量优势度曲线相交;9月和11月数量优势度曲线位于质量优势度曲线之上。营养级-平均体质量关系曲线斜率的绝对值5月最小,9月最大,表明经过伏季休渔以后,9月鱼类平均体质量有所增加,特别是高营养级鱼类,而经过持续捕捞以后,至5月鱼类平均体质量整体降到较低水平。     

Evaluation of single-pass backpack electric fishing for stream fish community monitoring

Abstract  Data from Lake Ontario tributaries were used to evaluate the efficacy of single-pass backpack electric fishing for stream fish monitoring by: testing the relationship between single-pass catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and multiple-pass-based population estimates; comparing species richness estimates derived from single-pass and multiple-pass data and assessing the concordance of fish assemblage patterns described using single-pass and multiple-pass data. Significant correlations were calculated between single-pass CPUE and removal-based population estimates for total catch, 15 species, six taxonomic families, five feeding and four reproductive guilds and tolerant/intolerant species. Strong correlations were more commonly associated with the abundance of individual species than other metrics. Capture probability was not affected by stream size or habitat complexity for most measures. Species accumulation curves and significant correlations ( r ² = 0.9) between single-pass and multiple-pass electric fishing indicate that single-pass surveys provide a representative index of species diversity. In addition, within and among-site variation in fish community composition based on single-pass and multiple-pass data were similar.     

养殖池底层鱼类电脉冲捕捞装置设计与试验

为了减轻土池养殖底层鱼类的捕捞劳动强度,提高捕捞效率,研制了具有脉冲宽度和脉冲频率可调、工作状态指示、报警等功能,以及操作简单、使用方便的助渔仪器。文章主要介绍鱼类电行为特性、水中脉冲放电产生的电场对鱼类行为作用的机理、系统电气性能参数和系统功能的确定、硬件实施及效果等。     

Comparison of three standardised fish sampling methods in 14 alpine lakes in Austria

Abstract Standardised fishing methods using gillnets (EN 14575), electric fishing (EN 14011) and hydroacoustics (WI 00230244 CEN enquiry) to estimate species composition, abundance, biomass and size distribution were compared in 14 alpine lakes >50 ha. More fish species were detected using benthic gillnets (mean = 72.7%) than electric fishing (mean = 59.5%) and pelagic gillnets (mean = 29.6%). For all but two lakes, additional information from a local fisheries manager was required to obtain a complete list of species. Biomass data generated by standardised gillnetting and hydroacoustic surveys were not fully comparable, but a positive correlation was found. Gill netting and hydroacoustics both indicated a nearly fishless habitat below 75 m, which confirmed the maximum required fishing depth according to the European Standard EN 14757. Size distributions obtained from gillnet and hydroacoustic surveys differed statistically for large fish (>40 cm). Each standardised method reflected typical shortcomings. The European standard (EN 14757) should be amended for pelagic fish habitat in deep alpine lakes to include sampling effort corresponding to water volume, and additional gillnets with larger mesh sizes (e.g. 70 mm). Furthermore, the electric fishing standard (EN 14011) should be extended to incorporate requirements of lake fish sampling.     

Effects of fish stocking on the zooplankton community structure in a shallow lake in China

Abstract  Changes in the zooplankton community structure in relation to fishery practices in Lake Donghu, Wuhan, China were examined. The number of Protozoa species increased slightly, whereas the number of rotifers and crustaceans decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The total annual average densities of zooplankton increased 15–20 times in the 1990s compared with the 1960s. This increase was largely attributed to Protozoa, which contributed 93.4% by number of the total zooplankton density in 1991. Cladoceran densities decreased markedly from 1987. Changes in densities of rotifers and copepods were not evident. Trends in zooplankton biomass were similar to density. Large changes in zooplankton community structure coincided with markedly changes in concentration of chlorophyll a and transparency in Lake Donghu in 1987. The year 1987 seems to be the threshold year when the zooplankton community structure changed considerably. These changes were related to continuously increasing fish stock biomass in the lake. It was suggested that fish stocking and fish biomass should be a better managed for improvement of the quality of the lake's environment.     

Effect of temperature, stocking density and fish size on the ammonia excretion in palmetto bass (Morone saxatilis×M. chrysops)

Three temperature levels (18, 23 and 28 °C), three stocking density levels (0.72, 1.42 and 2.84 kg m⁻³) and two sizes of groups (averaging 104 and 173 g respectively) were used to conduct experiments on the effect of temperature, stocking density and fish size on the ammonia excretion (AE) of palmetto bass ( Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops ). The AE increased with the increase in temperatures by a significant degree ( P <0.05) among different temperature groups. There appeared to be a tendency towards increase of the AE with increased stocking densities, and significant differences ( P <0.05) were found among stocking groups. The AE of smaller size-group was significantly higher than that of the larger size-group. Diurnal variation of AE in palmetto bass showed that the AE rose greatly to reach a peak at about 4 h after feeding, and to the lowest values at about 24 h post feeding in all of the experimental groups.     

内陆水域鱼类放养捕捞模型及应用

用矩阵形式描述了放养捕捞的数学模型，对主要变量－回捕率的估测方法（渔获物年龄组成法、历史放养捕捞数据法和标志回捕法）进行了说明。用渔获物年龄组成和历史放养捕捞数据法，估算了大伙房水库鲢、鳙的牧养回捕率，还对目前牧养群体资源研究中参数求解问题提出了相应的见解。     

光合细菌强化对精养鱼塘藻类群落结构的影响

通过定期向池塘投加光合细菌,研究了有益微生物强化对精养鱼塘浮游藻类群落结构的影响。结果显示:光合细菌强化塘(试验塘)藻类组成以绿藻、硅藻为主,养殖前期(5—6月初),以针杆藻、直链藻等占优势,中后期(7—9月)则以绿球藻、栅藻、盘星藻、小环藻、菱形藻等为优势种,水色呈淡绿、黄褐色等良好状态;而对照塘藻类组成在前期与试验塘没有明显差异,但在中后期出现明显变化,以微囊藻、颤藻、鱼腥藻、席藻等蓝藻占优势。试验塘藻类生物量显著低于对照塘(P<0.05),且对照塘生物量波动变化大,蓝藻数量所占比例可高达77.6%,远高于试验塘蓝藻比例(均值低于25.0%);此外,藻类Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数试验塘均大于对照塘。结果表明:光合细菌的定期添加有效控制了蓝藻增值,保持了藻类多样性,使精养鱼塘藻相趋于稳定,有利池塘养殖。     

洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局

根据2009年8—11月对洱海鱼类调查获得的有关资料,研究了洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局,旨在为洱海鱼类资源的保护和利用提供有价值的资料。研究结果表明:洱海鱼类群落可分为3种群落类型,分别为洱海西岸与南北端湖滨带群落类型(群落Ⅰ)、东岸与湖心区群落类型(群落Ⅱ)和上游小型湖泊群落类型(群落Ⅲ)。群落Ⅰ的主要特征种为(Hemiculterleucisculus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、黄(Hypseleotris swin-honis)、子陵栉虎鱼(Ctenogobius giurinus),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为80.71%。群落Ⅱ的主要特征种为鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为98.20%。群落Ⅲ的主要特征种为鲫、麦穗鱼、长身(Acheilognathuselongatus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、中华鳑鲏(Oryzias latipes sinensis)、子陵栉虎鱼等,对群落内平均相似性贡献率为94.94%。群落Ⅰ和群落Ⅲ在种类和数量组成上以小型鱼类为主,群落Ⅱ则以大中型鱼类为主,鱼类群落在空间分布上的环境差异明显。     

吕泗渔场沿岸海域春夏季虾类群落特征

为研究吕泗渔场沿岸海域虾类群落结构特征,利用2010年春季(5月)和夏季(9月)在吕泗渔场沿岸海域开展渔业资源调查获取的资料,分析了虾类的种类组成、多样性空间分布及群落结构特征,并对其影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:吕泗渔场沿海海域春夏两季共出现虾类18种,其中春季11种,夏季15种;春季优势种为葛氏长臂虾、日本鼓虾和鲜明鼓虾,夏季优势种为哈氏仿对虾和中华管鞭虾。研究表明:吕泗渔场沿岸海域虾类春季以暖温性生态类群为主,夏季以暖水性生态类群为主。吕泗渔场沿岸虾类种类数和多样性指数较高的站位主要集中在调查海域的外侧。运用聚类和多维标度对群落结构的相似性进行分析,结合水深等环境因子对吕泗渔场沿岸海域虾类的群聚类型进行了讨论,吕泗渔场沿岸虾类群落结构季节变化明显、空间差异显著,水团变化、地形、水深是导致吕泗渔场沿岸海域春夏季虾类群落结构时空差异的主要原因。     

秋季黄海底层鱼类群落结构的变化

根据1985年和2000年秋季渔业生物资源底拖网调查资料，分析了黄海底层鱼类群落结构的时空变化。结果表明，渔业资源优势种的组成随区域和时间不同有着较大的差异。黄海北部和中部渔获种类组成相似性较高，北部与南部、中部与南部的相似性较低；黄海渔获生物种类组成年间相似性较高，为65。进一步的单因子ANOSIM分析表明黄海底层鱼类群落不同区域和年间种类组成没有显著性差异。黄海渔业生物多样性由北向南递减。与1985年相比，2000年鱼类群落长度谱表现出小型种类和小个体增多，大个体减少，且长度范围变小；主要优势种的长度组成也呈现小型化趋势。长度谱区域变化则是从北部向南部小个体数量增多，大个体数量减少。     

乐清湾口海域春秋季鱼类群落多样性研究

为研究乐清湾口海域鱼类群落结构动态变化趋势和渔业资源现状,对该海域鱼类物种组成、种类数、多样性等群落结构特征进行调查分析。共鉴定出鱼类49种,隶属于10目26科39属。结果显示,春季物种数较秋季少,春季在瓯江口水域物种明显较少,秋季物种数空间分布大致为东西走向;春季种类重量多样性低于秋季,但尾数多样性高于秋季,鱼类种类数与多样性指数之间有较强的相关性。研究表明,乐清湾口海域的鱼类种类类型以近岸河口性鱼类为主,且大多为广温、广盐性种类;该海域位于河口,受瓯江径流影响较大;受地理位置和水文环境影响,该海域暖水性种类较多;种类数平面分布特征主要是春季受瓯江径流淡水水团影响,而秋季受交汇水团影响,物种丰富;两季鱼类多样性不同,是因为鱼类个体大小、数量随着季节的变化而变化。     

淮河江苏段鱼类群落结构特征

根据2016—2018年的调查数据,对淮河江苏段鱼类群落结构和多样性进行了研究。共调查到鱼类56种,隶属于7目14科42属,其中鲤形目鱼类最多,占总种类数的66.07%。刀鲚(Coilia nasus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、大鳍鱊(Acheilognathus macropterus)和兴凯鱊(Acheilognathus chankaensis)分别为冬季、夏季、秋季和春季的第一优势种。刺网和地笼的年CPUE均值分别为(1190.15±220.28)g/(net·d)和(74.87±12.96)g/(net·d)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef种类丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.88～3.85、2.75～4.74和0.74～0.81。丰度/生物量曲线表明,冬季、夏季和秋季鱼类群落处于中度干扰状态,春季群落处于严重干扰状态。聚类分析结果表明,各季节淮河江苏段不同区域的鱼类群落相似性均低于57.02%。SIMPER相似性百分比分析结果也表明,盱眙断面和金湖断面不同季节的鱼类群落组成平均相似性仅为41.85%和36.23%,而盱眙断面和金湖断面平均相异性达到了71.21%。     

福建省沙溪鱼类群落结构研究

根据2007-2008年沙溪鱼类资源调查资料,分析了沙溪鱼类种类组成,优势种、常见种及其季节变化,生态类型等群落结构。本次调查共捕获鱼类59种,隶属于6目15科30属。采用Pinkas的IRI指数分析沙溪鱼类群落季节变化,结果表明:沙溪优势种季节变化不大,以鲤鱼、鲴类、黄颡鱼为主,常见种略有季节变化。沙溪鱼类生态类型多样,以底层、杂食性、适应静水生活鱼类为主。与30年前相比,沙溪河肉食性鱼类、底层鱼类、适应流水鱼类种类数都有较为明显的下降,杂食性鱼类、耐氧性鱼类、适应缓流或静水生活的鱼类则有上升趋势。     

渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化

基于2010年和2012–2014年每年8月渤海渔业资源底拖网调查数据,根据优势种、单位个体重、相对资源量、Jaccard种类组成相似性系数和群落结构数量生物量曲线等指标,研究渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化,结果显示:(1)2010年和2012–2013年,总鱼类和底层鱼类种类数一直呈下降趋势,2014年有所恢复;2010年和2012–2014年暖温种种类数基本上呈下降趋势;(2)底层鱼类优势种由小个体的虾虎鱼(Gobiini sp.)代替大个体的小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis),中上层鱼类优势种则由植食性为主的黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和斑(Konosirus punctatus)转向浮游动物食性的鳀(Engraulis japonicus);(3)2010年和2012–2014年渤海底层鱼类和总鱼类年间站位相对资源量两两间都不存在显著性差异(P0.05),2013年与2014年间总鱼类及2014年与2010年底层鱼类年间站位相对资源量方差无显著性差异(P0.05),其他年份两两间都为方差不齐(P0.05),底层鱼类和总鱼类站位相对资源量年际存在极端异常值;(4)2010年和2012–2014年单位数量鱼体的个体重逐年下降,渤海鱼类这几年严重趋向小型化;(5)5种组内相似、组间相异贡献率高的鱼类种类,其年度相对资源量和分布变化较大;根据生物量与数量优势度曲线及W统计值判断,2010年渤海鱼类群落结构比较稳定,2012年相对稳定,2013年和2014年处于干扰状态,特别是2013年的鱼类群落结构处于比较严重的干扰状态。综上所述,渤海鱼类群落结构在2010年和2012–2014年发生了较大改变,处于受干扰不稳定状态。     

禁捕前鄱阳湖鱼类群落多样性及环境影响因子研究

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征,课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度,在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究,同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种,隶属于8目14科47属,其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种),占比为61.19%。基于不同分组,鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群,数量占比为68.70%;鱼类优势种共有6种,第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异,春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示,空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群,分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示,总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明,鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=-0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

珠江首次禁渔西江段鱼类资源声学跟踪监测分析

2011年珠江开始实行禁渔期制度。该研究采用 Simrad EY60鱼探仪,分别于2010年5月19日和2011年5月22日对珠江西江段进行了走航式探测。结果显示,珠江禁渔期期间西江段鱼类资源密度增加,2010年和2011年鱼类平均密度分别为0.0513尾·m -3和0.1068尾·m -3,根据渔获物调查数据,推算增幅分别为广东鲂（Megalo-brama terminalis）47.85％、赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）18.54％、鲮（Cirrhina moitorella）10.87％和鳊（Parabra-mis pekinensis）6.25％;两年西江段深水区域鱼类密度均较大,尤其是水底结构为凹形区域,鱼类有明显的聚集现象;浅水区域且底部较平整的水域,鱼类分布分散且密度较低;垂直分布方面,鱼类主要分布4--10 m 中下层水层。珠江禁渔期的实施,在一定程度上保护了鱼类的产卵亲体繁殖,对鱼类资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用,同时在很大程度上护养了鱼类的自然生长,起到了资源增重作用。     

Environmental determinants of fish community structure in gravel pit lakes

Gravel pit lakes are increasingly common, and there is an urgent need to better understand the functioning of these artificial and disconnected ecosystems. However, our knowledge of the environmental determinants of fish community structure within these types of lakes remains poor. In this study, we quantified the taxonomic diversity, fish species and life‐stage composition in 17 gravel pit lakes sampled in 2012 and 2013 located in south‐west France to determine the potential role of environmental variables (i.e. lake morphology, productivity, water quality and human‐use intensity) as drivers of fish community structure and composition. Our results demonstrated that fish community structure significantly differed between gravel pit lakes, and we notably found that lakes managed for angling hosted higher levels of taxonomic diversity. We also found that young and large lakes supported higher native species biomass and were dominated by native European perch (Perca fluviatilis). Older, smaller and more productive lakes, located closer to the main urban area, supported a higher biomass of non‐native species such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Native and non‐native sport fishing species such as northern pike (Esox lucius), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and cyprinid prey species were positively associated with fishery management effort, suggesting that management practices play also a critical role in shaping fish species composition. Overall, our study demonstrated that fish community composition followed a predictable shift along environmental gradients associated with the maturation of gravel pit lakes and the associated human practices.     

Implications of fish migration and fishing mortality for marine protected area design

The Convention on Biological Diversity calls for networks of ‘representative’ MPAs, the effectiveness of which requires that the protected ecosystems be independent of external anthropogenic pressures. One principal pressure, fishing, severely depletes the oldest age classes of the target fish even if optimally managed. As many fishery resource species had high natural abundance and large individual sizes, while most fish show indeterminate growth and ascend the trophic pyramid as they grow, elimination of older age classes equates to removal of once‐dominant top predators. Because archetypal resource species are also migratory, that loss is transported throughout the range of the exploited populations, including into MPAs, through a lack of large migrants. The ecological implications remain uncertain in marine ecosystems, which are typically under ‘bottom‐up’ control. ‘Top‐down’ effects, such as mesopredator release, species replacement and trophic cascades, have been observed, however, meaning that elimination of top predators may affect ecosystem structure. It follows that, while exceptions doubtless exist, in general ‘representative’ MPAs should not be expected to fulfil their declared purposes, unless they are made so large as to encompass the whole migratory circuits of principal resource species – implying indefinite closure of the fisheries affected. Some compromise may be possible if MPAs were combined with fishing mortality rates far below current ‘optimal’ levels or where fishing can be concentrated on younger adults, while older fish are protected from exploitation. In any case, societies must choose between seafood production and recovery of selected marine areas to near‐pristine conditions.