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1.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2889-2898
Abstract Nitrate leaching frequently is attributed to the excessive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers and also to the organic matter incorporated in the soil. A lysimeter experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate nitrate leaching and pepper productivity in an organically fertilized substrate (prepared by application of 4 kg · m?2 horse manure and subsequent solarization) to which three different doses of mineral fertilizers were added at 0 (T1), 157 (T2), and 313 (T3) kg N · ha?1. The results confirmed the high contribution of organic matter to nitrate leaching, although nitrate losses in T2 and T3 were around 33% and 100% greater than in T1. Furthermore the application of mineral fertilizers (T2 and T3) combined with organic manure led to a decrease in pepper fruit productivity. The use of porous ceramic water samplers for measuring fertilizer leaching is questioned. The results also point to the need for a revaluation of irrigation and N fertilization procedures when organic manure is used in order to improve pepper yield and reduce the contamination of ground water by nitrates. 相似文献
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The effect of cereal straw with added mineral N fertilization on crop yields, N uptake, total organic C content and hot water soluble C content in topsoil and on the relationships between organic C content in topsoil and organic matter balance was evaluated in a long-term field experiment established in 1966. The effect of straw plus mineral N fertilization was similar to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) in the dry matter yields and also in the N uptake by plants. The effect of straw and mineral N fertilization on the organic C accumulation in soil was inferior to the effect of farmyard manure. Relationships between organic matter balance and total organic C content in the topsoil was positive and statistically significant. A favourable effect of mineral NPK fertilization on the C sequestration to soil was related to the effect of FYM fertilization. 相似文献
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Cícero Célio de Figueiredo Walda Monteiro Farias Bruno Araújo de Melo Jhon Kenedy Moura Chagas Ailton Teixeira Vale Thais Rodrigues Coser 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2019,65(6):770-781
One of the main advantages of using biochar for agricultural purposes is its ability to store carbon (C) in soil for a long-term. Studies of labile and stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) may be a good indicator of the dynamics of biochar in soils. This study evaluated the effects of applying sewage sludge biochar (SSB) in combination with mineral fertilizer on fractions of SOM. To conduct this evaluation, 15 Mg ha?1 of SSB combined or not with mineral fertilizer (NPK) was applied to the soil in two cropping seasons. Apart from total organic C (TOC), the labile and stable fractions of SOM were also determined. The combined use of SSB and NPK resulted in higher TOC, a 22% to 40% increase compared to the control and to the NPK treatments, respectively. The SSB produced at a lower temperature increased the labile fractions of SOM, especially the microbial biomass C, showing its capacity to supply nutrients in the short-term. The stable pools of SOM are increased after adding SSB produced at a higher temperature. It was concluded that pyrolysis temperature is a key-factor that determines the potential of SSB to accumulate C in labile and stable fractions of SOM. 相似文献
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Murilo Nunes Valenciano;Gabriel Barth;Johnny Rodrigues Soares;Eros Artur Bohac Francisco;Luis Ignacio Prochnow;Rafael Otto; 《Soil Use and Management》2024,40(2):e13074
Ecological intensification (EI) of agriculture aims to optimize soil conservation, crop diversity and nutrient management. Despite growing interest in EI, its impact on soil properties, compared with conventional farming practice (FP), remains poorly understood as a result of limited field evidence. This study, conducted over eight seasons in southern Brazil as part of the ‘Global Maize Project’ of the International Plant Nutrition Institute, evaluated EI compared with FP, and FP with silage (FPS) using a split-plot design. Four nitrogen application rates (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg ha−1) were applied to subplots with four replicates. Soil properties were measured to a depth of 1 m. The trial systems consisted of a maize–soybean rotation under no-till during summer and cover crops and fertilizer application during winter. In the FP system, black oats and wheat were cultivated, while FPS utilized white oats and ryegrass. In the EI system, peas (without N application) and wheat were cultivated. In the 4-years preceding the trial, the area was cultivated in a no-till system with maize–soybean during summer and black oat–wheat in winter. Our results reveal distinct differences in soil properties among the systems, with FPS demonstrating greater soil acidity (pH of 4.4 at 0–5 cm) caused by higher N application than FP and EI systems. The lower soil pH altered soil nutrient dynamics, with decreased available Ca, Mg and K and increased Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Furthermore, nutrient availability varied, with EI having more inorganic N and DON at 0–40 cm compared with FP, but less in deeper soil (40–100 cm). Notably, EI system had more soil carbon (175 Mg ha−1) compared with FP (161 Mg ha−1), a relative annual increase of 1.8 Mg ha−1 year−1 over 8 years. These findings underscore the potential of EI to promote soil carbon, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and soil health improvement. 相似文献
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水稻-小麦轮作系统中土壤活性有机碳库对长期施用化肥,秸秆和粪便的敏感度 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Labile soil organic carbon(SOC) pools, estimated through chemical fractionation techniques, are considered sensitive indicators of management-induced changes in quality and composition of soil organic matter. Although the impacts of organic manure and crop residue applications on C sequestration in rice-wheat system are fairly well documented, their influence on labile SOC pools is relatively less known. Impacts of organic manure, rice straw, and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen(N) applications on soil total organic carbon(TOC)and SOC pools including water-extractable organic C(WEOC), hot water-soluble organic C(HWOC), potassium permanganateoxidizable organic C(KMnO 4-C), microbial biomass C(MBC), mineralizable organic C(Cmin), and the oxidizable fractions of decreasing oxidizability(easily-oxidizable, oxidizable, and weakly-oxidizable) were investigated in an 11-year field experiment under rice-wheat system. The field experiment included treatments of different combinations of farmyard manure, rice straw, and fertilizer N application rates, with C inputs estimated to be in the range from 23 to 127 Mg ha-1. After 11 years of experiment, WEOC,HWOC, and KMnO 4-C were 0.32%–0.50%, 2.2%–3.3%, and 15.0%–20.6% of TOC, respectively. The easily-oxidizable, oxidizable,and weakly-oxidizable fractions were 43%–57%, 22%–27%, and 10%–19% of TOC, respectively. The applications of farmyard manure and rice straw improved WEOC, HWOC, KMnO 4-C, easily-oxidizable fraction, Cmin, and MBC, though the rates of change varied considerably from-14% to 145% and-11% to 83% of TOC, respectively. At the C input levels between 29 and 78 Mg C ha-1during the 11-year period, the greatest increase was observed in WEOC and the minimum in KMnO 4-C. Water-extractable organic C exhibited a relatively greater sensitivity to management than TOC, suggesting that it may be used as a sensitive indicator of management-induced changes in soil organic matter under rice-wheat system. All the other labile SOC pools exhibited almost the same sensitivity to management as TOC. Most of the SOC pools investigated were positively correlated to each other though their amounts differed considerably. Long-term applications of farmyard manure and rice straw resulted in build-up of not only the labile but also the recalcitrant pool of SOC, emphasizing the need for continued application of organic amendments for permanence of the accrued C under the experimental conditions. 相似文献
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For a quantitative analysis of SOC dynamics it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. We used the 13C isotope to determine the incorporation of maize residues into the soil organic carbon (SOC), to trace the origin of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and to quantify the fraction of the maize C in the soil respiration. The maize‐derived SOC was quantified in soil samples collected to a depth of 65 cm from two plots, one ’︁continuous maize’ and the other ’︁continuous rye’ (reference site) from the long‐term field experiment ’︁Ewiger Roggen’ in Halle. This field trial was established in 1878 and was partly changed to a continuous maize cropping system in 1961. Production rates and δ13C of DOC and CO2 were determined for the Ap horizon in incubation experiments with undisturbed soil columns. After 37 years of continuous maize cropping, 15% of the total SOC in the topsoil originated from maize C. The fraction of the maize‐derived C below the ploughed horizon was only 5 to 3%. The total amount of maize C stored in the profile was 9080 kg ha−1 which was equal to about 31% of the estimated total C input via maize residues (roots and stubble). Total leaching of DOC during the incubation period of 16 weeks was 1.1 g m−2 and one third of the DOC derived from maize C. The specific DOC production rate from the maize‐derived SOC was 2.5 times higher than that from the older humus formed by C3 plants. The total CO2‐C emission for 16 weeks was 18 g m−2. Fifty‐eight percent of the soil respiration originated from maize C. The specific CO2 formation from maize‐derived SOC was 8 times higher than that from the older SOC formed by C3 plants. The ratio of DOC production to CO2‐C production was three times smaller for the young, maize‐derived SOC than for the older humus formed by C3 plants. 相似文献
8.
Angelika Kölbl Margit von Lützow Cornelia Rumpel Jean Charles Munch Ingrid Kögel‐Knabner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(1):123-133
The application of 13C‐labeled litter enables to study decomposition processes as well as the allocation of litter‐derived carbon to different soil C pools. 13Carbon‐labeled mustard litter was used in order to compare decomposition processes in an agricultural cropland with high‐yield (HY) and low‐yield (LY) areas, the latter being characterized by a finer texture and a lower organic‐C (OC) content. After tracer application, 13C concentrations were monitored in topsoil samples in particulate organic matter (POM) and in fine mineral fractions (silt‐ and clay‐sized fractions). After 568 d, approximately 5% and 10% of the initial 13C amount were found in POM fractions of LY and HY areas, respectively. Higher amounts were found in POM occluded in aggregates than in free POM. Medium‐term (0.5–2 y) storage of the initial 13C in fine silt‐ and clay‐sized fractions amounts to 10% in HY and LY soils, with faster enrichment but also faster disappearance of the 13C signal from LY soils. Amounts of 80%–90% of the added 13C were mineralized or leached in the observed period. Decomposition of free POM was faster in HY than in LY areas during the first year, but the remaining 13C amounts in occluded‐POM fractions were higher in HY soils after 568 d. High‐yield and low‐yield areas showed different 13C dynamics in fine mineral fractions. In LY soils, 13C amounts and concentrations in mineral‐associated fractions increased within 160 d after application and decreased in the following time period. In HY areas, a significant increase in 13C amounts did not occur until after 568 d. The results indicate initially faster decomposition processes in HY than in LY areas due to different soil conditions, such as soil texture and water regime. The higher silt and clay contents of LY areas seem to promote a faster aggregate formation and turnover, leading to a closer contact between POM and mineral surfaces in this area. This favors the OC storage in fine mineral fractions in the medium term. Lower aggregate formation and turnover in the coarser textured HY soil leads to a delayed C stabilization in silt‐ and clay‐sized fractions. 相似文献
9.
Soil density fractionation is a common tool to separate organic matter of different function and turnover. But it has not been tested so far how much soil material is necessary to obtain reproducible results. A reduction of chemicals like polytungstate would further save valuable resources. Here, we show that soil weight reduction from 25 to 5 g was not significantly affecting fractionation results. Compared to the commonly used 10–25 g, this corresponds to a saving of resources of up to 80%. 相似文献
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B. L. M. Leroy H. M. S. K. Herath S. Sleutel S. De Neve D. Gabriels D. Reheul & M. Moens 《Soil Use and Management》2008,24(2):139-147
We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P < 0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10−3 m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10−3 m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P < 0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P < 0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P < 0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1147-1153
Abstract Particulate organic matter (POM) is recognized as a valuable measure of labile soil organic matter. The method usually requires hand‐sieving through a 2‐mm sieve. Hand‐sieving has not been widely adopted by soil testing laboratories, where samples are generally mechanically ground. Composites of 20–25 cores (2×15 cm) were collected from a long‐term crop rotation×fertility treatment study in central Pennsylvania and from 11 central and eastern Pennsylvania farms. Subsamples of each sample were hand‐sieved through a 2‐mm sieve or mechanically ground and analyzed for POM carbon (C). The POM‐C of hand‐sieved and ground samples were similar except for one site with large POM concentrations; at this site, grinding generated lower POM‐C yields than hand‐sieving. Grinding soil samples may be an effective means to increase the availability of POM analysis, but additional work is necessary to determine if this method decreases POM yield, particularly in high POM samples. 相似文献
12.
严重退化红壤植被恢复后有机质富集和团聚体稳定性 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Three types of soils: an eroded barren soil under continuous fallow, an eroded soil transplanted with Lespedeza shrubs (Lespedeza bieolor), and an eroded soil transplanted with camphor tree (Cinnaraomum camphora) were investigated to quantify organic matter pools and aggregates in reforested soils using physical fractionation techniques and to determine aggregate stability in relation to the enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil organic matter (SOM) was physically fractionalized into free particulate organic matter (fPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM), and mineralassociated organic matter (mOM). The SOM was concentrated on the surface soil (0 5 cm), with an average C sequestration rate of 20-25 g C m^-2 year^-1 over 14 years. As compared to the eroded barren land, organic C content of fPOM, oPOM, and mOM fractions of the soil under Lespedeza and under camphor tree increased 12-15, 45-54, and 3.1-3.5 times, respectively. A linear relationship was found between aggregate stability and organic C (r^2 = 0.45, P 〈 0.01), oPOM (r^2 = 0.34, P 〈 0.05), and roOM (r^2 = 0.46, P 〈 0.01) of aggregates. The enrichment of organic C improved aggregate stability of the soil under Lespedeza but not that under camphor tree. However, further research is needed on the physical and biological processes involved in the interaction of soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in ecosystem. 相似文献
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Rafael da Silva Teixeira Ricardo Cardoso Fialho Daniela Cristina Costa Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa Rafael Silva Santos Ana Paula Mendes Teixeira Thalles Guimares Reis Ivo Ribeiro da Silva 《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2020,31(7):909-923
The expansion of short rotation eucalypt plantations in low soil organic matter (SOM) sandy soils may offer an alternative to improve soil C sequestration. The goal of this study was to estimate the changes in C stocks and emissions in different SOM fractions following conversion of the native Cerrado to pasture and then to eucalypt plantation. Therefore, we studied soils under native Cerrado, planted pasture (cultivated for 34years following the clearing of the Cerrado) and eucalypt plantation (4years). The C and N stocks in particulate organic matter and mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM) were determined 4years after eucalypt planting. Soil CO2‐C, CH4‐C fluxes and CO2‐C concentrations in soil profile were measured in different seasons over 4years. Variation in the natural abundance of 13C was used to partition the SOM‐C. The soil CO2‐C and CH4‐C fluxes were influenced by soil surface moisture (r= 0.185o and r= 0.430**, respectively), whereas only the soil CH4‐C fluxes correlated with soil surface temperature (r= 0.355**). The highest soil CO2‐C flux in soil under eucalypt occurred after 4years of eucalypt planting (2.5 kg ha−1h−1, approximately 70%). The pasture soil acted as a CH4‐C source to the atmosphere. The pasture MAOM‐C losses in the 0.0–1.0‐m soil layers were not compensated by the new eucalypt C inputs (MAOM‐C lost ~9.6 Mg ha−1). In summary, the recent worldwide expansion of short rotation eucalypt plantations should be carefully considered, particularly under pasture degraded soil sandy soils, because land uses able to increase SOM are priorities. 相似文献
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Kenneth Miller Brenna J. Aegerter Nicholas E. Clark Michelle Leinfelder-Miles Eugene M. Miyao Richard Smith 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2019,50(1):77-92
Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates from different agricultural regions in California were determined and related to soil properties. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled in spring from 57 fields under annual crop rotations and incubated at 25℃ for 10 weeks. Soil properties varied across and within regions, most notably those related to soil organic matter (SOM), with total soil carbon ranging from 6 to 198 g kg?1. Multivariate linear regression was used to select soil properties that best predicted N mineralization rates. Regression models with a good fit differed between soils with high and low SOM contents, but generally included a measure of SOM quantity, its quality as well as soil texture or mineralogy. Adjusted R2 values were 0.95 and 0.60 for high and low SOM soils, respectively. This study has shown that information on soil properties can contribute to better estimates of N mineralization in soils of contrasting characteristics. 相似文献
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M. Rosa Mosquera‐Losada Daniel Morán‐Zuloaga Antonio Rigueiro‐Rodriguez 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(1):145-153
In many regions worldwide, silvopastoral systems are implemented to enable sustainable land use allowing short, medium, and long‐term economic returns. However, the short‐term production in silvopastoral systems is often limited due to nonappropriate soil‐fertility management. This study evaluated the effects of two doses of lime (0 and 2.5 t CaCO3 ha–1) and three sewage‐sludge treatments (0, 200, and 400 kg total N ha–1 y–1 applied in 2 consecutive years) on soil characteristics (soil pH, soil organic matter [SOM], soil nitrogen, cation‐exchange capacity [CEC]), pasture production, and tree growth in a silvopastoral system of Populus × canadensis Moench in Galicia, northern Spain during 6 years after establishment. Soil pH increased during the experimental period for all treatments, although this effect was more pronounced after lime application. Changes in SOM and soil nitrogen content were not consistent over time, but sewage‐sludge application seemed to result in higher values. Higher CEC was found for treatments with lime and sewage‐sludge application. Following incorporation of lime and sewage sludge, pasture production was significantly enhanced (cumulative pasture production 51.9 t DM ha–1 for Lime/N400 compared to 39.0 t DM ha–1 for No lime/N0). This higher pasture production also affected tree growth due to more severe competition between pasture and tree resulting in slower tree growth. Liming and application of sewage sludge are relevant measures to improve soil fertility and thereby optimizing the overall production of silvopastoral systems. However, it is important not to overintensify pasture production to ensure adequate tree growth. 相似文献
17.
In nutrient-limited alpine meadows,nitrogen(N) mineralization is prior to soil microbial immobilization;therefore,increased mineral N supply would be most likely immobilized by soil microbes due to nutrient shortage in alpine soils.In addition,low temperature in alpine meadows might be one of the primary factors limiting soil organic matter decomposition and thus N mineralization.A laboratory incubation experiment was performed using an alpine meadow soil from the Tibetan Plateau.Two levels of NH4NO3(N) or glucose(C) were added,with a blank without addition of C or N as the control,before incubation at 5,15,or 25 ℃ for 28 d.CO2 efflux was measured during the 28-d incubation,and the mineral N was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation,in order to test two hypotheses:1) net N mineralization is negatively correlated with CO2 efflux for the control and 2) the external labile N or C supply will shift the negative correlation to positive.The results showed a negative correlation between CO2 efflux and net N immobilization in the control.External inorganic N supply did not change the negative correlation.The external labile C supply shifted the linear correlation from negative to positive under the low C addition level.However,under the high C level,no correlation was found.These suggested that the correlation of CO2 efflux to net N mineralization strongly depend on soil labile C and C:N ratio regardless of temperatures.Further research should focus on the effects of the types and the amount of litter components on interactions of C and N during soil organic matter decomposition. 相似文献
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Marie‐France Dignac Ingrid Kgel‐Knabner Kerstin Michel Egbert Matzner Heike Knicker 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(3):281-289
Due to high nitrogen deposition in central Europe, the C : N ratio of litter and the forest floor has narrowed in the past. This may cause changes in the chemical composition of the soil organic matter. Here we investigate the composition of organic matter in Oh and A horizons of 15 Norway spruce soils with a wide range of C : N ratios. Samples are analyzed with solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, along with chemolytic analyses of lignin, polysaccharides, and amino acid‐N. The data are investigated for functional relationships between C, N contents and C : N ratios by structural analysis. With increasing N content, the concentration of lignin decreases in the Oh horizons, but increases in the A horizons. A negative effect of N on lignin degradation is observed in the mineral soil, but not in the humus layer. In the A horizons non‐phenolic aromatic C compounds accumulate, especially at low N values. At high N levels, N is preferentially incorporated into the amino acid fraction and only to a smaller extent into the non‐hydrolyzable N fraction. High total N concentrations are associated with a higher relative contribution of organic matter of microbial origin. 相似文献
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Örjan Berglund Kerstin Berglund Leif Klemedtsson 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(6):508-513
Abstract Methods used to estimate the CO2 emission from soil commonly measure the total CO2 flux. To be able to quantify the net CO2 emission from cultivated peat soils there is a need to distinguish between soil organic matter-derived CO2 respiration and plant-derived respiration. In this investigation we used the root exclusion method to separate the plant-derived respiration from total CO2 emission. The plant-derived contribution was estimated to be between 27 and 63% of total CO2 emission depending on soil type and season. We also found a relationship between soil temperature, biomass growth and CO2 efflux, which can be used to estimate plant-derived respiration. Due to the priming effect the root exclusion method is less reliable late in the season. 相似文献
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The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorptive parameters under different soil management practices in Rendzic Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce (Slovakia). The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization), (2) T (tillage), (3) T + FYM (tillage + farmyard manure), (4) G + NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilization for vineyards), (5) G + NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilization for vineyards). Soil samples were collected every month during the year 2010. Obtained results showed increased hydrolytic acidity (by 23%), sum of basic cations (by 37%) and decreased total cation exchange capacity (CEC) (by 36%) with higher doses of fertilization in comparison to control. Application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase in the SOM cation sorption capacity. Positive correlations between pH and sum of basic cations (SBC) (r = 0.493, p ≤ 0.001), CEC (r = 0.498, p ≤ 0.001) and cation sorption capacity of SOM (r = 0.391, p ≤ 0.01) were observed. Higher values of labile carbon:potentially mineralizable nitrogen (CL:Npot) ratio corresponded with lesser CEC, SBC and base saturation values in the soil. With increased humus quality (higher values of humic acid:fulvic acid (CHA:CFA) ratio), cation sorption capacity of SOM significantly increased (r = 0.329, p ≤ 0.01). The results of this study proved that the application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase of SOM sorption capacity, but higher doses of mineral fertilizers added to soil had a negative effect. 相似文献