Short communication Estimation of the specific surface area of soil particles by adsorption of polyvinylalcohol in aqueous suspension

Adsorption of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) in aqueous suspension has been used to measure the specific surface area (SSA) of a silicon dioxide, a goethite, a clay, and a sample of a topsoil, the latter before and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Surface areas were calculated from each of the plateaus of the isotherms derived from the Langmuir equation fitted to the data, using a value of 0.04268 nm² for the molecular area of a monomer of PVA. We compared these SSA values with those measured by N₂ adsorption. The SSA values of the silicon dioxide, the goethite and the clay are in excellent agreement with the corresponding N₂‐BET areas. The removal of organic matter by H₂O₂ from the topsoil sample led to a marked increase in the SSA measured by the BET‐method. For this sample, the SSA measured by PVA was considerably larger than the one that was obtained by the BET‐method and showed only a little change after removal of SOM.     

考虑地表粗糙度改进水云模型反演西班牙农田地表土壤含水率

土壤含水率是农业、环境、气象等领域进行建模的重要参数。该研究将微波遥感与光学遥感相结合,利用Sentinel-1数据交叉极化比及变换土壤调节植被指数对地表粗糙度进行估计,构建了一种改进的水云模型(modifiedwatercloud model, MWCM)。分析将NDVI、NDWI和NDWI1725,2200等植被指数作为植被冠层含水率时,水云模型(water cloud model,WCM)及MWCM农田地表土壤含水率的反演精度。结果表明:从总体精度上来看,MWCM的反演精度优于WCM。在不同植被覆盖度情况下:当植被覆盖度为中、低程度(NDVI0.5),MWCM具有较高的反演精度;在较高的植被覆盖度情况下(NDVI≥0.5),WCM与MWCM的反演精度较为接近。MWCM可有效的建立微波后向散射系数与地表土壤水分的关系,提高土壤含水率反演精度,为各种地表覆盖类型的土壤含水率反演提供研究思路及理论支持。     

Clay mineralogy,specific surface area and micromorphology of polygenetic soils from Eastern Kansas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between clay mineralogy, specific surface area (SSA) and micromorphology in polygenetic Konza soil series. Physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were performed on disturbed soil samples, and micromorphological investigations of selected horizons were done on undisturbed soil samples. X-ray diffraction indicated that lower part of each parent materials has more mectite and less clay mica content than that of the upper horizons in each parent material. Greater amounts of smectite can be attributed to transformation product of the clay mica in to smectite, eluviation from upper horizons or originated from parent material. Specific surface area of upper horizons in each parent material tended to increase to lower horizons. Clay content gradually increased from surface (21%) to the lower part (～48%) of the solum. Clay in Bt horizons had strong birefrengent, sharp boundary, and strong orientation pattern. SSA, clay content increase, clay mineralogy and oriented clay features agreed to one another. Therefore, this relationship gives opportunity to make predictions on extend of SSA and related soil processes by looking at one of these features.     

环境因子与玉米生长对地表温度监测土壤水分的影响

针对当前地表温度受太阳辐射、气象因素及作物生长状态影响,对早晨与傍晚土壤水分估算精度较差的问题,该研究在2020年夏玉米生长的拔节期与抽雄期,利用无人机搭载热红外传感器获取09:00、11:00、13:00、15:00以及17:00的地表温度数据,探究了太阳高度角、饱和水汽压差、植被覆盖度三者与地表-空气温差的相关性,提出了综合调整温度,构建了土壤含水率监测模型,分析模型在玉米吐丝期与水泡期的适用性并绘制了土壤含水率分布图。结果表明：1）同一时刻不同灌溉处理的地表温度与土壤含水率呈现负相关性,同一灌溉处理的地表温度日变化呈现上午升温较快下午降温较慢的负偏态分布趋势。2）太阳高度角正弦4次方根、饱和水汽压差、植被覆盖度与地表-空气温差的线性相关系数分别为0.509、0.948、-0.659。3）相比较基于地表温度构建的土壤含水率监测模型,基于综合调整温度的监测模型将决定系数由0.230提高到0.771,标准均方根误差由18.8%降低至10.3%。4）利用综合调整温度监测其他生育期的土壤含水率,决定系数由0.238提高到0.831,标准均方根误差由18.9%降低至9.5%,表明模型在玉米生长季的各个生育期的不同时段均有较强适用性。该研究可为无人机热红外遥感精准监测土壤水分亏缺状况提供参考。     

Determination of the specific soil surface area from the hygroscopic water content

Complex parameters such as the criteria of similarity for the physical adsorption of water by soils can be developed using the methods of the similarity theory. Based on the criterial relationship, a model was developed to calculate the total specific surface area from the experimental data on the soil water content. The model was tested for the plow horizons of some soddy-podzolic soils in the northwestern regions of the Russian Federation. The proposed approach can be used for the design and organization of experiments for the routine analysis of soil samples.     

以水面蒸发量为参考推求土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型

为了准确估算土壤在实际条件下的蒸发量,该文以水面蒸发量为参考,结合能量平衡方程及微气象学方法,推导计算土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型.结果表明所建模型所需参数为水面及蒸发土壤表面的日最高温度和日平均温度、水面日蒸发量、风速等.模型的验证结果表明计算的土壤蒸发量与实测蒸发量比较吻合(R2=0.90).模型所引入的参考蒸发面使其避开了土壤蒸发复杂的物理本质,从而使得对土壤蒸发的计算变得简单易行.     

Estimation of clay content from easily measurable water content of air‐dried soil

Soil texture is one of the main factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Accurate soil‐texture analysis is costly and time‐consuming. Therefore, the clay content is frequently not determined within the scope of regional and plot‐scale studies with high sample numbers. Yet it is well known that the clay content strongly affects soil water content. The objective of our study was to evaluate if the clay content can be estimated by a simple and fast measure like the water content of air‐dried soil. The soil samples used for this study originated from four different European regions (Hainich‐Dün, Germany; Schwäbische Alb, Germany; Hesse, France; Bugac, Hungary) and were collected from topsoils and subsoils in forests, grasslands, and croplands. Clay content, water content of air‐dried soil, and SOC content were measured. Clay content was determined either by the Pipette method or by the Sedigraph method. The water content of air‐dried soil samples ranged from 2.8 g kg^–1 to 63.3 g kg^–1 and the corresponding clay contents from 60.0 g kg^–1 to 815.7 g kg^–1. A significant linear relationship was found between clay content and water content. The scaled mean absolute error (SMAE) of the clay estimation from the water content of air‐dried soil was 20% for the dataset using the Pipette method and 28% for the Sedigraph method. The estimation of the clay content was more accurate in fine‐textured than in coarse‐textured soils. In this study, organic‐C content played a subordinate role next to the clay content in explaining the variance of the water content. The water retention of coarse‐textured soils was more sensitive to the amount of organic C than that of fine‐textured soils. The results indicate that in our study the water content of air‐dried soil samples was a good quantitative proxy of clay contents, especially useful for fine‐textured soils.     

华北平原冬小麦相对蒸散与叶面积指数及表层土壤含水量的关系

冬小麦相对蒸散(农田蒸散量ET与自由水面蒸发量ET_0之比)表征冬小麦受土壤水分和作物生长状况制约下的耗水规律。冬小麦生长季利用大型蒸渗仪测定农田蒸散,用E601型水面蒸发器测定水面蒸发,并用平行观测方法测定叶面积指数,分析冬小麦相对蒸散与叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的关系,并建立了冬小麦返青～收获期相对蒸散与叶面积指数和0～60cm表层土壤含水量的经验公式为。在田间条件下由RE和ET_0推算出小麦耗水量ET,并可用于冬小麦适时、适量灌溉管理。     

Pedotransfer function for estimation of soil-specific surface area using soil fractal dimension of improved particle-size distribution

The specific surface area (SSA) of a soil is crucial for the interface of ions and water molecules with the soil particles. Therefore, many physical and chemical properties of a soil are determined using its total SSA. Measurement of SSA is time-consuming and laborious, and its estimation using pedotransfer functions is therefore preferred. The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze the pore–solid interface fractal dimension (D) in soils with different textures from thesouthern part of Iran using estimated improved particle-size distribution (PSD) from the soil primary particles, i.e. clay, silt and sand; (2) develop a multivariate pedotransfer function to estimate D based on PSD; and (3) develop a multivariate pedotransfer function to link the values of D to the SSA. As a result, two pedotransfer functions are presented for estimation of D and SSA. To estimate SSA, the value of D is first obtained using the presented pedotransfer function and these estimated D values are then used in another pedotransfer function to estimate SSA. The pedotransfer functions were validated and it is concluded that they are able to predict the values of D and SSA accurately.     

黑土区不同耕作措施的水土保持效益

为了探求黑土区坡耕地水土流失的有效防治措施,以吉林省伊通县毯子房小流域为典型试验研究区,采用野外观测与室内实验相结合的方法,对留茬、轮作和秸秆还田3种不同耕作措施下黑土区坡耕地的水土保持效益进行研究与分析。结果表明:1)对照处理产生径流量和泥沙量最大,秸秆还田产生侵蚀量最小,留茬、轮作和秸秆还田比对照处理径流量减少36.4%～66.7%,泥沙量减少75.2%～86.4%;2)与对照相比,留茬、轮作和秸秆还田3种不同措施下冲刷泥沙中土壤有机质质量分数分别减少56.6%,62.8%和81.4%,全氮质量分数分别减少53.3%,60.0%和80.0%,全磷质量分数减少38.5%,61.5%和84.6%,且不同处理下3种土壤养分流失总量均比对照减少85%以上。     

黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分状态空间模拟

为探明黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系,该文用自回归状态空间模型和经典统计的线性回归模型对该区草地表层土壤含水率的分布状况进行了模拟。结果表明,状态空间方程可以应用于环境因素复杂的黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区,其拟合效果优于线性回归模型。单因素中基于饱和导水率的模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.936）;多因素模拟中以饱和导水率+海拔+凋落物模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.976）,可以很好地解释表层土壤水分的变异状况。自回归状态空间模型可用于研究黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区表层土壤水分与其他因素的空间关系。     

红壤侵蚀区水土保持植物配置模式

 为探索中国南方红壤侵蚀严重区水土流失快速治理的方法和途径,在江西省的修水、宁都、石城等县花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,对16种水土保持植物配置模式的植物生长状况、蓄水保土效益、改土增肥效益、经济效益4方面进行观测,通过建立评价模型,对不同人工植物群落配置模式的水土保持效益进行综合定量评价。结果表明:修水试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子+黄栀子、马尾松+木荷+泡桐+胡枝子,宁都试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子,石城试验区湿地松+枫香+胡枝子+硬骨草、湿地松+胡枝子+硬骨草和湿地松+胡枝子+百喜草配置模式各种效益表现优良,可以在同类地区大力推广。     

冬小麦冠层表面温度裂窗算法的筛选与土壤含水率监测

NOAA气象卫星的两个热红外通道可以用来反演地球表面温度,而地球表面温度可用于监测土壤含水率。该研究于2002年冬小麦主要生育期,应用9种裂窗算法反演了邯郸地区的地表温度,并用这一时期冬小麦地面观测的冠层表面温度进行验证,结果表明：9种方法中,UL92法比较适合邯郸平原区地表温度的反演,平均误差为-0.27℃,标准误差为2.66℃;并建议：对于山区和丘陵地带,如能使裂窗算法结合数字高程模型(DEM),也能使山区和丘陵地带的地表温度反演精度提高,最后以地面试验基础上所建立的冬小麦地表温度与土壤含水率间的回归拟合经验方程为基础,用UL92法反演的地表温度监测不同土层的土壤含水率,这是一种利用热红外遥感监测区域剖面土壤含水率的新方法的尝试,证明地面基础试验所建立的经验方程与遥感数据结合能监测区域土壤剖面的土壤含水率。     

Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content

This paper proposes a new method to measure the soil strength parameters at soil surface in order to explain the processes of soil erosion and sealing formation. To simulate the interlocks between aggregates or particles within top 2 mm of the soil, a piece of sandpaper (30 particles cm⁻²) was stuck on the bottom face of a plastic box of diameter of 6.8 cm with stiffening glue and used as shear media. The soil strength for the soils from sandy loam to clayey loam was measured with penetrometer and the new shear device at soil surface at different bulk density and soil water content. The normal stresses of 2, 5, 8, 10 and 20 hPa were applied for the new shear device. The results indicated that significant effect of bulk density on soil strength was detected in most cases though the difference in bulk density was small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g cm⁻³. It was also indicated that the measurement with the new shear device at soil surface was reproducible. The changes in soil shear strength parameters due to changes in bulk density and soil moisture were explainable with the Mohr–Coulomb’s failure equation and the principles of the effective stress for the unsaturated soils. The implications of the method were later discussed.     

利用热脉冲技术测量土壤表层含水率

准确测定表层土壤水分对陆地-大气间水热交换研究具有重要意义。由于对土壤结构影响轻微,热脉冲技术在原位监测含水率方面具有较大优越性,但目前田间应用集中在5 cm以下土层。该研究利用多针热脉冲传感器测定土壤容积热容量,然后基于热脉冲含水率法和热脉冲含水率变化法分别得到了3、9、21和39 mm的土壤含水率。结果表明,与烘干法含水率比较,热脉冲含水率变化法含水率在4个深度的均方根误差分别为0.022、0.006、0.004和0.006 m3/m3,均小于相应深度上热脉冲含水率法含水率的均方根误差。另外,热脉冲含水率变化法也降低了4个热脉冲传感器测定含水率的变异性。因此,热脉冲技术能够监测表层的土壤水分动态,表层土壤含水率的均方根误差在0.022 m3/m3以内。     

滴灌夏玉米土壤水分与蒸散量SIMDualKc模型估算

为研究西北半干旱地区作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发规律,以及土壤蒸发量占蒸散量的比例(简称蒸发占比),开展2 a夏玉米滴灌控水试验,设置正常灌水(W1)、适度水分亏缺(W2)和中度水分亏缺(W3)3个灌水水平.采用W2实测土壤水分数据对SIMDualKc模型进行参数率定,并采用W1和W3实测土壤水分数据对模型进行验证;进一步基于SIMDualKc模型对不同水分供应的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量、植株蒸腾和蒸散量进行定量模拟分析.结果表明,SIMDualKc模型可以较好地模拟西北半干旱区滴灌夏玉米不同水分供应条件下的土壤水分动态变化过程,实测值与模型预测值有较好的一致性(R2＞0.88,RMSE＜5％);夏玉米生长期,模型能较好地估算不同水分供应的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量和植株蒸腾.土壤蒸发主要集中在生育前期,而生育中期较低,后期略微升高.植物蒸腾主要集中在快速生长期和生长中期,整个生育期呈先增大后减小的趋势.蒸散量随着土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾的变化而变化,前期主要受土壤蒸发的影响,快速生长期、生长中期和后期主要受植物蒸腾的影响.Wl～W3处理土壤蒸发量为78.1～100.2 mm,植株蒸腾为221.8～293.3 mm,蒸散量为299.3～383.0 mm,蒸发占比为24.1％～28.7％.研究可为西北半干旱地区制定合理的夏玉米滴灌制度和灌溉决策提供理论依据.     

北川县在山区水土流失治理工作中的探索

2006-2008年度国家农发水保项目区四JlI省绵阳北川县都坝河项目区以"建设都坝贯岭万亩核桃基地"为目标,根据自身探索出的山区水土流失治理工作思路:以农发水保项目为龙头,国土、林业、农业等相关部门紧密配合,个体业主踊跃投入,项目区群众积极参与,以点带面、点面结合,全面开展了各项治理工作,从而探索出适合该地区水土流失治理的途径.