太阳入射角与果树株行距的关系

在泰安地区,以主干形桃树为例,研究太阳入射角（高度角、方位角）与果树株行距之间的关系,为合理选择株行距和干高提供理论依据。研究结果表明：在泰安及周边地区,根据太阳入射角、树体高度等综合分析,以主干形整枝的果园,成龄树高4 m,行距应选择4~5 m;根据干高与行距、株距的关系,在新建果园中以幼树干高1.0 m、成龄树干高0.8 m、株距2 m左右为宜。     

基于ITS条形码技术分析北京云蒙山杜鹃花属遗传多样性

为从分子生物学角度综合评价国内外杜鹃花属物种系统发育关系,采用北京云蒙山地区4个迎红杜鹃亚属的迎红杜鹃和1个杜鹃亚属的照白杜鹃为供试材料进行ITS序列测定,并与从Genbank数据库中得到杜鹃花属17种不同种源的ITS序列,对22种杜鹃花亚属供试材料ITS序列在选用K2模型,采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood method)构建系统进化树,分析杜鹃花亚属中各种源的系统位置,将供试杜鹃花亚属分为2大类5小类。22种供试材料均按照所属亚属被分到了不同分支,分类结果与传统的形态学分类结果较为一致。通过ITS序列比对发现,杜鹃花属的22份供试材料序列的一致性为95.29%,说明杜鹃花属ITS序列具有较高的保守性。同时,杜鹃花属的22份供试材料ITS序列均有不同程度的变异,共有80个有效变异位点,这些变异位点可以作为杜鹃花属种源的DNA指纹特异识别位点。为探讨北京云蒙山杜鹃花属种源的分类地位提供分子证据,对系统分析云蒙山杜鹃花属野生杜鹃群落的遗传多样性以及特异种质的保护、利用和开发具有重要意义。     

Incorporating Fault Tree Analysis into Event Tree Analysis for Failure of City Gas pipelines

The Event tree model for failure of city gas pipeline is established in this article according to the property of city gas,the fault tree analyses are incorporated into the event tree. The fault trees are used to analyze the causes and probabilities of the initial event and subsequent events, while the event tree is used to analyze the subsequent event of gas leaking and the probabilities of the consequential events. Thus, a comprehensive analysis method for failure of city gas pipeline and its hazard has been produced.     

Influence of information processing ability on human information system interaction efficiency

The essentiality of human information system interaction efficiency was analyzed under the computerization environment of enterprises. Information processing ability was measured from three dimensions: working memory, cognitive skill, and computer self efficacy. The experimental method was used to study the influence of information processing ability on human information system interaction efficiency. Multiple regression results show that cognitive skill is the main factor influencing interaction efficiency for skill based tasks, working memory is the main factor for rule based tasks, and working memory has no significant influence on interaction efficiency for knowledge based tasks. Working memory and computer self efficacy are the main factors influencing interaction efficiency for total tasks.     

Do floral resources influence pollination rates and subsequent fruit set in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cultivars?

Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeburn’, ‘Golden Reinders’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Wellant’) cultivars commonly grown in Belgium. We also investigated whether insect flower visitation rate and pollination efficiency are linked to floral resource quantity and quality. The pear cultivars flowered one week before the apple cultivars in early spring, and their flowers were about six times less visited by insects. The visitors foraged more on the pollen of the pear trees and the nectar of the apple trees. Pear flowers produced higher volumes of nectar than apple flowers (1.3–3.2 μl vs. 0.4-0.6 μl), but with lower sugar concentration (9.6%-10.8% vs. 28.3%-36.4%). Pear flowers also produced fewer pollen grains per anther than apple flowers (2425–4937 vs. 3284–7919), but these had higher polypeptide (346–362 μg/mg vs. 216–303 μg/mg), amino-acid (40–77 μg/mg vs. 12–18 μg/mg) and phytosterol (21–47 μg/mg vs. 15–43 μg/mg) concentrations. The foraging behavior of the insects is thus better explained by nectar and pollen quality rather than quantity. Despite the differences in flower visitation rates, pollination of both species resulted in valuable fruit production.     

园林景观树木健康状况评价与分析——以中国园林博物馆室外展园油松为例

摸清园博馆油松植株的生长和健康状况，及时准确发现植株存在的健康问题和潜在风险，为短期内实施紧急补救、调整干预措施以及制订长期的树木复壮管理和科学养护方案提供参考依据。本研究系统调查园博馆内栽植的79株油松基本生长和健康指标，计算其健康值、划分健康等级，对其整体健康状况进行评价。结果表明，园博馆室外展园内栽植的油松绝大部分健康状况表现良好，没有差和极差2个健康等级的植株，健康等级为中的植株为9株，占总株数的11.39%，健康等级为良和优的分别为63株和7株，占总株数的79.75%和8.86%。平地和缓坡立地环境下的油松健康状况整体表现优于山地立地环境下的油松表现。在树冠和树干方面的不佳表现，枝叶病虫害、叶斑或变色以及干部病虫害等问题是导致植株健康状况变差、健康值降低的关键指标因素。应围绕引发园博馆油松衰弱的病虫害关键问题，建立基于病虫害发生规律的综合防控措施。此外要以提高和改善油松植株立地条件为目标和导向，科学实施精细化养护管理措施，提高植株的生长势和树势。还应建立树木健康档案制度，加强对油松植株生长状况的定期监测巡查。     

Selection for adaptation in multipurpose trees and shrubs for production and function in agroforestry systems

Summary With the greater uniformity in site conditions in cultivated fields and higher levels of inputs (soil amendments and labour) for modern agroforestry systems, selection and breeding for optimal tree adaptation to site conditions and management practices call for strategies radically different from those for plantation forestry. Furthermore, specific requirements for the most efficient growth resource sharing arrangements between the tree and its companion crop call for evaluation both above-ground and below-ground tree growth characteristics in much greater details than has been the case for forestry practice.Specific adaptations in tree-soil relations are highlighted. Tree ideotype profiles are defined for a valuable fodder species (Calliandra calothyrsus) and a valuable timber species (Grevillea robusta). Results from half-sib progeny testing experiment on C. calothyrsus in alley farming system indicate differential adaptedness to frequent cutting for fodder production among the families after 6 cutting cycles (over a period of 2 years). If this differential response to frequent cutting among genotypes is confirmed, phyllomorphs which are more tolerant to this management practice could be selected for further improvement research.Excavation of 2 trees per family within G. robusta half-sib progeny testing experiments at two locations in Kenya provided the base for studying (a) variations in root growth patterns and (b) correlations between stem and root growth patterns in the background of efficient soil resource sharing strategies and of potentials for indirect selection for root growth characteristics. Analyses based on 7 categories of root growth and 7 categories of stem growth patterns involving 94 families selected in Australia and 60 families selected from landraces in Kenya indicate (a) insignificant variation among families in root growth patterns and (b) non existent or weak correlations between stem and root growth pattenrs.     

重庆大茶树资源新考

对重庆大茶树资源进行新考 ,结果表明在重庆 6县 (市、区 )尚存在大茶树 ,其中以南川、綦江、江津为多。它们大多生长在海拔 10 0 0～ 130 0m ,植株高大 ,主干挺拔 ,最高者达 11 78m ,最大胸围为 1 2 6m ,子房大多无毛 ,果皮一般粗糙 ,种子多为肾形 ,叶片为大叶或中叶 ,叶面光滑 ,叶尖延长 ,叶形多为椭圆和长椭圆形 ,抗寒性强 ,栅状组织多为 1层 ,大多具有巨大的骨状或树状石细胞。该文还对重庆大茶树资源的利用、保护及与茶树原产地的关系等问题进了讨论。     

The importance analysis of tool magazine fault and its reliability improved design

The reliability level of tool magazine is an important indicator to show how advanced a horizontal machining center is. To more effectively promote the reliability level of tool magazine,a new method combining importance and structure optimization is introduced. Taking tool magazine of a horizontal machinging as object, the fault tree of a tool magazine is established based on 35 failure data obtained from a horizontal machining center. Important levels of elementary events are calculated by fault tree analysis,and the order of importance is determined based on importance values. An improved design of structural reliability for elementary events with great importance is made according to failure principles and tool changing process. The feasibility of the improved design is verified by the designer of the tool magazine.     

鹅掌楸及其在园林绿化中的应用

鹅掌楸树形端直、叶形奇特、花朵酷似郁金香,是世界著名的观赏树种,利用历史悠久。依据相关文献概述了鹅掌楸的种质类型、分布特征,总结了其文化内涵和生态习性,重点阐述了鹅掌楸在园林绿化中的应用,并对进一步开发利用进行了展望     

古侧柏林土壤和植物营养元素含量与树势相关性研究

以北京市中山公园古侧柏为试验对象,对其生长地土壤和植物体内营养元素含量进行取样测定,分析了元素含量与树势的相关性。结果表明：不同长势古侧柏的树木其周边土壤的pH、水分含量、N、P、K、Ca和Mg的含量没有显著差异;古侧柏根系中除了休眠期的K含量在不同长势的古侧柏群体的差异达到显著外,其余大量营养元素含量没有显著差异;不同年龄的古侧柏叶片中Ca含量在生长期差异显著,其他大量元素和叶绿素及可溶性总糖的含量在生长期和休眠期差异均不显著。研究结果表明：使用古树的植物营养水平来表征古树的健康状况在目前有一定困难,古树的健康判断仍将长期依赖目视判断法。     

果树生产标准化的制约因素分析

果树生产标准化是中国果树业的出路和希望,但由于在实际工作中对制约果树生产标准化的因素分析不全面、不明晰而严重影响其顺利进行。文章通过分析果树生产的特点,果树标准化主体（果农和龙头企业）的经营意识、经营模式以及社会环境（如标准体系、监督检测体系、服务体系等）各种现实情况对果树生产标准化的影响,综合分析了果树生产标准化的重点、难点所在。同时通过对制约因素的分析,揭示出果树生产标准化是一项复杂的系统工程,需要各方面用标准化的思路去具体分析和解决工作中的问题,共同努力,协调配合,保证果树生产标准化的健康发展。     

橡胶树根际土壤浸提液的GC-MS分析

【研究目的】对橡胶树根际土壤浸提液进行了检测分析,以对橡胶树根系分泌物的组成进行初步探索。【方法】以正己烷为浸提剂浸提热研7．33．97橡胶树根际土壤,浸提液过滤、浓缩,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行了组分分析。【结果】从该浸提液中共检测分离了50种物质,对其中的36种进行了鉴定,主要是醇、酯、醛、烃、酮、酚、酸等物质。用峰面积归一化法确定了这些物质的相对含量,其中醇、烃、酯类的相对含量较高,分别为37．78％、23、78％、20．19％,占到检出面积的81．75％。【结论】从浸提液的组成成分来看,橡胶树的根际土壤中含有多种有机化合物,主要为醇、酯、醛、烃、酮、酚、酸等物质。这些物质可能来源于橡胶树的根系分泌。其中一些物质具有较为重要的生态学意义,另外一些物质可能在橡胶树的根际营养中起着重要作用。对这些物质的发生作用机制有待于进一步的深入研究。     

福建省“猪—沼—果”生态模式技术应用

“猪—沼—果”生态模式是生态农业建设的重要内容，同时也是治理农村散户养殖与规模化畜禽养殖场粪便污染的重要措施之一。根据福建省资源、气候特点，阐述和分析了“猪—沼—果”生态模式的分类、特点、应用及相关技术。     

海南省2007/2008年冬橡胶树寒害情况浅析

调查了海南省2007/2008年冬橡胶树寒害情况,从寒害的气候特点、生态类型区、品系（种）、树龄、地形、立地环境等方面对橡胶树寒害特征进行了分析,为海南的抗寒植胶、橡胶树新品种的应用积累了新的资料,并针对防寒抗灾提出建议。     

第2代胶园橡胶树营养诊断采样时间的研究

为了及时、准确地掌握橡胶树营养状况,选择更适宜的采样时间来进行营养诊断指导施肥,通过田间试验研究了2008年10月、2009年4月、7月3个不同采样时间橡胶树叶片营养的差异。结果表明：2009年4月的叶片N、P、Mg含量与2008年10月份呈极显著正相关,而K、Ca含量相关不显著;2009年7月份叶片N、P、Ca含量与2008年10月份呈显著正相关,且Mg含量呈极显著正相关,但K含量相关不显著;2009年7月份叶片N、K含量与2009年4月份相关不显著,而P含量呈显著正相关,Ca和Mg含量呈极显著正相关。进一步分析表明,以2008年10月份来预测的2009年4月份N、P、Mg含量值与2009年4月份的实测值呈极显著正相关。因此,以当年10月份作为营养诊断采样时间来指导翌年橡胶树氮、磷肥的施用是较为合理的。     

基于GIS的闽东地区晚熟果树生态区域选择方法之实现

350013福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所     

农杆菌介导果树遗传转化之研究进展

综述了农杆菌介导法在果树育种领域研究进展:(1)农杆菌介导的遗传转化在果树抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂、抗冻、抗盐、改良生长特性、生根等方面的研究成果:(2)对农杆菌介导的遗传转化存在的高效离体再生系统的建立、提高转化后再生频率、假转化体和低转化率、过敏性反应、开发基因资源、基因工程的生物安全性、多重转化等问题进行了分析;(3)农杆菌介导叶绿体遗传转化。非组培遗传转化已成为模式植物遗传转化的主要手段,在此简单介绍了其应用情况和技术原理。这些方法在其它植物中也有广阔的应用前景。     

凝冻期间茶园及茶树苗圃管理的技术措施

为加强凝冻期间茶园管理水平,提高茶叶质量,对茶园及茶树苗圃管理技术进行了介绍.