The chloride mask in COD determination of pickled mustard wastewater with high salt

Chlorides in the wastewater with high salt seriously interrupts the determination of chemical oxygen demand(COD). Therefore, chloride mask in wastewater has been an important and difficult issue in recent years. In the present work, experiment design is used for more accurate and precise COD determination method of pickled mustard wastewater. Two methods for masking chloride are adopted: HgSO4 masking method and AgNO3 masking method. After masking chloride, use the traditional reflux digestion method to test COD in the experimental sample. The results show that when the ratio of HgSO4 to Cl - is 40, the chloride mask results in a minimum error of 1.43%, and the minimum error is 0.21% when AgNO3 is used. Obviously, AgNO3 masking method is superior to HgSO4 masking method. However, when these two methods are used in pickled mustard wastewater, there is a COD value difference of 20 mg/L and HgSO4 masking method is more accurate. By considering the characteristics of the two methods above, a combined method is proposed, which AgNO3 is added equivalently according to the concentration of Cl - first, and then a few amounts of HgSO4 are added to prevent the free Cl - in wastewater. The facts show that combined method is more reliable.     

强启动真菌在牧草降解减容过程中的应用

为了加速牧草降解减容过程,选择了包括强启动真菌在内的3株具有较好降解牧草能力的真菌白腐菌、里氏木霉和强启动菌株QD-1作为外接真菌进行了牧草降解减容的研究。采用正交实验设计的方法对未灭菌牧草基质的降解减容条件进行了优化。结果表明最优的牧草降解减容条件为白腐菌接种量5%,里氏木霉接种量5%,强启动菌株QD-1接种量5%,尿素施用量1.6 g/kg,牧草基质含水量控制在60%。最优条件下发酵30天牧草的降解率达到45.6%。菌株QD-1经18SrDNA-26SrDNA ITS序列分析,鉴定为Pterula sp.。强启动菌株QD-1在牧草降解减容过程中不易受牧草中固有微生物的影响,在牧草基质中能迅速生长成为优势菌株,有利于实现降解减容过程的可控与标准化操作。该研究为外接真菌强化牧草降解减容的推广应用提供了一定的理论基础,同时也为农业生产过程中秸秆的处理提供了参考。     

黑花生衣色素热降解稳定性的研究

在pH3.4和pH4.5条件下,对黑花生衣色素花色苷溶液的热降解进行了定量试验研究,结果表明,黑花生衣花色苷的热降解符合动力学一级反应规律。pH3.4条件下黑花生衣花色苷活化能Ea为84.146kJ/mol,比pH4.5条件下所需Ea（67.993kJ/mol）大。在低pH值条件下有利于黑花生衣花色苷的保存,降低温度能明显地延长黑花生衣色素的半衰期。     

太阳光下TiO2光催化降解毒死蜱的动力学研究

笔者以太阳光为光源,研究了纳米TiO2降解毒死蜱的反应动力学,考察了纳米TiO2用量、毒死蜱起始浓度及溶液pH值对毒死蜱光催化降解速率的影响,旨在为将来实际生产中降解蔬菜、粮食、水果及农药废水中毒死蜱残留的污染提供依据。结果表明,TiO2最佳用量为50 mg/L;毒死蜱初始浓度越大,降解速率常数越小;在碱性条件下,有利于降解反应的进行。试验条件下毒死蜱的光催化降解符合一级反应动力学规律。     

Kinetics analysis of oxidation process of calcium sulfite in flue gas desulfurization technology

The oxidation of calcium sulfite directly affect the final rate of flue gas desulfurization, but the study on the expression of oxidation rate is still in a dispute. Ferrous catalytic oxidation kinetics of calcium sulfite has been studied with experiments in the oxidation stimulant which is 1.2 m diameter and 1.2 m height. The reaction order of bisulfite ion, ferrous ion and dissolved oxygen were 1, 0.5 and 0 respectively, and the activation energy was 54.52 kJ·mol-1. A kinetic model for the oxidation process of flue gas desulfurization technology has also been set up based on the Fick law and double film theory. Reaction order of bisulfite ion, ferrous ion and dissolved oxygen were 1, 0.5 and 0, and the activation energy was 53.85 kJ·mol-1. With the results of experiment and model, the precision of the model is high with relative error of 1.22%.     

PAC与PAM复合絮凝剂处理泡菜废水

采用絮凝法对泡菜废水进行了试验,分别考察了絮凝剂的种类、助凝剂的种类、PAM分子量、投加方式、pH值、温度、搅拌转速等条件对泡菜废水絮凝处理效果的影响,为泡菜废水的后期生化处理提供了帮助的同时也可为泡菜厂实际絮凝处理提供一定的参考。在含大量NaCl的泡菜废水中,利用PAM网捕、架桥功能完善了PAC单独作用下絮体细小松散的缺陷,改善了絮凝和沉降性能。研究结果表明：PAC用量150 mg/L,PAM用量25 mg/L,pH6,温度30 ℃,250 r/min快搅2 min,90 r/min慢搅2 min,静置30 min后泡菜废水COD、浊度去除率分别达到了37.7%、96.7%。     

Inheritance of trichome density in Ethiopian mustard leaves

A pubescent mutant of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun), N2-9531, was developed from the glabrous line C-101. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of trichome density in this mutant. Plants of N2-9531 and C-101 were reciprocally crossed and F₁, F₂, and BC₁F₁ generations were analysed for trichome density. The average trichome density differed in the reciprocal F₁ and F₂ generations, indicating partial cytoplasmic effects. The trichome density of F₁ plants was lower than the midparent value, revealing a partial dominance of absence over high trichome density. Segregation in the F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations approximated 1:4:6:4:1 and 1:2:1 ratios, respectively indicating that two independent loci (H ₁ and H ₂) acting in an additive manner contributed equally to the expression of trichome density. The proposed genotypes were h ₁ h ₁ h ₂ h ₂ for N2-9531 and H ₁ H ₁ H ₂ H ₂ for C-101. The simple inheritance of this trait should facilitate the transfer of leaf pubescence to other Ethiopian mustard lines. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

米根霉以木糖为碳源发酵产L-乳酸的动力学

研究不同浓度木糖对米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸的影响;建立木糖为碳源的米根霉发酵产L-乳酸的动力学模型,并进行验证。结果显示,木糖质量浓度为100g/L,米根霉在发酵72h时,L-乳酸产量达到最高为51.67g/L;发酵周期延长至144h,发酵132h,乳酸产量最高为71.55g/L。应用Matlab软件对发酵动力学方程关键参数进行求解,建立动力学模型,所建模型与实验数据能较好地吻合(R2≥0.98)。     

壳聚糖锰配合物的吸附动力学

为了更好地发挥壳聚糖与锰本身独特的生物活性,将壳聚糖与锰盐反应,制备了壳聚糖锰配合 物。采用分光光度法测定了锰的含量,研究了壳聚糖对锰的吸附动力学行为。结果表明,在一定浓度 范围内,壳聚糖（CTS）对锰的吸附符合Langmuir 和Freundlich 等温吸附模型,pH=3.5 时吸附20 h 的饱和 吸附量为Qmax=3.099 g/g,吸附平衡常数K=120.4 L/g,吸附焓变ΔH=16.81 kJ/mol。在35℃时,壳聚糖对 锰的吸附符合吸附动力学一级反应方程,且求得吸附表观活化能Ea=29.08 kJ/mol,初始锰质量浓度为1 g/L 时,Langmuir 一级速率常数k 为0.396 h-1。试验为壳聚糖锰配合物的进一步应用研究工作,提供了一 些基础理论数据。     

Isolation of induced mutants in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) with low levels of erucic acid

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) is a potential oil crop for the rain-fed Mediterranean area. However, its usage is limited by the high erucic and high glucosinolate content of the oil and meal, respectively. In the course of a mutagenesis programme, an agronomically good line of Ethiopian mustard was treated with EMS in order to widen the natural variability of nutritional traits in this species. As a result of this programme several low erucic mutants were isolated; two of these mutants showed erucic acid values in the M4 generation in the range 5–10% of total fatty acids. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (N1RS) was successfully applied as a rapid screening method for erucic acid in this breeding programme.     

Kinetics Characteristics of Resolving of Rock Salt of Changshan in Dynamic State

Kinetics characteristics of resolving of rock salt of Changshan in dynamic state have been studied by using conductance method and equipment made by ourself. The results show that the quantitative relationship between conductance(L) or concentration (c) of resolving solution in the process of resolving of rock salt and time t ( kinetics equation )is analogous to Langmuir equation for different flows in ambient temperature.Constant E or a increases with the increase of the flow( V ), whereas constant F or b constant decreases. The above 4 constants in dynamic state are smaller than those in static state.     

不同储藏温度下玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化的动力学研究

以新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱(24°Brix)为原料,以亮度L*值、红值a*、黄值b*、色差值△E、褐变指数和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量为考察指标,研究不同贮藏温度(10、25、35℃)对新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化的影响,并在此基础上建立新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化动力学模型,以预测玻璃罐装番茄酱褐变程度。结果表明:玻璃罐装番茄酱的色泽参数L*值、a*值、b*值变化符合一级动力学反应,色差值△E符合零级动力学反应,褐变指数和5-羟甲基糠醛含量变化在25℃和35℃下符合一级动力学反应。褐变指数、5-羟甲基糠醛含量、L*值、红值a*、黄值b*和色差值△E等各指标变化的活化能分别为74.30、65.22、45.46、55.72、102.26和64.21 kJ/mol。     

冻存茶鲜叶多酚氧化酶动力学特性研究

采用分光光度法对冻存处理的茶树鲜叶的多酚氧化酶(PPO)进行了活性测定,研究了底物浓度、pH值及温度对冻存茶鲜叶PPO活性的影响,建立了茶树鲜叶冻存-萎凋过程的反应动力学方程.结果表明,冻存茶鲜叶PPO酶活的最适条件为:pH值介于4.6～5.0之间,温度35～60℃.由Michelis-Menten方程1/v=1.16...     

不同茬次的苜蓿干草在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律的研究

摘要：选择装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体重500 kg 左右并且均处于泌乳后期的3头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,用尼龙袋法研究了不同茬次苜蓿干草的干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维（NDF),酸性洗涤纤维（ADF),在奶牛瘤胃内的降解变化规律。结果表明:在相同培养时间段内,不同茬次的苜蓿干草CP降解率依次降低(第一茬>第二茬>第三茬>第四茬),差异显著(P<0.05);NDF,ADF,粗脂肪降解率依次升高（第一茬<第二茬<第三茬<第四茬).差异显著（P<0.05)。     

发展涪陵榨菜的制约因素与推进措施

强化食品质量安全问题,对传统榨菜行业是一个挑战,国家对三峡库区产业加大了投入,对发展涪陵榨菜又是一个好机遇。分析机遇与挑战各因素,找出制约涪陵榨菜发展的因素:榨菜质量、废水处理等,积极采取措施,推广传统风脱水工艺,生产榨菜酱油,集中建池等,提高榨菜产品的质量,提升整个榨菜产业技术水平。     

The effect of volatile component on the heat value of wastewater and sludge samples from WWTP

The municipal wastewater biology treatment process includes both pollutants transferring and energy utilization. The wastewater and sludge samples of several WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) in Chongqing are investigated. The heat value, volatile component and element content of those samples are determined. The effect of volatile component on heat value is analyzed. The results show that it has a good correlation between volatile component and heat value. The heat value has a negative correlation with volatile component when volatile component is below 30%, while it has a positive correlation with volatile component when volatile component is above 37%. The heat value is also calculated by the Dulong formula. The conclusions are pretty close: heat value has a negative correlation with volatile component when volatile component is below 28.26%, while has a positive correlation with it when volatile component is above 28.26%. It indicates that the analysis method for heat value of wastewater and sludge in this paper is effective, and it can be used in wastewater measurement.     

Leguminous Cover Crop Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils

Soils were collected from an experimental site (initiated in 1991) at which leguminous crops were grown as natural soil cover in the interspaces of a 19‐year‐old coconut plantation. Atylosia scarabaeoides, Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides and Pueraria phaseoloides were grown in separate plots during the rainy season and ploughed into the soil towards the end of the monsoon (in December every year). Soil samples were collected from this site at the end of the 7th year and incubated in PVC columns at 35 ± 1°C and 0.01 MPa moisture content for 36 weeks. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks and nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics were determined by the double exponential model. The N mineralization rates were highest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. Soils amended (in situ ploughing) with cover crops leached 191 mg kg^–1 more NO₃^– + NO₂^–‐N than the unamended control. The per cent organic N mineralized (total and net) and the cumulative inorganic N mineralized (NO₃^– + NO₂^–‐N) varied with the amount (biomass) and type of cover crop incorporated into the soil. In general, soils amended with cover crops had greater N mineralization potentials and rate constants than the unamended control. The kinetic parameters N_oS and N_o(1 – S) and their respective rate constants h and k also varied with the amount and type of cover crops incorporated into the soil. The results further indicated that the lignin + polyphenol : N ratio of the cover crops is extremely important in predicting the rate of decomposition and N mineralization in soils.     

Meso-scale numerical investigation on the crack process of concrete cover induced by rebar non-uniform corrosion

Concrete cover cracking induced by corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major influencing factor for durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures. In order to investigate the cracking process of concrete cover induced by rebar corrosion, the heterogeneity of concrete meso-structure and non-uniformity of rebar corrosion are accounted for. The undamaged concrete is assumed to be a three-phase composite material composed of aggregate, mortar matrix and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). And a concrete random aggregate structure is established for the study on the mechanical behavior of the non-uniform radial corrosion expansion. In the present simulations, non-uniform radial displacement is adopted to simulate the non-uniform corrosion of the rebar; the plasticity damaged model is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the mortar matrix and the ITZ, and the aggregate is assumed to be elastic. The cracking of concrete cover due to the non-uniform corrosion of the middle located rebar is numerically simulated. The comparison of the analysis and the test result on failure pattern of cover concrete shows fairly good agreement. And then the failure patterns under uniform corrosion and non-uniform corrosion obtained from the macro-scale homogeneous model and the meso-scale heterogeneous model are compared. Furthermore, the influences of concrete cover thickness and rebar diameter on the failure pattern of concrete cover, the expansive pressure and the corrosion rate of the rebar when cover concrete cracks are investigated.     

Strategies of salvation: Evangelical Christian praxis and sites of degradation in Sri Lanka

This paper demonstrates how disasters create sites of degradation – potent spaces of upheaval and engagement – that are readily filled and exploited by evangelical Christian groups. In doing so, it explores how disasters provide opportunities for evangelical groups to gain a foothold in localities where Christian presence, and evangelical praxis, may otherwise be restricted. Drawing on qualitative data collected in Sri Lanka throughout 2010–2011, two comparative case studies are presented that reveal the strategies of evangelical Christian praxis in and through sites of environmental and political degradation. Specifically, the case studies reveal how evangelical groups pursue ‘outside‐in’ and ‘inside‐out’ strategies of salvation, which, by blurring the boundaries of religion and relief, can lead to the formation of new hierarchies of power.