Endogenous plant growth substances content in young fruits of seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin as related to fruit set and development

The content of plant growth substances in the fruits of seedless (‘Fino’) and seeded (‘Monreal’) Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during the early stages of development was investigated. Auxin-like substances were determined with the oat mesocotyl bioassay, gibberellin-like substances with the α-amylase bioassay, and abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography—electron capture detector. Methanolic extracts of fruits of seedless Clementine had higher content of auxin-like compounds in the acidic and butanolic fractions than the seeded Clementine extracts. In particular, a compound with R_f 0–0.25 in the chromatograms may be involved in the parthenocarpic fruit set development of ‘Fino’ Clementine ovaries. Diffusable gibberellin-like compounds (R_f 0.8–1.0), probably produced in the developing seeds, were obtained from seeded Clementine fruits after the time of anthesis. The content of ABA in the fruits was always low in ‘Monreal’ Clementine, whereas in fruits of ‘Fino’ Clementine and of ‘Monreal’ without seeds it increased dramatically after anthesis. It is suggested that the control of fruit set and development in Clementine mandarin is carried out through an equilibrium between auxin-like substances (‘Fino’) or gibberellin-like substances (‘Monreal’) and ABA.     

影响番茄兼性单性结实及果实发育的因素

兼性单性结实番茄Severianin,RP75/59,PSet 1,Oregon Spring和Santiam可在不利环境条件下自然结果,但用植物生长调节剂点花能显著促进结果,而非单性结实番茄在相同条件下自然坐果率极低。人工蕾期辅助授粉能显著提高单性结实番茄的坐果率和单果种子数,并降低其单性结实率。去雄处理导致 Severianin和Oregon Spring的坐果率显著降低,而去雄同时授无生活力花粉能使 RP75/59的坐果率显著提高,但这两处理对其它品种的坐果率无明显影响。单性结实番茄的单果重与果内有无种子以及种子多少无明显相关,但大果型品种OregonSpring无籽果实有更高的平均单果重。     

Mechanism of seedlessness in Iranian seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma)

Species of barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma) is cultivated in arid and semi arid areas of Iran (South Khorasan province). It is widely used as a food additive. Fruits of this species are seedless, while wild type barberries produce seeds in the same area. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of seedlessness in seedless barberry by pollen viability test, field pollination experiments and microscopic observation of pollen tube growth in pistil and ovule development. For comparison, we also examined ovule development in wild type barberry (B. crataegina DC). In seedless barberry pollen germination was about 54%. Seedless barberry produced 20% seeded fruits when pollinated with pollen of wild type barberry. There was a sharp decrease in fruit set in emasculated unpollinated flowers of seedless barberry. In seedless barberry, a large number of pollen grains (about 370) were observed on stigma of each flower at 12 h after balloon stage (ABS). Most of them germinated and penetrated intracellular area of stigma surface, but no pollen tube reached ovary. In seedless barberry, many ovules did not have any embryo sac or had a very small incomplete embryo sac. In addition, unfused polar nuclei were clearly recognized in some cases at 14 days after full bloom (AFB). However, in wild type, double fertilization was accompanied by disappearance of polar nuclei. In seeded barberry, the cellularized endosperm became apparent at seven days AFB. At 21 days AFB, all ovules of seedless barberry were degenerated, while at the same time in wild type, one or two ovules of each flower were normal and were developing into complete seeds. Results showed that self-incompatibility has a main role in seedlessness of seedless barberry. However, the high frequency of abnormal ovules and single fertilization can be considered as two other reasons of seedlessness. Due to our results, fruits of seedless barberry were set by stimulative parthenocarpy.     

Parthenocarpic fruit production in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) by using gibberellic acid

This study evaluates the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) in inducing parthenocarpy in ‘Algerie’ loquat, as well as the optimum treatment conditions and associated techniques, hand thinning and ringing, to produce seedless fruit with high enough quality for fresh consumption. GA₃ applied in the course of the phenological growth stages 504–508 of the BBCH-scale produced seedless fruits, with the magnitude of the response depending on the concentration applied and number of treatments. Percentage of panicles bearing seedless fruitlets significantly increased with increasing GA₃ concentrations up to 100 mg l⁻¹ and significantly and positively correlated with the number of treatments applied. Trees treated three times with 100 mg l⁻¹ developed more than 90% of panicles bearing almost 7 seedless fruits per panicle, which were smaller in size, drier and slightly acid but similar in TSS concentration and skin colour than seeded fruits from untreated trees. Fruit thinning to 3 fruits per panicle did not increase seedless fruit size, but ringing performed at the onset of cell enlargement stage, growth stage 702 of the BBCH-scale, significantly increased fruit size by 12–15%, depending on the year. Trees treated three times with 100 mg l⁻¹ of GA₃ and ringed produced 26 kg, on average, of seeded fruit of suitable commercial quality.     

荔枝果实发育期间内源激素含量的变化

对‘无核荔枝’果实生长及无核荔枝与有核荔枝（淮枝）内源激素动态进行比较研究。结果表明,无核荔枝果实生长模式与有核荔枝不同,果实鲜重的增加主要在果实发育后期。果皮细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）及赤霉素（ＧＡ１＋３）的含量动态与淮枝果皮相似。在果实发育前期,无核荔枝果实脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量高、ＧＡ１＋３含量低;生长素（ＩＡＡ）含量在果实发育中期以后比有核荔枝高,而ＡＢＡ维持在较低的水平,无核荔枝中后期落果率低与ＡＢＡ含量低及ＩＡＡ含量高密切相关。     

无籽西瓜果实不同部位瓜氨酸含量测定

为了研究三倍体无籽西瓜果实不同部位瓜氨酸含量,测定了6个红瓤和1个黄瓤无籽西瓜品种果实不同部位瓜氨酸含量,并对红瓤西瓜整瓜贮藏60d后瓜氨酸含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:无籽西瓜品种间果实瓜氨酸含量差异明显;西瓜果实不同部位瓜氨酸含量有很大差异,中间部位大于近皮部。整瓜室温贮藏60d后无籽西瓜果实不同部位瓜氨酸含量略有增加,近皮部增加速度较中部慢,增加率达6%～28%。     

Physiological Studies During the Growth and Development of Different Varieties of Guavas (Psidium Guajava L.)

In a study of three seed-bearing varieties of guava and one seedless variety changes in size and specific gravity and in the content of water, titratable acid, reducing and non-reducing sugars, tannins, pectin, and ascorbic acid were recorded at intervals from fruit-set to harvest. Respiration rates were also determined during this period.

Patterns of change were generally similar in seeded and unseeded varieties, though the sugars and ascorbic acid contents rose earlier and to higher levels in the seedless than in the seeded, and the fruits matured and fell from the trees earlier.

Increasing ascorbic acid content, concurrent with declining pectin content in the seeded varieties, is consistent with the hypothesis that pectin degradation and ascorbic acid are linked, but in the seedless variety a rapid rise in the ascorbic acid content occurred during a period of pectin accumulation. The end of the initial rapid decline in respiration rate generally coincided with the beginning of reducing-sugar accumulation.     

荔枝三种结实类型内源激素的平衡与坐果机理

首次引入内源激素平衡[(1AA+GAs+CTK)/ABA]概念,比较分析了荔枝三种类型果实(大核、小核、无核)内源激素平衡的动态变化;揭示了无核果在花后3d相对高水平的生长促进类激素(IAA+GAs+CTK)及花后ABA水平的持续下降是其具有单性结实能力的主要原因;同时,揭示了坐果期低水平的IAA、GAs及相对较低的(IAA+GAs+CTK)/ABA值是小核品种严重生理落果的主要原因;并比较了荔枝果实各组成部分(果皮、假种皮、种子)内源激素平衡的差异,认为胚的正常发育对维持荔枝果实后期的生长发育有重要意义,是大核品种后期生理落果较少的内部生理基础。     

GA3 诱导的单性结实‘宁海白’白沙枇杷糖代谢的研究

 研究了花蕾期GA₃ 0.5、1.0 g·L ^{- 1}处理诱导的单性结实‘宁海白’无核白沙枇杷的糖积累与代谢特性。结果表明: 两种浓度的GA3 诱导的无核枇杷中, 其蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和总糖的含量均低于正常有核果, 并随处理浓度的增加而下降, 其中成熟时处理与对照之间各种糖的含量差异达到显著水平。不同浓度GA₃ 处理后, 果实中蔗糖代谢酶( SS、SPS、转化酶) 、己糖代谢酶(HXK、FRK) 和山梨醇脱氢酶( SDH) 等的活力均低于正常有核果, 并随处理浓度的增加而下降。上述结果表明, GA₃ 诱导无核, 导致果实糖代谢酶活力的下降, 是无核枇杷果实含糖量下降的主要因子。     

无籽西瓜果实不同部位糖含量测定

为了研究三倍体无籽西瓜不同部位糖含量,对6个红瓤和1个黄瓤无籽西瓜品种果实不同部位果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量进行了测定,并对红瓤西瓜整瓜贮藏60d后的损失率进行了研究。结果表明:不同无籽西瓜品种之间果实的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量差异明显。果实不同部位的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量有很大差异,中间部位大于近皮部。3个无籽西瓜品种整瓜室温贮藏60d后不同部位的果糖和总糖损失率为20%～80%,葡萄糖损失率为10%～60%,蔗糖损失率为1%～25%。红瓤无籽西瓜果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量之比约是5∶3∶1,黄瓤无籽西瓜约是6∶3∶1。     

种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚珠发育及败育的关系

为探明种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚败育的关系,以种子败育型葡萄和有核对照品种自交果实为试材,研究了不同胚胎发育时期胚珠内源多胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,除有核葡萄Spm含量在胚发育过程中始终表现上升趋势外,葡萄胚珠内源PAs、Put和Spd含量均表现为先升后降的变化趋势。种子败育型葡萄的内源PAs、Put和Sp...     

Temperature effects on male fertility and flower and fruit development in Capsicum annuum L.

Temperature conditions strongly influenced the development of flowers and fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Low temperatures (LTR; 18°C day/15°C night) had much more effect on flowers and fruits than intermediate (ITR; 23°C day/18°C night) or high (HTR; 28°C day/23°C night) temperatures. LTR caused the formation of abnormal petals, stamens and gynoecium in the flowers. Stamens produced were deformed, in some cases partly carpel-like, produced abnormal non-viable pollen, and were thus functionally male-sterile. In the gynoecium, the ovary size of LTR-grown flowers was larger than that of ITR and HTR flowers, but the style elongation was inhibited. Fruits produced under HTR were larger than ITR and were seeded under both temperature regimes. Under LTR, small seedless fruits were produced, but normal seeded fruits were formed if flowers were pollinated with pollen from ITR- or HTR-grown flowers.     

两个胚败育率不同的枣品种果实生育期内源激素的变化

 以胚轻度败育的冬枣和胚高度败育的梨枣为试材, 用高效液相色谱法对其果肉和种子的内源激素进行了测定。结果表明, 梨枣果肉在坐果后20 d 以内的玉米素(Z) 含量及坐果后30 d 以内的GA3 、IAA 含量皆高于冬枣果肉, ABA 出现较冬枣早40 d , 冬枣种子Z 含量在坐果后20 d 达到最高值, 远高于冬枣果肉; GA3 一直保持很低水平。冬枣种子IAA 在坐果后40 d 达到最高峰, 以后一直保持较高水平, 远高于冬枣果肉; IAA/ GA3 、IAA/ Z值直至坐果后55 d、40 d 保持低水平, 但之后急剧提高。梨枣坐果后10 d ,无仁果肉的3 种生长类激素含量皆高于有仁果。幼果果肉中高水平的生长类激素不利于胚的正常发育, 而幼胚中高水平的Z和IAA 有利于胚的正常发育。     

大果宝对“世纪无核”葡萄果实生长发育的影响

以“世纪无核”葡萄为试材,研究不同浓度大果宝对果实生长及品质的影响.结果表明:7月5～20日是“世纪无核”葡萄果实迅速膨大期,花后10～15 d,用大果宝每包兑水7.5 L+海藻素浸果的使用效果最佳,表现为单穗重最重,硬度最大,主穗梗最粗,果粒大小适中,可溶性固形物含量无明显下降.     

黄瓜畸形果种类及其发生规律研究

为了明确黄瓜畸形果产生的原因和发生规律,以不同类型的8个黄瓜品种为试验材料,对田间黄瓜畸形果种类及其不同采收时期的发生率进行了详细调查,并分析了其产生的原因。结果表明:(1)黄瓜畸形果主要类型有曲形瓜、尖嘴瓜、大肚瓜、蜂腰瓜、瘦肩瓜和钩子瓜6种,其中除无籽黄瓜外,大肚瓜所占比例最高,其次是曲形瓜和尖嘴瓜,钩子瓜比例最低;(2)不同品种黄瓜畸形果发生率差异显著,其中超市2号品种畸形果发生率最低,其次是无籽黄瓜和南抗1号,美洲豹品种畸形果发生率最高;(3)不同采收时期黄瓜畸形果发生率不同,前期和中期黄瓜畸形果发生率低,后期发生率高。     

Seed abortion of ‘Tosa-Buntan’ pummelo pollinated with soft-X-irradiated pollens

Cross-pollination was performed with soft-X-irradiated hyuga-natsu pollens (1000 Gy) for ‘Tosa-Buntan’ pummelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck). This resulted in the transformation of large and complete seeds into small and empty ones (practically seedless). Although fruit set, fruit retention, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titratable acidity of the juice were not affected, decrement in the fruit size was observed. Two weeks after the pollination, endosperm cell division with free nuclei began in both the non-irradiated and irradiated pollen treatment conditions. Seven weeks after pollination, endosperm division with the cell wall occurred in the non-irradiated pollen treatment conditions; however, the endosperm development ceased in most ovules that underwent the irradiated pollen treatment, and the ovules remained in their free nuclear stage. The delayed degeneration of the ovules, following successful fertilization and commencement of endosperm cell division, allow these seedless fruits to be categorized as pseudo-parthenocarpic.     

GA和CPPU对枇杷无核果品质的影响

以６～１０ 年生的几个枇杷品种为试材,进行ＧＡ＋ ＣＰＰＵ 不同的浓度、使用时期和时期组合试验,结果表明：用ＧＡ１ ０００ ｍ ｇ·ｌ－ １处理花蕾,再用ＧＡ１ ０００ ｍ ｇ·ｌ－ １＋ ＣＰＰＵ２０ ｍ ｇ·ｌ－ １在花后１ 月下旬、２ 月下旬、３ 月下旬分期喷果３ 次,是增大无核果和防止无核果落果的重要措施;无核果率１００ ％ ,无核果单果重与对照正常果单果重差异不显著,其果肉厚、可食率均极显著高于对照,生理病果较少;可溶性固形物含量极显著低于对照,果形指数显著大于对照,成熟较迟。并探讨了上述处理所产生的无核果存在问题的对策     

Evaluation of 22 populations achieved from controlled crossing between some seeded × seedless grapevine cultivars

Grapevine is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. A program for the producing new table and raisin grape cultivars was started with evaluation of 90 cultivars which ended up to selection of six superior seeded cultivars as female parents and four seedless cultivars as male parents. In this study, 381 progenies originating from 22 cross combinations were evaluated when they were five and six years old during 2006 and 2007. According to seed or seed trace fresh weight, progenies were classified into four classes including completely seedless, semi-seedless, semi-seeded and completely seeded. Average seed/seed trace weight (in four classes) were 10.88, 22.47, 33.59 and 48.55 mg, respectively. As a result, 42 genotypes (11%) were considered as completely seedless, 52 genotypes (13.6%) as semi-seedless, 92 genotypes (24.1%) as semi-seeded and eventually 195 genotypes (51.2%) as completely seeded.     

Direct and indirect effects of seed related characters on number of seed in guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits

Dessert quality of guava fruit is considerably reduced by high seed content. Number of seeds in guava is associated with different seed and fruit characters. Influence of different seed characters on number of seeds per fruit (NSPF) was studied by analysing character association and direct and indirect effects on NSPF and seed related traits for 68 genotypes of guava collected from diverse sources and conserved at National Active Germplasm Site, CISH, Lucknow. Seed related characters were studied at the colour break stage of the fruits using image analysis software for counting number of seeds. The data was subjected to path analysis to find out direct and indirect effects of different characters on number of seeds in the fruits. At genotypic and phenotypic levels, NSPF was significantly and positively associated with seed weight per fruit (SWPF), number of seeds 100 g⁻¹ pulp (NSPHP) and fruit weight (FW). The genotypic (0.0029) and phenotypic (0.0563) residual values were fairly very low, which revealed that variables included in this study had significant contribution in determining NSPF. The NSPHP exhibited high positive direct effect on NSPF. The maximum direct response (P = 0.737, G = 1.004) of this component was attributed to the indirect positive effects of the SWPF and fruit:seed weight proportion (FSWP). SWPF also had a very high positive direct effect (P = 0.521, G = 0.694) on the NSPF. Correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that SWPF, NSPHP and 100-seed weight (100SW) were deciding factors for realizing improvement for NSPF. The importance of small seeded genotypes in selection of less seeded varieties was emphasized.     

人工授粉对永嘉早香柚果实发育与贮藏品质的影响

永嘉早香柚是浙江温州地方名柚,具单性结实能力,可在无授粉品种混植时结无籽果,也可经人工授粉处理形成有籽果。研究表明,未授粉果实具有无籽优势,但糖酸指标则逊于授粉果。正常采收期(花后165d)未授粉果实果肉可溶性糖含量比授粉果低4.72mg/gFW,而果汁pH低0.07。75d贮藏期间果肉可溶性糖含量无明显变化,而果汁pH趋于上升,授粉果果汁pH上升0.29而未授粉果仅上升0.19。授粉果实在45d贮藏期间未发生明显枯水,而且不溶性膳食纤维含量下降38.10%,而未授粉果实贮藏期间易发生枯水,贮藏45d后枯水指数达0.5,不溶性膳食纤维含量上升至2.33mg/gFW,为同期授粉果实的2.56倍。未授粉果实枯水发生前期汁囊组织出汁率无明显下降而严重枯水(贮藏45d)时下降至64.08%(贮藏前为75.70%)。人工授粉显著改善了永嘉早香柚果实品质。