1957-2000年滹沱河流域径流深变化分析

以滹沱河流域为研究对象,以五台山、原平、阳泉、石家庄四个气象站44年的年均气温、年降水量数据和南庄水文站的径流深观测资料为基础,应用线性回归法和Mann-Kendall趋势检验法,对滹沱河流域径流深和降雨量进行了趋势分析。结果表明:1957-2000年,滹沱河流域径流深呈现显著下降趋势,Z值为-3.41,变化倾向率为-1.042 3 mm/a;1980年以后,气温上升,降雨量下降,加之人为活动加剧,共同导致径流深较之前减少了25.19 mm。     

淮北平原农田暴雨径流过程的尺度效应

基于1997-2007年汛期11场暴雨径流观测数据,对比淮北平原不同集水面积(1 600 m2、6 hm2、和1.36 km2)尺度下的农田暴雨产流过程差异,并分析其主要影响因素,探索农田暴雨径流过程尺度效应。结果表明,相同次暴雨下小尺度单位面积上的洪峰流量明显高于大尺度和中尺度,而径流深小于后两者,引起该差异的主要因素可能在于小尺度下缺乏地下水出流条件且植被截留能力相对较强。中尺度和大尺度间的暴雨径流过程相似,但中尺度下的径流深和单位面积洪峰流量都大于大尺度,大尺度径流场对径流的滞蓄能力相对较强可能是其主要原因。     

黄土裸坡降雨产流过程试验研究

采用人工模拟降雨试验法对黄土裸坡降雨产流过程进行了研究。结果表明:(1)坡面径流强度随降雨过程的变化可用对数相关方程进行描述,10~15min是径流强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;(2)坡度对坡面径流深的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,25°左右是径流深随坡度变化的转折点;(3)坡长对坡面径流深的影响可用对数相关方程进行表述,80cm是径流深随坡长变化的转折点;(4)雨强对径流深的影响可用线性相关方程进行描述,雨强与坡度2个因子共同作用时,坡度的作用几乎完全被雨强所掩盖;(5)坡度、坡长及降雨强度对坡面径流深的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,其中,降雨强度对坡面径流深的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子。     

清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及关键影响因素

[目的]揭示水沙对关键环境因子的响应规律，以期为促进黄河流域水土保持综合治理提供理论基础。[方法]利用清水河流域场次洪量和输沙量数据，基于径流侵蚀功率理论和随机森林等方法系统分析了清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及其关键影响因素。[结果]流域产洪输沙量呈现显著的空间分异特性，影响不同子流域洪水输沙过程的主要参量有所区别。随机森林结果表明在小量级洪水频发的区域主要影响因素为径流深、洪水历时与洪峰流量，而在中量级洪水频发的区域则分别为径流深、洪峰流量与平均流量。在侵蚀产沙的解释变量中引入表征径流过程的复合指标更能综合体现天然降水和流域下垫面属性对次洪过程侵蚀产沙的影响，其拟合精度相较于传统的径流-输沙关系更高。[结论]相比于传统的径流深、平均流量或者洪峰流量等单一径流参量指标，径流侵蚀功率更适宜描述次洪尺度水沙关系。     

锦巧径流小区坡面土壤侵蚀特征研究

以锦巧径流小区产流产沙数据为基础,综合考虑植被、土壤和降水因素,系统分析了水土流失与不同坡度之间的相互关系.结果表明:随坡度的增加土壤侵蚀量和径流深逐渐增大,20°坡面达到最大值;平均雨强与径流深均值存在显著正相关性,随雨强的增加径流深不断增大;降水特征、土壤特征、地表植被等因素均可对土壤侵蚀量产生较大影响,随雨强的增...     

黄土高原小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙分段预报模型研究

建立具有广泛适用性的流域尺度侵蚀产沙预报模型是土壤侵蚀和水土保持研究的前沿领域。本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第一副区岔巴沟流域为例,建立了流域侵蚀产沙人工神经网络模型,并运用缺省因子检验法分析各因子对流域侵蚀产沙的敏感程度;建立了基于敏感因子与分形信息维数的流域次降雨侵蚀产沙分段预报模型,并加以验证。研究表明,人工神经网络模型具有较高的精度,能够很好地定量描述流域水沙耦合关系;径流侵蚀功率和径流深对流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的敏感程度与流域地貌形态的复杂程度有关;以分形信息维数为界限,分段引入径流侵蚀功率和径流深,当Di0.8308时,采用径流侵蚀功率预测精度要高于采用径流深的预测精度,当Di0.8140时,采用径流深预测精度要高于采用径流侵蚀功率的预测精度。该侵蚀产沙分段预报模型的建立和方法的提出具有一定的合理性和可靠性,对其他侵蚀产沙模型有一定的借鉴之处。     

武陵山区女儿寨小流域次降雨径流与产沙特征

 以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为研究区,根据流域2004—2008年77场典型降雨径流观测资料,研究流域次降雨径流与产沙特征。结果表明:77场降雨中,以25.0～49.9 mm和50.0～100.0 mm的降雨为主,占降雨总数的67.53%,降雨强度以10～40 mm/h为主;降雨量与径流深和产沙模数呈现较为显著的线性相关性,降雨量、径流深及降雨侵蚀力对产沙模数均有明显影响,其中以径流深和产沙模数的拟合效果最好,R2达0.684 7;在对降雨、径流、产沙共12个指标进行相关性分析的基础上,对径流深、洪峰流量、产沙模数、降雨侵蚀力4个主要指标进行多元逐步回归拟合,R2均在0.85以上,并通过显著性检验,回归方程拟合效果较好,可用于相关指标的定量计算;流域的产沙量主要取决于几次大的暴雨,汛期的降雨决定流域的产流产沙状况。研究结果可为流域水土流失监测和预报、水土保持措施合理配置等提供相应参考。     

近50年赣西北大坑小流域径流对降雨的响应

根据赣西北大坑小流域1957—2005年逐日降雨和径流资料,采用时间序列分析法和统计回归分析法,对降雨变化及径流的响应进行了分析。结果表明:（1）大坑小流域1957—2005年平均年降雨量为1 596.3 mm,其年内变化为典型的单峰型曲线,降雨的季节差异非常明显,同时,降雨量的年际变化较大,总体呈增加趋势。（2）大坑小流域1957—2005 年平均年径流深为814.3 mm,其年内变化为单峰型曲线,径流深的季节差异较大,同时,径流深的年际变化较大,总体呈增加趋势。（3）从年径流深与年降雨量的回归分析可知,大坑小流域的降雨量与径流深之间存在密切的相关性。当水文年降雨量增加或减少10%时,年径流深会表现出增加或减少17.8%的正响应;当水文年降雨量增加20%或减少30%时,年径流深会表现出增加35.6%或减少53.4%的正响应。     

秸秆覆盖红壤径流养分流失效益及径流剪切力影响研究

采用模拟降雨试验的方法,研究秸秆覆盖条件下红壤侵蚀效益及动力影响因素。模拟降雨强度2.0mm/min,坡度20°,径流小区(长1.5m,宽0.5m,深0.3m)条件下,供试土壤为赤红壤。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减流效益达到69.3%,减沙效益达到99.2%;明显提高土壤的入渗速率,渗透效益达到了32%,秸秆覆盖有较好的水土保持效益。(2)秸秆覆盖有效减少径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮、径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷的流失,减少径流中氮流失效益均达到74%以上,减少径流中磷流失效益均达到78%以上,径流中元素流失均以溶解态氮磷元素大于颗粒态氮磷元素,秸秆覆盖减少径流中磷养分流失的效益大于氮养分的流失效益。(3)建立单位面积单位时间径流剪切力和产沙率、径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮和径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷流失速率的模型,初步推断径流剪切力是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素。(4)秸秆覆盖和未覆盖的临界启动径流剪切力分别为2.8N/m2和1.5N/m2。     

基于SWAT模型的长江源土地利用/土地覆被情景变化对径流影响研究

土地利用/土地覆被变化对流域水资源循环过程及配置影响显著。为了研究土地利用/土地覆被情景变化对径流影响情况,以长江源流域为例,构建了适合该流域的分布式水文模型(SWAT),并模拟了不同土地利用/土地覆被情景下的流域年均径流量和径流深。模拟结果如下:当流域林地和草地面积增加到最大,径流量减少了16.7%,达到304.12m3/s,径流深减少14.02mm;当林地和草地面积减少,并逐步变为沙地、裸地,流域径流量增加16.1%,达到424.32m3/s,径流深也增加了13.49mm;当林地和草地面积减少到无植被覆盖,将使流域径流量增加28.4%,达到469.67m3/s,径流深增加23.88mm;在草地覆被最佳状况下,径流量有所增加,但增加幅度不大,只有5.6%,达到385.98m3/s,径流深增加4.72mm。综上所述,长江源流域林地和草地面积增加,导致径流减少,而沙地和裸地面积增加导致径流量增加。     

定西市安定区退耕还林地径流聚集工程的土壤增墒效果

[目的]分析退耕还林地径流聚集工程的土壤增墒效果,为改善林地土壤水分供给研究提供依据。[方法]通过对甘肃省定西市安定区退耕还林地中径流聚集工程形式和造林模式的调查研究,分析半干旱地区隔坡水平阶、隔坡反坡台、正方形聚流坑、燕尾式聚流坑不同整地方式下林地增墒效果及其林草的生长发育状况。[结果]径流聚集工程具有明显的土壤增墒效果,在径流聚集工程作用下乔木树种单株水分供给总量达2.54~4.29m~3/(株·a),灌木树种单株水分供给总量达1.42~1.79m~3/(株·a),2m土层内含水率达到8.76%~11.40%,土壤水分基本满足了林草植被的正常发育需求,林草生长旺盛。[结论]在同类地区的人工林建设中可选择适宜的树种与相应的径流聚集工程结合,改善林地土壤水分供给状况。     

密云水库上游流域次降雨坡面产流产沙特征

以北京市密云县石匣小流域为研究区,利用2006-2010年连续5 a的坡面径流试验小区观测资料,运用统计方法,分析了密云水库上游流域的降雨、产流产沙特征以及在不同土地利用和不同坡度条件下,降雨量、降雨强度与产流、产沙之间的关系。结果表明:1)该研究区域水土保持治理措施实施的关键时间为每年的7、8月份,当降雨量大于10 mm时,应注意采取水土保持措施;2)在裸地、耕地和林地条件下,高雨量、中雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型,在草地条件下,中雨量、高雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型;3)中雨量高雨强型降雨条件下,林地的减流效益最好,低雨量低雨强型降雨和高雨量中雨强型降雨条件下,耕地的减流效益相对较低,草地和林地的减流效益差异不大;在3种不同雨型条件下,耕地、草地和林地的减沙效益差别不大;4)裸地条件下,降雨量与产流量间的关系更为密切,尤其在14.4°坡面下相关性最高;耕地条件下,产流量与降雨量的相关性较好,产沙量则与降雨强度的相关性较好,11.4°的坡面产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关系数最高;草地条件下,降雨强度与产流量间的关系较为密切;林地条件下,产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关性均不显著。研究结果可为密云水库上游水土保持措施及农业面源污染管理措施的科学实施提供依据。     

Effect of Soil Phosphorus Levels on Phosphorus Runoff Concentrations from Turfgrass

Phosphorus (P) loss from urban areas has been identified as a major contributor to declining surface water quality. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between extractable soil P, depth of soil sampling, and dissolved reactive P (DP) concentration in runoff from turfgrass areas. At each site, runoff was generated on turfgrass and adjoining areas where turfgrass cover was removed. Across all six locations and the wide range of nutrient management schemes, variation of extractable soil P concentration and saturation ratios of 0–2cm samples accounted for 49–59% (r ² = 0.49–0.59, n = 92) of variation of DP concentration in runoff from bare soil and soil with turfgrass cover. Despite a high degree of soil P stratification, changing sampling depth generally did not improve the relationship between soil test P and runoff DP concentrations. Across the narrower range of soil P levels common to lawns in New York (0–50mg kg^?1 Morgan extractable soil P), none of the soil tests or P saturation levels (for 0–2cm depth) could accurately predict runoff P concentrations from soil with turfgrass cover (r ² = 0.02 to 0.23, n = 72). For bare soil plots, restricting the analysis to the same range (<50mg kg^?1 Morgan extractable P) did not alter the relationship between soil test P and runoff DP concentrations observed for the entire range (0–658mg kg^?1) of soil-test P concentrations. These results suggest soil testing will not be an effective tool to predict runoff from turfgrass areas across the range of soil P levels common to New York State.     

不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益

在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。     

紫色土细沟水流输沙能力对近地表水流作用的响应

地表径流与近地表水流耦合作用会引发强烈的土壤侵蚀.输沙能力作为土壤侵蚀的关键参数之一,对完善近地表水流作用下的土壤侵蚀过程具有重要的理论意义.通过限定性细沟模拟试验,采用从底部供水的方式构建近地表水流,在此基础上测定了距弱透水层不同饱和深度(5、10、15 cm)与水力条件(3个流量2、4、8 L·min–1,3个坡度...     

Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 1. An event-based model of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff

Overland flow resulting from an excess of rain over infiltration is an essential component of many models of runoff and erosion from fields or catchments. The spatially variable infiltration (SVI) model and a set of associated equations relating depth of runoff and maximum rate of ‘effective’ runoff (as used in the GUEST erosion model) to storm depth, depth‐averaged intensity of rainfall, average maximum infiltration capacity and an additional amount of initial infiltration were validated and tested on back‐sloping bench terraces in volcanic upland West Java, Indonesia. Data used were runoff rate and depth from 31 small (1.0–8.2 m²) bounded plots representing sections of terrace beds or risers and from six larger (53–231 m²) terrace units with hydrologically defined boundaries. Modelled runoff rates using rainfall intensity data corresponded well with observed patterns and the storm‐based equations were used successfully to model runoff depths and maximum effective runoff rates for individual events. Resulting values for maximum average infiltration rate (I_m) varied between 18 and 443 mm hour^?1 and reflected effects of vegetation or mulch cover and soil compaction. We conclude that the SVI model and the derived equations provide a robust and accurate method for predicting runoff at the investigated scale.     

Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels

The evaluation of soil susceptibility to runoff and water erosion in the field is often expensive or time-consuming. Several authors have reported that susceptibility is linked to aggregate stability, whose determination is far easier. However, this susceptibility has generally been deduced from rainfall simulation experiments on sieved soil samples, whose behaviour is not always representative of field-scale phenomena. Our aim was to extend the validity of relationships between soil aggregation and erosion through comparisons of topsoil aggregate stability and field-assessed susceptibility to runoff and erosion.Susceptibility to runoff and erosion was determined at several levels: first, on a southern French Regosol, through measurements of runoff and soil loss from 1-m² microplots under simulated rainfall; second, from 100- to 800-m² runoff plots on a Nitosol in Benin, a Ferralsol in Cameroon and a Regosol in Mexico (with additional data on Syria from the literature); and finally, soil susceptibility to erosion was determined through semi-quantitative assessment of the frequency of erosion features on vineyard hillsides in southern France. Aggregate stability was determined by immersion in water and wet-sieving of 2-mm sieved, air-dried 0- to 10-cm soil samples, which actually tests aggregate resistance to slaking.Under simulated rainfall, runoff depth and soil loss after 30 min were negatively correlated with topsoil content in stable macroaggregates (>0.2 mm). On runoff plots, 3-year runoff rate and soil loss were negatively correlated with topsoil aggregate stability, especially stable macroaggregate content; these correlations were improved when slope gradient and climate aggressiveness were considered in addition to aggregate stability. On vineyard hillsides, the frequency index of erosion features was negatively correlated with topsoil content in stable macroaggregates, especially in the absence of conservation practices.These results confirm that aggregate stability is a relevant indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion, especially in Mediterranean and tropical areas where intense rainfall is frequent. They also confirm that simple laboratory determination can provide data closely correlated with those resulting from field investigations.     

黔西喀斯特区秸秆覆盖对坡耕地产流产沙特征的响应

基于2018-2019年野外径流小区定位观测资料,以玉米单作无秸秆覆盖处理(M0)为对照,探索了玉米单作处理和不同秸秆覆盖量(M1~M5,1111,2222,3889,5556,6944 kg/hm^2)对贵州省黔西喀斯特区坡耕地产流产沙特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同降雨等级下,秸秆覆盖具有较好的水土保持效果,并随覆盖量的增加,产流、产沙总量逐渐减少,但M4与M5处理之间无显著差异(p>0.05);(2)玉米苗期—拔节期各处理产流和产沙量大于后2个阶段,并且各阶段各覆盖处理产流产沙均低于对照;(3)秸秆覆盖对地表产流产沙影响显著,与对照相比,年均径流深减少21.85%~50.46%,土壤侵蚀模数减少50.10%~85.87%;(4)随着秸秆覆盖量的增加,各处理产流、产沙呈下降趋势,但当秸秆覆盖量超过5556 kg/hm^2后,继续增加秸秆至6944 kg/hm^2时,水土保持效果变化不明显。秸秆覆盖是控制喀斯特地区坡耕地水土流失的有效途径,6000 kg/hm^2左右的覆盖量即可起到较好的水土保持效果。     

Performance of soil and water conservation practices in the erosion evolution process,runoff dynamics and surface roughness

Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m², respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes.     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。