不同去角方式对低日龄犊牛情感状态的影响

为研究不同去角方式对低日龄犊牛情感状态的影响,本试验选取40头4日龄犊牛进行学习训练（训练天数为8d）,训练完成后随机抽取4头母牛作为假去角组,剩余犊牛根据两种去角方式随机分为两组,分别为烧烙组和去角膏组,每组18头犊牛（8头公犊牛,10头母犊牛）,并对犊牛进行情感测试（游戏行为测试和判断偏差测试）。结果表明,在去角后6～8h犊牛游戏行为时长显著低于去角前（P <0.05）。与未去角组相比,两种方式去角后犊牛的判断偏差测试无差异（P> 0.05）。但在第1次和第2次测试中,去角膏组犊牛在去角后对40%饱和度红色图片的反应时间有上升趋势（P <0.10）,两种方式去角后犊牛的游戏行为、判断偏差测试无显著差异（P>0.05）。烧烙和去角膏均会引发13日龄犊牛去角疼痛,但仅导致积极情感降低且在18h后影响消失。因此,犊牛在低日龄去角是一种生产中的更佳选择。     

群体奶牛的一次性去角

群·体·奶·牛·的·一·次·性·去·角○黑龙江省云山农场（虎林县１５８４２０）刘军建○黑龙江八五一一农场（密山市１５８３０７）金俊浩孟庆链王龙祥奶牛去角与否，是衡量集约化奶牛场饲养管理水平高低的一项重要标志。牧场的奶牛去角工作，多从生后３周龄以内的犊...     

关于公布婴幼儿配方乳粉生产许可检验机构的公告 2014年 第6号

为贯彻落实《国务院办公厅转发食品药品监管总局等部门关于进一步加强婴幼儿配方乳粉质量安全工作意见的通知》（国办发（2013）57号），严格婴幼儿配方乳粉生产许可，保证婴幼儿配方乳粉发证检验工作质量，依据《食品药品监管总局关于贯彻婴幼儿配方乳粉生产许可审查细则严格生产许可工作的通知》（食药监食监一[2013]253号）和《婴幼儿配方乳粉生产许可审查细则（2013版）》，国家食品药品监督管理总局组织专家组，对婴幼儿配方乳粉生产许可检验机构进行了推荐、考核和评审。     

奶牛子宫角深部输精法应用性控冻精技术研究

本研究于2006年10月-2007年12月,利用内蒙古蒙牛赛科星生物技术有限责任公司生产的性控冻精105支,北京奶牛中心精通冻精35支,在山西省长治市的八个奶牛场采用性控冻精对不同母牛分别采取卵泡发育侧子宫角深部（上1/3处）、子宫体分叉部、子宫颈内口前端（对照组）配种的对比试验,采用卵泡发育侧子宫角深部（上1/3处）配种方法的情期受胎率接近80%,与蒙牛公司公布的该类冻精平均60%的情期受胎率高近20个百分点。与常规方法冷冻精液输精情期受胎率相比（最高水平63%）高出近17个百分点,差异显著（P〈0.05）。     

祁连山雄岩羊角生长解析

以角外弧长、角内弧长、角基长径、角基周长、角基端距为指标，分析了甘肃肃南祁连山雄岩羊角的生长过程和外形变化。该地区雄岩羊角的年轮形成时间在1月，角的基本生长过程表现为由短变长、由细增粗，大致划分为速增期（3．5岁以前）、减速期（3．5—5．5岁）、缓增期或饱和期（5．5岁以后）。t检验表明，10．5岁以前角外弧长、6．5岁以前角基周长和9．5岁以前角基长径的各年龄平均值间的差异显著（P〈0．05）；而在这些特定年龄及其以后这三项指标各年龄平均值间的差异不显著（P〉0．05），其置信区间分别为（58．76±1．90）cm（n=12）、（24．02±0．23）cm（n=42）、（8．63±0．24）cm（n=16）。雄岩羊角生长解析的数据可应用于年龄鉴定、狩猎管理等方面。     

基于反相高效液相色谱技术测定市售羊乳粉中蛋白

为鉴别及检测不同地区市售羊乳粉的品质，基于反相高效液相色谱（reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography，RP-HPLC）技术，将35 种市售羊乳粉根据陕西地区和非陕西地区、纯羊乳粉和配方羊乳粉进行分 类与检测，研究不同产地、不同种类羊乳粉的差异，对羊乳粉品质进行分析判别。结果表明：对市售羊乳粉乳蛋 白进行RP-HPLC测定发现，配方羊乳粉αs2-酪蛋白（αs2-casein，αs2-CN）和β-CN相对含量分别低于纯羊乳粉20%和 24%，κ-CN和乳清蛋白相对含量分别高于纯羊乳粉30%和50%；不同地区纯羊乳粉乳蛋白组成及含量相似。因此， 通过RP-HPLC可以实现对市售羊乳粉中乳蛋白的测定和质量评价。     

干法工艺对婴幼儿配方乳粉品质的影响

生产和贮藏过程与婴幼儿配方乳粉品质密切相关。以干法工艺婴幼儿配方乳粉为研究对象,分析营养素混合均匀性、加速贮藏性实验营养素衰减率和安全性指标的变化情况,以保证婴幼儿配方乳粉符合食品安全国家标准的要求。结果表明,干法工艺选择的15种营养素,乳铁蛋白的混合均匀度在90%以上,其他营养素的混合均匀度均在95%以上。加速贮藏实验中宏量营养素和脂肪酸相对较稳定,维生素和矿物质未发生明显衰减。可选择成分中牛磺酸的衰减率相对较高,婴儿配方乳粉、较大婴儿配方乳粉、幼儿配方乳粉加速贮藏性实验结束时,牛磺酸衰减率分别为8.06%、8.40%、8.08%。加速贮藏186 d后,安全性指标（锡、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、黄曲霉毒素M1、三聚氰胺）基本无变化。     

水牛初乳粉和常乳粉对新生仔猪小肠组织形态结构的影响

本试验旨在研究水牛初乳粉、常乳粉对0～72 h新生仔猪小肠组织形态结构发育的影响。试验以新生仔猪为研究对象,分别饲喂水牛初乳粉（SCR组）、水牛常乳粉（SC组）、葡萄糖盐水（PY组）,以0日龄新生仔猪（XD组）作为对照。结果表明,水牛初乳粉使新生仔猪小肠绒毛密集、粗壮、排列整齐,肌层厚度、固有膜厚度增加。SCR组与XD组相比,十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、固有膜厚度和空肠绒毛宽度、肌层厚度及回肠绒毛高度均极显著增加（P＜0.01）;SCR组与PY组相比,十二指肠绒毛宽度及空肠绒毛宽度、肌层厚度均极显著增加（P＜0.01）。水牛常乳粉使新生仔猪小肠黏膜受损,黏膜上皮脱落,肌层变薄,固有膜裸露,小肠绒毛坍塌、稀疏变短。SC组与XD组相比,十二指肠肌层厚度和空肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、肌层厚度、固有膜厚度及回肠绒毛宽度、固有膜厚度均呈降低趋势,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;SC组与PY组相比,空肠肌层厚度显著降低（P＜0.05）。综上所述,水牛初乳粉能显著促进新生仔猪小肠发育,尤其对空肠影响最大,其次为十二指肠,而对回肠的影响相对较小;水牛常乳粉不能对新生仔猪肠黏膜形成保护并促进其生长发育,在新生仔猪最初发育的72 h内其价值不如葡萄糖盐水。     

乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量测定的实验室间比对分析

[目的]通过开展乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量检测的实验室间比对活动,考查集团化实验室检测能力水平。[方法]以自主研制的乳粉基质铅、铬、汞、砷质量控制样品为试验材料,经过均匀性、稳定性验证,采用稳健（Robust）统计技术的算法A,评价乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量的实验室检测能力。[结果]质量控制样品的均匀性和稳定性检验结果均满足实验室间比对计划要求;乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量检测的满意率分别为98.4%、98.4%、96.7%、95.2%,无不满意结果,参试实验室整体检测能力良好。[结论]通过对乳粉中重金属元素含量检测过程进行技术比对分析,为提升集团化实验室检测技术能力和质量控制水平提供了良好基础。     

高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3种醛类

建立高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3种醛类（丙二醛、丙烯醛、4-羟基己烯醛）含量的分析方法,研究贮藏温度对婴幼儿配方乳粉中3种醛类含量的影响。考察线性关系、精密度、回收率、检出限及定量限等指标,外标法定量。结果表明：该方法在0～40μg线性良好（R2>0.999）,3种醛类检出限分别为0.3、0.4、0.3 mg/kg,定量限分别为0.8、1.0、0.8 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为88.29%～96.87%,相对标准偏差均小于10%;当乳粉贮藏环境温度高于40℃,随着温度升高,3种醛类含量均呈上升趋势,以丙二醛与丙烯醛上升显著。该研究方法具有快速、准确、重复性好等特点,能满足婴幼儿配方乳粉中3种醛类的测定。     

Pre- and postoperative radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation

OBJECTIVE: To quantify, using radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) techniques, the effects of surgical procedures most commonly combined to treat dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Six dogs with 8 MPL were studied. Radiographs and CT of the pelvic limbs were obtained before and immediately after soft-tissue reconstruction, trochlear wedge recession, and tibial crest transposition. Radiographic measurements included angle of inclination, Norberg angle, quadriceps angle (QA), anteversion angle, ratio of the length of the patellar tendon (PT) to the length of the patella, and change in patella tendon angle. CT measurements included angle of inclination, Norberg angle, QA, anteversion angle, depth of the femoral trochlear groove, ratio of the middle femoral trochlear groove depth to the patella thickness, and tibial crest alignment. RESULTS: Conformation of the coxofemoral joint was not affected by surgery. Surgical treatment corrected the QA by 33-58%. Trochlear wedge recession was most effective in deepening the proximal trochlea by 103.5%. The ratio of the middle femoral trochlear groove depth to the thickness of the patella postoperatively resulted in 50% coverage of the patella. Tibial crest transposition resulted in caudalization of the PT by 8.5+/-3.0 degrees, with lateralization of the tibial tuberosity of 11.3 degrees. CONCLUSION: The effects of surgery for MPL can be quantified with radiographic and CT measurements. Surgical correction restored the alignment of the quadriceps and adequately deepened the femoral trochlear groove. Tibial crest transposition resulted in caudalization of the patella tendon and lateralization of the tibial tuberosity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These pilot data quantified the effects of surgical procedures most commonly combined to treat MPL. We hope to use these measurements to correlate surgical treatment with functional outcome and postoperative occurrence of luxation.     

兔舍采光效果设计方案

为了建筑自然采光效果好的兔舍 ,提高舍养家兔的饲养效果 ,并添补家畜环境卫生方面的空白 ,以一定纬度 (北纬 4 1°19′)地区为例 ,设计了一种自然采光兔舍。其自然采光系数为 1:2 0 5 ,透光角为 31°2 3′ ,光线入射跨度为 1 0 0～ 4 5 8m ;入射角为 4 3°30′ ,71°2 7′。     

MAGIC ANGLE EFFECT IN NORMAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT IN HORSES IMAGED WITH A HIGH-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SYSTEM

Distal forelimb specimens of eight skeletally mature horses were imaged using proton density turbo spin echo, T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo, T2^*-weighted gradient echo, short tau inversion recovery and T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences with the limb parallel to the main magnetic field, and with angulation of the limb relative to the main magnetic field. The magic angle effect can be identified in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint when imaged in a high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system with a horizontally oriented main magnetic field. This effect has previously been described in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in a low-field system with a vertically oriented main magnetic field. The curvature of the ligaments places the fibers at the magic angle in both horizontally and vertically orientated main magnetic fields. This effect can be identified on short time of echo sequences and impacts the signal pattern of the ligaments at the level of the middle phalanx with the limb in a neutral position and with angulation of the limb. Magic angle effect should be considered as a possible cause of an asymmetrical signal pattern, depending on the positioning of the limb and the sequences used for imaging, when evaluating the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint on images acquired with a high-field MR imaging system that has a horizontally oriented main magnetic field.     

Relationship of the iridocorneal angle, as measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy, with post-operative increases in intraocular pressure post-phacoemulsification in dogs

Objective  To investigate the relationship of the iridocorneal angle as it appears on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to increases in IOP post-phacoemulsification in the canine eye.
Animals studied  47 eyes of 28 dogs of various age, sex, and breed.
Methods  The ciliary process and limbus were used as a reference points to measure the angle opening distance (AOD), which was set by multiplying 0.45 by the distance between the ciliary process and limbus (when measured from the ciliary process). Pressure measurements were taken at five set points: Before, immediately post-, one day post-, 1 week post-, and 1 month post-phacoemulsification.
Results  A weak relationship between the AOD and the IOP one day post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.83, Slope: –1.24, P -value: 0.0155) was observed. No relationship immediately post-operative (Intercept: 3.45, Slope: –1.34, P -value: 0.0651), 1 week post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.31, Slope: –0.01, P -value: 0.9829), 1 month post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 1.85, Slope: –0.49, P -value: 0.1533) was observed. The pre-operative measurements made with UBM were: Distance from limbus to ciliary process (DLCP): (Minimum: 1.152, Maximum: 2.992, Mean: 1.91, SD: 0.468); AOD (Minimum: 0.104, Maximum: 0.764, Mean: 0.40, SD: 0.172).
Conclusions  The relationship between AOD as measured by UBM pre-operatively is weakly associated with IOP pressure elevations at day one post-phacoemulsification. Further study is required prospectively to establish the importance of this relationship. Initial measurements of the canine iridocorneal angle were created, suggesting a method to be used in the future to establish true canine normal measurements.     

Assessment of the hip reduction angle for predicting osteoarthritis of the hip in the Labrador Retriever

Hip palpation has been used to provide semiquantitative information regarding passive joint laxity and susceptibility to hip dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate the intra- and inter-examiner repeatability of the hip reduction angle measured at 4 months of age by three examiners using manual goniometry and an electromagnetic tracking system; (2) compare the hip reduction angle measured with manual goniometry to the hip reduction angle measured with the electromagnetic tracking system; and (3) evaluate the hip reduction angle, distraction index and Ortolani manoeuvre at 4 months of age as predictors of the development of hip osteoarthritis at 12 months of age in 11 Labrador Retriever dogs. Intra- and inter-examiner repeatability was demonstrated for both the manual and electromagnetic goniometric measurement of the hip reduction angle (coefficient of variation < 4.3% and < 6.1%; and P = 0.163 and P = 0.836 respectively). The hip reduction angle measured by manual goniometry was moderately correlated to the hip reduction angle measured by the electromagnetic tracking system (r = 0.603, P < 0.0000). The hip reduction angle measured by manual and electromagnetic goniometry was a poor predictor of osteoarthritis at 12 months of age (r = 0.231, P < 0.062, and r = 0.321, P < 0.01). The distraction index was moderately correlated with the development of osteoarthritis by 12 months of age (r = 0.493, P < 0.0000). The Ortolani sign was sensitive (100%) but not specific (41%) for the development of osteoarthritis at 12 months of age. The hip reduction angle did not further quantify the Ortolani manoeuvre as a predictor of osteoarthritis in Labrador Retrievers.     

Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of limb positioning and measurement technique on the magnitude of the radiographically determined tibial plateau angle (R-TPA). STUDY DESIGN: In vitro study, R-TPA was determined by 6 blinded observers and image measurement software. ANIMALS: Five canine cadaver hind limbs. METHODS: The legs were positioned on a custom-made positioning device simulating a radiographic tabletop technique in lateral recumbency. True lateral positioning was defined by superimposition of femoral and tibial condyles on the radiographic projection. Radiographs were taken while the specimens were relocated in a proximal, distal, caudal, and cranial direction with respect to the radiographic beam. For each specimen, 25 different radiographic views were obtained and 6 blinded observers determined the radiographic TPA using 2 different methods. The conventional method used precise anatomic landmarks to determine the tibial plateau. To simulate osteoarthritic changes complicating identification of these landmarks, the tangential method estimated the tibial plateau as the tangent to the central portion of the tibial plateau. After periarticular soft tissue dissection the anatomic tibial plateau angle (A-TPA) was determined. The A-TPA and the R-TPA were compared. RESULTS: The R-TPA significantly decreased as limb position with respect to the X-ray beam changed from cranial proximal to caudal distal. The maximal mean radiographic R-TPA difference was 3.6 degrees with the first and 5.7 degrees with the second method. Regardless of the method used there was no significant difference between A-TPA and R-TPA in the true lateral position. In the peripheral positions, however, significant differences between anatomic and radiographic TPA were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Limb positioning influenced the radiographic appearance of the tibial plateau and the magnitude of the measured TPA. Cranial and proximal positioning of the limb relative to the X-ray beam leads to overestimation whereas caudal and distal positioning leads to underestimation of the TPA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: True lateral positioning of the tibia defined by superimposition of the femoral and tibial condyles should be used for accurate TPA determination before tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.     

Feasibility of utilizing the patellar ligament angle for assessing cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs

The patellar ligament angle (PLA) was assessed in 105 normal stifle joints of 79 dogs and 33 stifle joints of 26 dogs with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). The PLA of stifles with complete CrCL rupture was significantly lower than that of normal stifles, particularly at a flexion angle of 60~80° in both plain and stress views. If the PLA was <90.55° on the stress view with a 60~80° flexion angle, the dog was diagnosed with a complete rupture of the CrCL with a sensitivity of 83.9% and specificity of 100%. In conclusion, measuring the PLA is a quantitative method for diagnosing complete CrCL rupture in canines.     

Influence of femoral head and neck conformation on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog.

We investigated the prevalence of an anatomic variant of the proximal femur, termed the broomstick-like femoral head and neck formation, and its influence on the Féderation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip dysplasia score in 294 German Shepherd dogs. One-hundred and eighty (61%) of the 294 dogs in our study had this anatomic variant. The calculated area of the femoral heads in dogs with a broomstick-like conformation was 4.5 +/- 0.6 cm2 on the hip-extended view. In dogs with a normal femoral head, the calculated area of the femoral head was significantly larger at 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 (P < 0.05). In the frog-leg view, there was no significant difference in femoral head area between dogs with the broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was no difference in the antetorsion angle between dogs with broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was also no difference in the distraction ratio between the two phenotypes. The official FCI hip score was similar in dogs with and without the broomstick-like conformation. The average heritability of the broomstick-like conformation was 0.3 +/- 0.1, suggesting heritable influence. We conclude that the broomstick-like conformation is a common finding in the German shepherd dog and has genetic base. The broomstick-like conformation does not appear to be associated with the presence of canine hip dysplasia and it can therefore be assumed to be a normal anatomic variant.     

Schwalbe line's cell in the normal and glaucomatous dog

Objective The canine iridocorneal angle contains an operculum, which is similar to that in nonhuman primates and consists of a peripheral extension of the inner cornea that overlies the anterior‐most portion of the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. This region contains cells, the Schwalbe line’s (SL) cells, that have been found to have secretory and epithelial characteristics. This region of the iridocorneal angle represents the nonfiltering portion and becomes altered early during spontaneous glaucoma in the Beagle. The present study describes the SL cell for the first time in the dog and changes associated with canine primary open angle glaucoma. Procedures The iridocorneal angles from 18 Beagles with inherited glaucoma (3 months–8 years old) and 17 normal, age‐matched Beagles were placed in 10% buffered formalin for light microscopic evaluation, or 2.5% glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural evaluation. Using at least three fields from each region of the iridocorneal angle (opercular, corneoscleral, and uveal) at ×1000 magnification, trabecular cell nuclei were counted. Results The operculum in the canine iridocorneal angle consisted of the peripheral extension of the corneal endothelium and underlying anterior‐most corneoscleral meshwork, having no direct contact with the angular aqueous plexus. The SL cells associated with operculum‐retained epithelial morphology (polyhedral in shape with rER, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles) in both normal, pre‐and early glaucomatous dogs. In animals with moderate and advanced stages the SL cells often became less epithelial and secretory in appearance. The number of SL cells in normal dogs declined by approximately one‐third by the end of their first year with gradual loss thereafter. In the glaucoma group the decline was more substantial and continuous through the first three years. Conclusions The SL cell is morphologically a distinct cell type within the canine iridocorneal angle that is specifically associated with the nonfiltering portion of the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. Changes in the SL cells of the glaucomatous dog occurred with regard to age and progression of the disease.