草地生态水文过程研究若干进展

着重探讨了草地生态水文物理过程、草地水文化学过程和草地生态效应等草地生态水文过程主要内容的研究进展,并简要分析了草地生态水文过程研究中未来的研究热点。     

Soil Morphologic Properties and Cattle Stocking Rate Affect Dynamic Soil Properties

Soil properties that influence the capacity for infiltration and moisture retention are important determinants of rangeland productivity. Monitoring effects of grazing on dynamic soil properties can assist managers with stocking rate decisions, particularly if monitoring takes into account environmental variability associated with inherent soil morphological properties. On a Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie in northeast Oregon, we applied three cattle stocking rates (0.52, 1.04, and 1.56 animal unit months · ha^?1) and an ungrazed control in a randomized complete block design for two 42-d grazing seasons and measured the change in four dynamic soil properties: soil penetration resistance, soil aggregate stability, bare ground, and herbaceous litter cover. To address apparent environmental heterogeneity within experimental units, we also utilized a categorical soil factor (termed Edaphic Habitat Types or EHT), determined by characterizing soil depth, texture, and rock fragment content at sample sites. Stocking rate did not affect extent of bare ground or soil aggregate stability. Stocking rate had a significant effect on penetration resistance, which was greatest at the high stocking rate (1.6 J · cm^?1 ± 0.1 SE) and lowest in the control (1.1 J · cm^?1 ± 0.1 SE). For litter cover, the effects of stocking rate and EHT interacted. In two rocky EHTs, litter cover was highest in the controls (60% ± 6 SE; 50% ± 3 SE) and ranged from 27% ± 3 SE to 33% ± 6 SE in the stocking rate treatments. Measures of penetration resistance, aggregate stability, and bare ground were different across EHTs regardless of stocking rate, but did not interact with stocking rate. Our study demonstrates that response of dynamic soil properties to stocking rates should be considered as a useful and accessible approach for monitoring effects of livestock management decisions on rangeland conditions.     

肉兔生态养殖的关键环节及技术措施

近年来,随着我省草地畜牧业的不断发展与完善,肉兔养殖业已成为当地农户增收致富的重要产业之一。部分养殖户由于缺乏肉兔饲养管理和常见疾病防控知识,导致养殖效益低下。现将肉兔生态养殖的关键技术措施介绍如下,以期对肉兔养殖户有所帮助。     

Linking Plant Spatial Patterns and Ecological Processes in Grazed Great Basin Plant Communities

Observational studies of plant spatial patterns are common, but are often criticized for lacking a temporal component and for their inability to disentangle the effect of multiple community-structuring processes on plant spatial patterns. We addressed these criticisms in an observational study of Great Basin shrub-steppe communities that have been converted to a managed grazing system of planted crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.) stands. We hypothesized that intraspecific interference and livestock grazing were important community-structuring processes that would leave unique spatiotemporal signatures. We used a survey-grade global positioning system to quantify crested wheatgrass spatial patterns along a chronosequence of stands that differed only in time since planting (9–57 yr), as well as in a 57-yr-old grazing exclosure to examine pattern formation in the absence of grazing. Three replicate survey plots were established in each stand, and a total of 6 197 grasses were marked with a spatial error of ≤ 2 cm. The data were analyzed using L-statistics in program R, and hypothesis testing was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation procedures. We detected fine-scale regularity, frequently considered a sign of interference via resource competition, in all stands including the exclosure. Coarser-scale aggregation, which we attributed to the effects of prolonged grazing disturbance, was only detected in the oldest grazed stand. Our results suggest that interference acts over finer spatial and temporal scales than grazing in structuring these stands, reinforcing the importance of interference in semiarid communities. Analysis of exclosure data suggests that, in the absence of grazing, crested wheatgrass stands organize into a statistically regular pattern when primarily influenced by interference. In the presence of prolonged grazing, crested wheatgrass stands become more heterogeneous over time, likely a result of seedling mortality via disturbance by cattle.     

氮和磷添加对草原群落特征及有关生态过程的影响

该文系统综述了氮、磷添加对天然草原生产力、植物多样性以及氮利用策略、根系周转等有关生态过程的影响。多数研究表明氮添加提高了温性草原的生产力、降低了其物种多样性,但氮添加对高寒草甸生产力的影响不尽相同。单独磷添加对物种生产力和丰富度无显著性影响;氮、磷同时添加对于提高生产力存在互作效应。另外,同一功能群植物在不同生态系统中对氮、磷添加响应也不同。当土壤氮含量发生变化时,不同植物对氮的利用形态存在明显的生态位分离,进而影响生产力和物种组成。典型草原和高寒草甸植物叶片氮、磷含量以及回收量对氮、磷添加的响应结果并不一致。氮添加能够提高细根的寿命,磷添加能够提高地下根系的生物量,而氮、磷同时添加对生产力尤其是细根形态的变化和周转产生显著影响。但目前的研究多以野外观测为主,缺乏长期生态过程和机理的研究,尤其是关于地下生态过程的研究。另外磷添加如何影响主要植物和群落对氮利用形态的生态位分离等过程和机理的研究有待进一步加强。     

草地生态系统土壤氮转化过程研究进展

针对草地生态系统土壤氮的转化过程中氮的矿化和固定、硝化和反硝化的研究进展进行综述,总结了不同草地利用方式、主要环境因素变化对氮转化过程的影响,并对草地生态系统土壤氮转化研究的前沿进行了展望。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤酶活性与土壤性质关系的研究

对高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤性质及酶活性进行研究,分析了土壤性质与酶活性之间的关系。结果表明:在0~20cm土层随土壤深度的增加,土壤容重、pH值和全钾升高,有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷、有效钾、阳离子交换量均明显下降;所测的7种土壤酶中,除多酚氧化酶活性呈现随土壤层次加深而升高外,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶均明显降低。相关分析表明:土壤有机质和有效钾除与多酚氧化酶呈显著负相关外,与其余6种酶呈显著正相关;全氮、有效磷、阳离子交换量除与转化酶相关性不显著外,与其它6种酶呈显著相关;有效氮、全钾只与纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶存在显著的相关关系;pH值、全磷与所测的7种酶均无明显的相关性。多酚氧化酶和转化酶与部分酶存在显著的相关关系,其余土壤酶之间均存在显著的相关关系。通径分析表明:各种土壤因子不仅直接影响土壤酶活性的大小,还通过相互之间的作用间接调控土壤酶活性。     

关于生态功能与管理的生物土壤结皮研究

生物土壤结皮（biological soil crusts,BSCs）是由土壤中的低等植物、微生物和和土壤颗粒粘合形成的一种特殊复合体,广泛分布于世界干旱和半干旱地区。研究表明,BSCs主要由藻类、地衣、苔藓等自养生物和细菌、微小真菌等异养生物构成并被誉为生态系统修复工程师,对于沙地和荒漠碳、氮、磷等养分的固定以及土壤酶活性具有重要的意义,同时调节土壤表层的水文过程（降水入渗、地表径流、蒸发等过程）,进而影响地上植被种子萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程。BSCs的分类,一般依据BSCs中的优势物种和演替方向,可将结皮依次分为藻类结皮、地衣结皮及苔藓结皮3类;其形成、发育和结构、功能受人类活动和气候干扰的影响,但关于BSCs的监测和管理研究甚少。本文结合比值植被指数（Simple Ratio Index）和归一化色素指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）方法,旨在对BSCs的形态类群进行科学监测,同时结合BSCs的恢复演替程度,重点阐述不同利用方式和强度下,生物结皮演替及其生态功能对干旱、半干旱生态系统的影响,以期探索可行的管理措施,为认识干旱半干旱区地表过程,促进退化生态系统修复进程奠定基础。     

放牧对土壤有机碳的影响及相关过程研究进展

草地生态系统在全球碳循环中起着重要作用,但过度放牧造成大面积的草地退化,土壤有机碳是反映土壤质量状况的综合指标,但迄今仍无较好的理论解释放牧对土壤有机碳影响的机理。放牧可通过影响土壤有机碳的输入与分配、转化利用和输出以及土壤微环境影响土壤有机碳,本文从上述各方面分析放牧对土壤有机碳及组分的影响,以探讨放牧对土壤有机碳的影响机理。由于动物的选择性采食、踩踏和植被自身恢复能力的差异以及家畜排泄物的影响,不同放牧强度改变了能影响土壤有机碳的生物因素和非生物因素,土壤有机碳在多因子的共同作用下保持动态平衡或发生着变化。由于植物群落特征和土壤理化性质的差异、放牧历史、实验方法多样等原因导致众多研究结果不尽一致。而目前多数研究只关注放牧作用下某个或少数因子对土壤有机碳的影响。在未来的研究中需针对不同的草地条件,对土壤总有机碳和组分进行观测,同时进行多因子交互作用整合分析,并加强定量分析和与其他元素循环耦合研究,有助于深入理解放牧对土壤有机碳影响的机理,进而为草原生态系统的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

牛奶掺假及其鉴别

乳品厂与奶农之间在原料奶收购过程中经常会出现一些矛盾和问题。奶农出于自身经济利益的考虑，往往会在牛奶中掺假，而且这种现象有愈演愈烈的趋势，这样既损害了乳品加工企业的利益，同时也侵害了消费者的利益。本文介绍几种常见的牛奶掺假及其鉴别检验方法。一、掺水的鉴别检验１．掺水的动机及危害牛奶是一种不透明的乳白色或略带黄色的液体，易和水融为一体，因此，掺水成为牛奶掺假的一种主要方式。在质量控制工作做得差的地区，奶农交售的牛奶掺水率甚至达１００％。乳品加工企业若收购了这种原料奶，一是牛奶干物质下降影响产品的品…     

Driving Factors That Reduce Soil Carbon,Sugar, and Microbial Biomass in Degraded Alpine Grasslands

Soil carbon and sugars play key roles in carbon (C) cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about their changes in quantity and composition in degraded alpine meadows in the Tibetan plateau. We compared vegetation C density, soil organic carbon (SOC) density, and soil sugars in nondegraded (ND), degraded (DA; following artificial restoration), and extremely degraded (ED) grasslands and analyzed the relation among these parameters by redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation models (SEMs). Belowground biomass, soil microbial biomass C, soil microbial biomass nitrogen (N), belowground biomass C density, SOC density, and soil sugars were lower in DA and ED grasslands than in ND grasslands. In addition, the ratio of belowground biomass to aboveground biomass (BAR) decreased with an increase in degradation. The ratio of belowground biomass to aboveground biomass was identified as the main indirect driving force of ecosystem C density by affecting total vegetation C and SOC densities. Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), neutral sugars (NS), and total nitrogen (TN) were identified as main direct driving forces. The ratio of belowground biomass to aboveground biomass altered DOC, SMBC, NS, and TN and, consequently, was the primary driving force for the alpine meadows’ ecosystem C density. It was concluded that land management in alpine meadows should include practices that maintain a relatively high BAR in order to curb degradation and increase ecosystem C density.