环境温度对动物肠道微生物菌群影响的研究进展

温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。     

猪肠道微生物区系的形成及营养调控北大核心CSCD

猪肠道微生物区系的建立是一个非常复杂的过程。微生物与宿主之间在长期的进化与演变过程中形成了一种相互依赖、相互制约的微生态平衡。肠道微生物在宿主动物的生长发育、器官功能、营养代谢、机体免疫等方面发挥了重要作用。微生物区系的形成与动态平衡受到内部和外部多种因素的影响与制约,特别是不同营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等)对猪肠道微生物菌群的组成具有重要影响。本文着重探讨了猪肠道微生物区系的形成特点和主要营养素对其调控的影响。     

猪肠道微生物区系的形成及营养调控

猪肠道微生物区系的建立是一个非常复杂的过程。微生物与宿主之间在长期的进化与演变过程中形成了一种相互依赖、相互制约的微生态平衡。肠道微生物在宿主动物的生长发育、器官功能、营养代谢、机体免疫等方面发挥了重要作用。微生物区系的形成与动态平衡受到内部和外部多种因素的影响与制约,特别是不同营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等)对猪肠道微生物菌群的组成具有重要影响。本文着重探讨了猪肠道微生物区系的形成特点和主要营养素对其调控的影响。     

膳食营养素及饲料添加剂对猪肠道微生物群的影响研究进展

肠道微生物群有助于宿主肠道发挥多种生理功能,对改善猪的肠道健康、提高猪的生产性能具有重要作用。肠道微生物具有很强的可塑性,易受饮食、抗生素的摄入、病原体感染、宿主状况、外界环境等因素的影响。饮食的变化是影响肠道微生物群的主要因素。很多营养素和饲料添加剂具有调控猪肠道微生物的结构组成、促进肠道健康的作用。调节日粮营养素水平、补充饲料添加剂是猪生产中常用干预肠道微生物方法之一。文章综述膳食营养素和饲料添加剂（益生菌、益生元、酶制剂和植物生物素等）对猪肠道微生物群的影响,为其在猪生产中的应用提供参考。     

牦牛肠道微生物的影响因素研究进展

牦牛是青藏高原代表性的反刍动物,其肠道是重要的消化吸收部位和免疫器官。肠道微生物不仅与宿主消化吸收、生理健康、疾病的发生和发展密切相关,而且对宿主适应不同的地理环境极其重要。近年来,探究各种因素对牦牛肠道微生物组成和功能的影响成为研究热点。本文主要从海拔、饲料、疾病等因素与牦牛肠道微生物结构的关系进行阐述,以期为牦牛的生产管理及肠道微生物研究提供参考。     

鸡肠道微生物的影响因素及其对宿主代谢的作用

肠道菌群的组成对宿主健康具有重要的作用。肠道菌群与宿主肠道内营养物质相互作用,参与动物体生长、发育及营养物质消化吸收等全过程。文章通过综述鸡肠道微生物的影响因素(年龄、饲养环境、日粮及病原微生物感染等方面)及肠道菌群与物质能量代谢,肠道菌群与脂类、矿物质、纤维素相关关系综合解析肠道菌群对宿主代谢的作用,为人们了解、认识肠道菌群与宿主的代谢相互作用提供依据。     

影响宿主脂肪沉积的肠道微生物类别及其作用机理研究

猪体内脂肪沉积受遗传、饲粮、饲养管理和肠道微生物等多种因素的影响。脂肪沉积性状是重要的经济性状，过多的脂肪沉积影响胴体品质和饲料利用率。越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物在宿主脂肪沉积中起重要作用。本文概述了猪肠道微生物的组成情况，在此基础上系统综述了已鉴别的影响猪脂肪沉积的肠道微生物种类，归纳了肠道菌群影响宿主脂肪沉积的可能机理，并根据国内外研究进展，总结了通过调控肠道微生物组成改善宿主脂肪沉积的方法，并展望将来的研究方向，旨在为将来通过调控肠道微生物来减少猪体内脂肪沉积、提高瘦肉率等提供参考。     

宿主和微生物相互作用形成胃肠道环境

肠道微生物群是一个相互依赖的微生物网,宿主和微生物相互作用形成稳定的胃肠道环境。同时,肠道菌群的组成和生物多样性通过对宿主胃肠道环境及其功能作用从而影响宿主的健康和生长。总结微生物的代谢过程如何控制共生菌群组成、病原菌入侵和肠道屏障功能等新的概念,有助于进一步了解形成和维持肠道菌群多样性的因素,以期更好的促进机体健康、预防和治疗疾病。     

猪肠道微生物影响因素的研究进展

猪的肠道微生物对猪的生长发育、体内平衡以及营养消化等方面具有重要意义。同时,各种肠道微生物又受到不同因素作用的调控,影响猪体内的代谢调节。随着生态环境的改变和各类动物疾病的频发,近年来,猪肠道微生物的研究日益增多,最初对肠道微生物的研究仅对其进行简单的分析和辨别,对其功能却不甚了解,也难以根据各种外界或内部变化做出假设和概括,主要原因在于肠道微生物的组成复杂且影响因素众多。本文主要综述了猪的不同日龄、不同饲料配方、不同品种和不同肠道部位等因素对猪肠道微生物的影响,为预防疾病、促进猪生长发育及改善猪肠道微生物的生长环境等提供参考。     

肉鸡肠道微生物及其调控

近年来,肉鸡肠道微生物已被广泛研究,它对宿主的健康和生产性能等方面发挥了重要的作用,尤其是在免疫防御以及营养生理中产生积极影响。随着促生长类抗生素的禁止使用,通过调控肠道微生物菌群改善肉鸡的生长与免疫成为解决抗生素替代问题的有效途径。本文从肉鸡肠道微生物的组成、分布、功能、影响因素及调控技术方面进行了综述。     

饲料添加剂调节畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的研究进展

肠道菌群影响畜禽生长发育以及相关多个重要经济性状。就多种饲料添加剂调节畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的研究进展进行综述。从生物学机制出发,介绍了饲料添加剂对畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的影响和菌群移植影响宿主生长性状的研究进展,总结了通过饲料添加剂影响畜禽肠道菌群、改善畜禽生长性能的应用实践。     

Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs

The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation,immune system modulation,and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host.This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota,dietary components,and intestinal health of pigs.The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota,diet,and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system.The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota.The microbiotaehost interaction modulates the immune system,and,concurrently,the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition.The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters.It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets,microbiota,and health.In addition,supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.     

猪肠道细菌培养组学研究进展

猪肠道菌群是由所有定殖在猪肠道里的大量细菌、病毒、真菌和古菌等构成的集合.已有研究表明,很多疾病以及猪重要经济性状都与肠道菌群有关.目前,肠道菌群研究使用较多的技术是16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序,但这些技术并不能了解具体菌株的实际功能和生理特性.肠道细菌的分离培养具有特殊重要的意义.近几年来,肠道细菌的培养取...     

猪肠道微生物及其代谢产物与肠道屏障研究进展

肠道微生物参与营养物质代谢，影响猪的健康和发育，当肠道微生物发生紊乱，会造成猪腹泻并引起炎症反应，因此肠道微生物对猪的健康起着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道微生物在仔猪不同发育阶段的分布、肠道微生物的代谢产物对肠道健康的影响机制和肠道微生物与肠道屏障之间的关系进行阐述，并探讨了目前肠道健康研究的进展以及今后的研究方向，旨在为猪肠道健康调控提供理论参考。     

Gut health:The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs

There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (T_reg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.     

A defined intestinal colonization microbiota for gnotobiotic pigs

Maximising the ability of piglets to survive exposure to pathogens is essential to reduce early piglet mortality, an important factor in efficient commercial pig production. Mortality rates can be influenced by many factors, including early colonization by microbial commensals. Here we describe the development of an intestinal microbiota, the Bristol microbiota, for use in gnotobiotic pigs and its influence on synthesis of systemic immunoglobulins. Such a microbiota will be of value in studies of the consequences of early microbial colonization on development of the intestinal immune system and subsequent susceptibility to disease. Gnotobiotic pig studies lack a well-established intestinal microbiota. The use of the Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF), a murine intestinal microbiota, to colonize the intestines of Caesarean-derived, gnotobiotic pigs prior to gut closure, resulted in unreliable colonization with most (but not all) strains of the ASF. Subsequently, a novel, simpler porcine microbiota was developed. The novel microbiota reliably colonized the length of the intestinal tract when administered to gnotobiotic piglets. No health problems were observed, and the novel microbiota induced a systemic increase in serum immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and IgM. The Bristol microbiota will be of value for highly controlled, reproducible experiments of the consequences of early microbial colonization on susceptibility to disease in neonatal piglets, and as a biomedical model for the impact of microbial colonization on development of the intestinal mucosa and immune system in neonates.     

Dietary fiber and chicken microbiome interaction: Where will it lead to?

The last few decades have been marked by a rapid genetic improvement in chicken growth rates. The modern-day chicken is more efficient in converting feed into muscle mass than their predecessors. This enhanced efficiency emanates from better nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. The gut has therefore become a research focus especially after the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in poultry. In pursuance of better gut health in the post-AGP era, many different strategies are being continuously sought and tested. The gut is inhabited by more than 900 bacterial species along with fungi and archaea, and they play an important role to maintain a conducive milieu for the host. A beneficial shift in the microbial ecosystem of the chicken can be promoted by many dietary and non-dietary interventions, however, diet is ranked as one of the most important and potent regulators of gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the constituents of the diet warrant special attention in the modulation of the gut ecosystem. Among dietary constituents, fiber possesses a significant ability to modulate the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the importance of fiber in poultry nutrition and will also discuss the effects of fiber on gut microbiota and its resultant ramifications on the liver and brain.     

姜黄素调控肠道菌群及抗病毒作用研究进展

姜黄素作为一种天然的多酚类植物提取物，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激和改善动物肠道健康等多种生物学功能，已成为一种绿色安全高效的饲料添加剂。近年研究表明，姜黄素与肠道菌群存在紧密的相互作用。姜黄素能调控肠道菌群的组成和多样性，肠道菌群则影响姜黄素的转化。这种双向调控作用或许是姜黄素发挥生理功能的关键。此外，姜黄素被证实通过不同的机制抵抗多种病毒的感染，提示其具有成为新型抗病毒药物的潜力。因此，本文主要综述了姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的相互作用及姜黄素抵抗不同病毒感染的相关机制，以期为深入了解姜黄素对改善动物健康的作用机制和开发新型绿色饲料添加剂提供理论依据。     

Potential relevance of pig gut content transplantation for production and research

It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig. This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, factors affecting it, and the impact of the microbiota on health, growth performance, and more recently, behavior of the host. Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency. Research on faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available. Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans, together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production. However, several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient, and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production.There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy, since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms. However, considering the success observed in humans, it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production. Further,FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome, resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics, rather than the broader approach applied in FMT. This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT, and its potential application to swine production, and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.