不同退耕还林模式对土壤生物学性质的影响效果评价

在测定土壤微生物、土壤酶活性基础上,应用主成分因子分析法建立了不同退耕还林模式下的土壤生物学性质评价体系。结果表明,土壤放线菌、真菌数量与转化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间的相关性达到了极显著或显著水平优势微生物中的微球菌与转化酶,芽孢杆菌与纤维素酶,木霉和游动放线菌与过氧化氢酶,酵母菌与脲酶呈显著正相关关系放线菌、真菌及其微生物优势类群多样性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用4种土壤酶活性是土壤生物学肥力质量评价的重要指标而细菌、酵母等生物量较小的微生物对土壤生态肥力评价的贡献较小。用土壤综合肥力指标值(IFI)进一步评价各样地的土壤生物学肥力质量的顺序依次为:苦竹林表层>桦木林表层>农耕地表层>农耕地亚表层>农耕地深层>桦木和苦竹林亚表层>桦木林深层>苦竹林深层。苦竹对退耕地的生态改善效果,如水土保持、水源涵养和土壤生态肥力的增加等方面要优于桦木。     

基于USLE的大豆C因子计算模型研究

作物覆盖与管理对土壤侵蚀的影响通常用C表示,它来自于美国通用流失方程（USLE）,是有效治理土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失必须深入研究的重要因子。目前,我国有大量的通过植被覆盖度计算C值的模型,且关系模型的形式也各有不同。但植被覆盖度只是表征地表作物覆盖的指标之一,且并无体现管理措施对土壤流失的影响,建模方法也多是直接进行回归分析。因此,本研究以大豆为研究对象,通过室外人工模拟降雨,以植被覆盖度作为关键因子,以株高、结皮厚度、地表糙度作为调节因子逼近误差建立C因子估算模型。得到的模型公式为：C=-0.595 ln?〖V×(-〖0.779x〗_1+0.〖439x〗_2+0.061h-0.357)〗。式中,V为植被覆盖度,%;h为株高,cm;x1为结皮厚度,mm;x2为地表糙度,无量纲。模型R2=0.935,均方根误差仅为0.089。本研究结果可为黄土高原农耕地土壤C因子模型的不断完善提供理论参考。     

Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on ZnO Supported on SBA-15

Most drugs are synthesized by human medicine both for the treatment of men and animals and are also produced to maintain their physical and chemical properties for a time sufficient to serve a therapeutic purpose in treatments of some kind of illness. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic synthetically obtained in 1987 and belongs to the family of fluoroquinolones and is currently prescribed in certain treatments. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the adsorption of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic in solution on zinc oxide (ZnO) supported on SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The results showed that the post-synthesis method is effective in impregnating zinc oxide in SBA-15 and its structure has not been damaged and has not lost its organization in the hexagonal 2D planes. The ZnO-SBA-15 (10%) sample adsorbed 69.10% of ciprofloxacin (25 mg/L) in 180 min. Freundlich adsorption model was observed with the correlation factor of R²?=?0.9999, for the adsorbent ZnO-SBA-15 (10%), which showed the best sample. The kinetics was classified as pseudo-second order, as well as the thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process has a spontaneous nature and a value of ΔH°?=?4.677 kJ/mol, evidencing that the process has the nature of physiosorption.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Rice based on Pot Experiments

Abstract

Limited information is available regarding the utilization and loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to intensively managed upland rice. Effects of N fertilization on upland rice were conducted as N0 (no N applied), N225 (225 kg N · ha^?1), N300 (300 kg N · ha^?1), and N375 (375 kg N · ha^?1) in pot experiments. ¹⁵N‐labeled techniques were used in basal and topdressing N fertilizations. Results showed with the increase of N quantity applied, tiller, panicle numbers per pot, and spikelet number per panicle increased significantly (P<0.05). Chlorophyll b content of N225 and N300 were significantly higher than N0 (P<0.05), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of N300 increased significantly compared with N0 and N225. Under basal fertilization, N use efficiency (NUE) of root, stem, leaf, and grain in N300 was the highest. The NUE and loss rate ranged from 23.3% to 30.3% and 62.4% to 73.8%, respectively, under basal fertilization. They varied from 16.5% to 27.5% and 70.7% to 80.4%, respectively, under topdressing fertilization. The highest NUE was observed in N300 under basal fertilization. As increased quantities of N were applied, Pn and biological characteristics improved, thus crop yield of upland rice increased. Grain yield of N300 and N375 were significantly higher than that of N0 and N225 (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, N fertilization with medium applied quantity under basal fertilization will facilitate growing, photosynthesis, and grain yield increase of upland rice.     

Lime and Nutrients Effects on Jatropha curcas Cultivated on an Amazonian Soil

We evaluated the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient omission, and of liming, on Jatropha curcas (JC) in greenhouse study. The experimental design was a factorial combination of 2 liming treatments (nil or 4.5 t. ha^?1 of dolomitic lime) x 7 combinations of fertility status, with five replications. The concentrations and uptake of nutrients by JC plants follow the order: nitrogen > potassium > calcium ≥ Magnesium > sulfur > phosphorus > iron > boron > manganese > zinc > copper (N > K > Ca ≥ Mg > S > P > Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu), but the growth of JC plants was negatively affected mainly by omission of macronutrients, in the following order: P > N = K = S, on limed soil. Phosphorus is the most critical element for development. JC is responsive to micronutrients only when applied together with macronutrients. Potassium chloride is not recommended as K⁺ source for JC crop. Lime is recommended to improve growth and nutritional status of JC plants.     

陕西省马铃薯施肥现状评价

为了解陕西省马铃薯施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策。对测土配方施肥项目2006~2009年的14个县1890户调查数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明,陕北高原和陕南秦巴山区平均产量分别为23.0 t/hm2和15.4 t/hm2,全省平均22.3 t/hm2。有机肥施用农户分别占到99.0%和60.6%,全省平均95.4%。全省化肥氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）和钾（K2O）投入量分别为155、 78和13 kg/hm2,其投入均表现出报酬递减趋势。与养分分级等级相比,陕北高原和陕南秦巴山区化学氮肥施用量合理的农户分别占43.0%和4.0%,全省平均39.4%; 过量施肥的农户分别占24.5%和50.3%,全省平均26.9%。磷肥施用量合理的农户分别占64.6%和16.0%,全省平均60.1%; 过量施肥的农户分别占21.9%和56.0%,全省平均25.0%。钾肥施用量不足农户分别占96.9%和93.1%,全省平均96.6%。陕西省农户马铃薯施肥存在问题主要包括氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥和有机肥投入不足。今后陕西省马铃薯施肥的重点为平衡氮肥和磷肥用量,增加钾肥和有机肥用量,增加追肥的施用,尤其是陕南秦巴山区。     

甘肃省高原山地树种的抗旱性研究

 通过PV曲线求解各树种水分参数,并结合水势日变化的分析表明:青海云杉、祁连圆柏、青杨和红桦4树种具有很强的抗旱性和保水力,针叶树的抗旱能力较阔叶树强。青海云杉细胞组织束缚水含量高、持水力强,日平均水势值较祁连圆柏高,细胞壁弹性大,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏质壁分离时渗透水的相对含量较高,日水势变差大,通过细胞水分减少、共质体水与非共质体水转换途径的渗透调节能力较强,在充分膨胀时细胞浓度较高,保持最大膨压的能力更强,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏的综合抗旱能力较青海云杉强;红桦组织细胞束缚水含量较高、持水力较强,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;青杨水势日平均值低,渗透调节和保持最大膨压的能力强,零膨压点的渗透势、失水率都更低,细胞坚硬厚实,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱。     

基于GIS技术的多目标土壤资源适宜性评价

土壤资源适宜性评价是进行十壤资源空间分析及优化配置的基础,为土壤资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据.该文以江西省鄱阳湖经济区土壤资源为研究对象,选取了7个参评因子,将GIS技术、统计模型和评价方法有机结合进行u十壤资源的宜耕、宜园和宜林适宜性评价,评价结果表明:研究区生境条件整体较高,土壤资源适宜性较好;区域内宜耕土壤资源面积为19269.2 km2,占总面积的48.5%;宜园土壤资源面积为4399.1 km2,只占总面积的11.1%;宜林十壤资源面积为12579.1 km2,占总面积的31.7%;三者的有机结合,克服了传统评价方法费时费力以及主观参与性强的不足,使评价结果更为客观合理,为土壤资源适宜性评价提供了一条新途径.     

Effects of mineral and biofertilizers on barley growth on compacted soil

Abstract

Biofertilizers are an alternative to mineral fertilizers for increasing soil productivity and plant growth in sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible effects of three mineral fertilizers and four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains as biofertilizer on soil properties and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) at three different soil bulk densities, and in three harvest periods. The application treatments included the control (without bacteria inoculation and mineral fertilizers), mineral fertilizers (N, NP and P) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria species (Bacillus licheniformis RC04, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05, Pseudomonas putida RC06, and Bacillus OSU-142) in sterilized soil. The PGPR, fungi, seedling growth, soil pH, organic matter content, available P and mineral nitrogen were determined in soil compacted artificially to three bulk density levels (1.1, 1.25 and 1.40 Mg m^?3) at 15, 30, and 45 days of plant harvest. The results showed that all the inoculated bacteria contributed to the amount of mineral nitrogen. Seed inoculation significantly increased the count of bacteria and fungi. Data suggest that seed inoculation of barley with PGPR strains tested increased root weight by 9–12.2%, and shoot weight by 29.7–43.3% compared with control. The N, NP and P application, however, increased root weight up to 18.2, 25.0 and 7.4% and shoot weight by 31.6, 43.4 and 26.4%, respectively. Our data show that PGPR stimulate barley growth and could be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. Soil compaction hampers the beneficial plant growth promoting properties of PGPR and should be avoided.     

Model Experiments on the Influence of Artificial Humic Compounds on Chemodenitrification

Chemodenitrification is of importance in both soils and the treatment of some types of wastewater. During model experiments,the impact of various conditions, such as pH and especially artificial humic matter and oxygen on this process was studied to build upkinetic models. The chemodenitrification rate decreased due to the ongoingautoxidation/polymerization of hydroquinone to artificial humic matterfrom 11.02 μg (L h)^-1 after 7 days autoxidation to 5.38 μg (L h)^-1 after 14 days at pH 4 under aerobic conditionsand an initial nitrite concentration of 250 μg L^-1. At the same pH,with the same nitrite concentration, and in the presence of Roth humic matter(2 mg L^-1) under aerobic conditions, the chemodenitrification rate was0.73 μg (L h)^-1, whereas under anaerobic conditions itwas considerably higher (2.88 μg (L h)^-1). In anothermodel experiment, it was shown that the amount of nitrite incorporated into the artificial humic matter was less then 1%. Further, it was found that the main reaction product of chemodenitrification is NO.     

Influence of Elemental Sulfur on Sugarcane Yield on Histosols with Near-Neutral pH

Soil subsidence of Florida Histosols caused by microbial oxidation following drainage of these soils has resulted in decreased depth. Soil pH has increased from tillage operations and vertical movement of carbonates from underlying limestone bedrock through evapotranspiration and seepage irrigation. This study was conducted to determine sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) yield response to banded elemental sulfur (S) (granular 90% S and granular 80% S with 5% manganese (Mn)) in soils with unamended pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.2. Four field experiments were established as small-plots on Histosols in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Each experiment was a randomized complete block design with six replications and elemental S rates of 0, 90, 224, and 448 kg S ha^?1. Less than optimum leaf Mn at two locations were associated with Mehlich 3-extractable Mn<5 g m^?3. There were no sugarcane yield responses to elemental S with unamended pH<7.2, although S significantly reduced in-row pH.

Abbreviations: EAA, Everglades Agricultural Area; ICP, inductively coupled argon plasma; KSM, kg sucrose Mg^?1 cane; MAP, monoammonium phosphate; M3-Mn, Mehlich 3-extractable Mn; RCB, randomized complete block; STM5, granular 80% S with 5% Mn; MCH, Mg cane ha^?1; MSH, Mg sucrose ha^?1     

Sewage Sludge Application on Soil: Effects on Two Earthworm Species

Some biological effects of soilfertilisation with sewage sludge were investigated aftersoil reclamation in an opencast mining area. Two earthwormspecies (Allolobophora chlorotica chloroticaand Nicodrilus caliginosus meridionalis) inhabitingthe reclaimed soil were tested for their response to twohigh doses of sludge (75 and 150 g kg^-1 of dry sludgein dry sieved soil). The metal concentrations in thesludge amended soils were below that which worm mortalitywould be expected. Mean annual density of the earthwormswas higher in the plots where the sludge was applied (435and 335 ind. m^-2) than in control (115 ind. m^-2).We verified the accumulation of Cd and Zn by the twoearthworm species at any dose of sludge, and metalaccumulation was higher in N. caliginosus than inA. chlorotica. Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni were moreconcentrated in the earthworm egesta than in the bulk soil.     

滤纸法新雨滴取样器的试验研究

 雨滴色斑面积叠合度是影响滤纸法测算雨滴滴谱精度的主要因素。采用人工降雨试验,建立了锥体式雨滴取样器优化数学模型,并运用正交设计优化法求得锥体坡度为45°,锥体高度为52mm;在相同试验条件下,进行了锥体式雨滴取样器与平板式雨滴取样器的对比试验,当雨滴中数直径分别为4.2mm和1.7mm时,φ150mm滤纸上的雨滴色斑面积叠合量平均可减少60.6mm2和42.0mm2,表明锥体式雨滴取样器优于平板式雨滴取样器。     

Nitrogen effects on cantaloupes

Abstract

The NO₃ levels in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) petioles relate closely to N treatment and reflect the N status of the cantaloupe plant. Suggested levels of petiole NO₃ in cantaloupes grown in Arizona are presented. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on melon size, earliness, or most storage quality factors that were evaluated except that deficiencies resulted in lower netting, poor general appearance and an increase in cull melons.     

Insights on the role of vegetation on nitrogen cycling in effluent irrigated lands

This work investigated the effect of plant species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis vs Arundo donax) on N-turnover during land application of pre-treated municipal wastewater. The study was carried out in 40-L pots under field conditions and revealed strong effects of plant species on N uptake, potential nitrification rate (PNR), and gaseous losses of N. E. camaldulensis accumulated 38% more N in its biomass than A. donax. With regard to the soil N, there was no effect of plant species on total Kjeldahl N content. The lower PNR measured in pots planted with A. donax could not be explained by differences in archaeal or bacterial amoA gene copies; suggesting that plant species affected the activity of nitrifiers.The loads of NH₄⁺-N applied were not found to have delayed the oxidation of NH₄⁺-N, despite the differences in PNR, as indicated by soil solution and soil NH₄⁺-N concentrations in the rhizosphere of the two plant species throughout the period of the study. However, decreased concentrations of NO₃⁻-N were measured in the pots planted with A. donax from the end of June onwards. This finding implies increased losses of N through denitrification and reveals a direct effect of plant species on the activity of denitrifiers since differences in copy numbers of denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ) were observed only early in the season. Our findings reveal a critical role of plant species on N cycling in terrestrial environments with important implications for the management/restoration of N-polluted areas, such as riparian zones, and for land treatment systems and constructed wetlands.     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.     

Influence of Sulfur Fertility on Wheat Yield Performance on Alluvial and Upland Soils

Abstract: In recent years, sulfur (S) deficiencies in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have become more common, particularly on coarse‐textured soils. In Study I, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 through 2003/2004 on Mississippi River alluvial soils (Experiment I) and an upland, loessial silt loam (Experiment II) to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg ha^?1 and a fall rate of 22.4 kg sulfate (SO₄)‐S ha^?1 on grain yield of three varieties. In Study II, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 on alluvial soils to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in fields where S‐deficiency symptoms were present. Grain yield response to applied S occurred only on alluvial, coarse‐textured, very fine sandy loam soils (Study II) that had soil SO₄‐S levels less than the critical level of 8 mg kg^?1 and organic‐matter contents less than 1 g kg^?1 in the 0‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 45‐cm depths. Soil pH increased with soil depth. Optimum S rate was 11.2 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2001/2002 and 5.6 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2004/2005. On the upland, loessial silt loam soil, soil SO₄‐S levels accumulated with depth, whereas organic‐matter content and pH decreased. In the loessial soils, average soil SO₄‐S levels in the 15‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 45‐cm soil depths were 370% greater than SO₄‐S in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm).     

基于组合模型的安徽省城镇化演进对耕地影响前景研究

[目的]探索安徽省城镇化演进对耕地影响的前景,为管理层制定协调城镇化发展与耕地保护政策提供依据。[方法]运用LMDI分解模型对城镇化进程引致的耕地面积减少份额进行了计算;借助SPSS分析软件,采用最佳拟合优度曲线估计方法,对城镇化与耕地变化间耦合函数关系进行了考察;基于Logistic模型对城镇化演进趋势进行了预测;依据城镇化与耕地耦合关系及城镇化演进趋势,测算了城镇化发展对耕地影响的前景。[结果]1996—2011年,安徽省城镇化进程引致耕地面积年均减少1 097.87hm2,人口城镇化率每提升1个百分点,耕地面积减少795.20hm2;城镇化与耕地变化间以二次曲线拟合最优;安徽省2020,2030年人口城镇化率分别达到58.44%,68.25%;2020年前,城镇化发展将导致耕地年均减少3 804.94hm2,城镇化水平每提升1个百分点,将导致耕地减少2 549.37hm2,2021—2030年,城镇化演进将导致耕地年均减少11 179.42hm2;城镇化水平每提升1个百分点,将导致耕地减少11 395.94hm2。[结论]未来城镇化演进对耕地的影响将日趋激烈,耕地保护与生态安徽建设将面临较大挑战。     

植被斑块格局对砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的影响

选取水力侵蚀极其剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于野外径流小区的连续监测试验,采用三维激光扫描、无人机航拍与方差均值比率法相结合,对比分析砒砂岩坡面3种典型自然植被格局(聚集分布、均匀分布、随机分布)下的产流产沙特征与坡面微地形的演变规律。结果表明:(1)均匀分布格局对减缓水力侵蚀条件下砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的效果最明显,与裸坡相比,减流率达到64%,减沙率达到72%,土壤流失量最少,为0.05 kg/m²。径流泥沙量之间存在多项式曲线关系,拟合函数为y=-0.0462X²+0.5355X-0.865,R²=0.736。(2)均匀分布格局的侵蚀区面积最小,为12.28 m²;沉积区面积最大,为3.44 m²,土壤侵蚀强度较其他坡面弱,以轻度侵蚀为主。(3)均匀分布格局的径流泥沙量与平均沉积深度之间的相关性较强,与径流量呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),相关系数为0.603;与泥沙量呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),相关系数为0.771。     

The occurrence of terrestrial algae on two beech sites on a Cambisol

The occurrence of terrestrial algae on two beech sites was determined qualitatively and quantitatively in the litter, organic and mineral layer. Both sites are beech stands of different age and the soil type is a Cambisol. On the site with young beech the maximal value determined was 1.0 · 10⁸ algae g^?1 dw in the litter layer. With increasing soil depth the number of algae decreased on both sites, and at the young beech stand site no algae were found in the mineral soil. Chlorophyceae were the dominant algae group and at the young beech stand Bacillariophyceae were present.