Sorption Behaviors of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS) on Marine Sediments

The sorption behavior of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, on marine sediments was systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that 100 min was required for the adsorption equilibrium. For the sediments treated by HCl and H₂O, sorption behavior of SDBS was fit with linear isotherm very well over the concentration range studied at 298 K. The sorption occurred primarily due to partition function of hydrophobic chains into organic carbon of sediments. Sorption of SDBS on H₂O₂-treated sediments was satisfactorily fit with Freundlich isotherm model and mainly through surface function of clay minerals in the sediment. The sorption was favorably influenced by the increased salinity, deceased pH and decreased temperature of seawater.     

Influence of Aggregate Size,Electrolyte Concentration,and Sodium Adsorption Ratio on Crack Parameters of a Vertisol

Shrinking–swelling and crack formation influence soil physical behavior and productivity. Soil factors affecting crack formation and dimensions are clay content and mineralogy, aggregate stability as well as total concentration (C_t), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil solution. Tillage intensity, which determines aggregate size, may also play a significant role in crack formation and dimensions. In the present work, total length, mean width, total area, and cover percentage of cracks were studied, under laboratory conditions, in beds of two aggregate sizes (<1 and 2–1 mm) of a Vertisol. The beds were saturated, equilibrated with sodium chloride (NaCl)/calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions of C_t 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mmol/L and SARs 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 (mmol/L)^1/2, and allowed to air‐dry. After air‐drying, pictures of the samples were taken and used for the calculation of crack parameters by a scanning program. The results showed that aggregate size was the dominant factor determining the crack parameters: the cracks formed in beds of aggregates <1 mm were wider and of a smaller total length, total area, and cover percentage (p < 0.05) than those cracks formed in beds of aggregates 2–1 mm in size. It was also determined that changes of C_t resulted in a greater influence on crack characteristics than changes of SAR in the equilibrating solutions.     

淹水条件下有机酸(糖)对土壤磷素固定的影响

以水田土壤剖面为对象,从磷素固定的角度研究了无定型铁等主要固磷基质在淹水加有机酸(糖)条件下的变化特征及其固磷能力变化特点。结果表明,剖面各层土壤淹水条件下添加有机酸(糖)培养后均可以与Langmiur方程很好拟合,淹水不添加有机酸(糖)与添加的处理相比,所有样品的最大固磷量均表现出降低的特点。淹水后土壤无定形硅含量与淹水前相比有所降低;无定形铁淹水前后变化不大但多数以含量增加为主,加酸(糖)处理中无定形铁含量表现出下降的趋势;络合态铁增加非常明显。无定性硅的变化与土壤固磷能力的变化相关性不显著,淹水前后无定形铁含量变化与最大吸磷量变化之间的相关性达到极显著水平,但淹水加酸(糖)后的最大吸磷量与淹水前相比多数样品有所降低;络合态铁氧化物主要表现为与磷素固定能力一定的负相关。     

Steady-State Prediction of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in Drainage Water Based on Irrigation Water Quality in a Lysimetric Study

Different types of equations have been proposed to predict the drainage water sodium adsorption ration (SAR; SAR_dw). These equations are verified here against the data of a lysimetric study. Cylindrical lysimeters with diameter of 40 and height of 180 cm were filled with a sandy loam soil and irrigated weekly with natural water. A set of 30 drainage water analyses was used for which measurements of irrigation and drainage water quality and quantities were done. Then a set of 116 water analyses throughout Iran was used to adjust some of available equations for local conditions. Simple correlations between irrigation water SAR and that of drainage water yielded to poor regression coefficient (R² = 0.108), whereas steady-state assumption could fairly predict SAR_dw (R² = 0.802), which is comparable with more complex methods recently proposed. The WatSuit model predicted values of the mean SAR_dw based on average leaching fraction (LF) that were very close to the measured mean of drainage water SAR.     

锑/磷在膨润土和高岭土的竞争吸附

采用批处理法研究了锑/磷(Sb/P)在膨润土和高岭土上的竞争吸附等温线和动力学,并考察了pH的影响。结果表明:Sb和P吸附符合Langmuir或Freundlich方程(R~2=0.945 0~0.998 3,P0.000 1),存在极强的竞争吸附:P共存时Sb吸附容量(Q_(max))显著降低,分别从0.86和10.21 mmol/kg(先Sb后P)降低到0.64和2.61 mmol/kg(先P后Sb);Sb共存时P吸附亲合性(K)明显降低,分别从1.47和7.47 L/mmol(先P后Sb)降低到0.68和2.34 L/mmol(先Sb后P)。Sb和P的吸附总体随pH升高而降低,但相比高岭土,膨润土上的吸附受pH影响更大,意味着高岭土有更多配位吸附、膨润土有更多电性吸附。准二级动力学方程很好地拟合它们的竞争吸附(R~20.994,P0.000 1),并且在Sb/P共存下,膨润土对P吸附弱而慢(q_e=0.36 mmol/kg,,k_2=0.064 6 kg/(mmol·min))、对Sb吸附虽弱但快(q_e=0.19 mmol/kg,k_2=0.076 9 kg/(mmol·min));高岭土对P吸附强更快(q_e=0.66 mmol/kg,k_2=0.591 kg/(mmol·min))、对Sb吸附虽强但慢[q_e=0.39 mmol/kg,k_2=0.052 4 kg/(mmol·min)]。因此,Sb对P吸附的抑制在膨润土上更明显(主要是静电吸附竞争),P对Sb吸附的抑制则在高岭土上更突出(主要是配位吸附竞争)。     

土壤吸附可溶性有机碳研究进展

可溶性有机碳(DOC)是土壤有机碳(SOC)中最活跃的部分,虽然所占土壤总有机碳比例仅为0.04%~0.22%,但土壤对于DOC的吸附却被认为是深层土壤固定有机碳的主要过程。由此可见,土壤对DOC的吸附行为对于全球碳循环的研究有着深远的意义。文章以土壤对DOC的吸附行为为主体,综述了土壤对DOC的吸附特征,在此基础上总结出其吸附机理,并提出了目前研究的不足之处及对未来研究方向的展望,旨在为深入了解DOC在土壤环境中的迁移转化行为提供依据。     

Uptake of Hydrocarbon by Pseudomonas fluorescens (P1) and Pseudomonas putida (K1) Strains in the Presence of Surfactants: A Cell Surface Modification

The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effects of exogenous added surfactants on hydrocarbon biodegradation and on cell surface properties. Crude oil hydrocarbons are often difficult to remove from the environment because of their insolubility in water. The addition of surfactants enhances the removal of hydrocarbons by raising the solubility of these compounds. These surfactants cause them to become more vulnerable to degradation, thereby facilitating transportation across the cell membrane. The obtained results showed that the microorganism consortia of bacteria are useful biological agents within environmental bioremediation. The most effective amongst all, as regards biodegradation, were the consortia of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. strains. The results indicated that the natural surfactants (rhamnolipides and saponins) are more effective surfactants in hydrocarbon biodegradation as compared to Triton X-100. The addition of natural surfactants enhanced the removal of hydrocarbon and diesel oil from the environment. Very promising was the use of saponins as a surfactant in hydrocarbon biodegradation. This surfactant significantly increases the organic compound biodegradation. In the case of those surfactants that could be easily adsorbed on cells of strains (e.g., rhamnolipides), a change of hydrophobicity to ca. 30-40% was noted. As the final result, an increase in hydrocarbon biodegradation was observed.     

Distribution Coefficient and Adsorption–desorption Rates of di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) onto and from the Surface of Suspended Particles in Fresh Water

The commonly used plastic softener, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), also a known Endocrine Disrupting Compound, was found contaminated in various aquatic environments, including river water in Thailand. The data of adsorption kinetics from this study indicated that DEHP can adsorb onto pure bentonite and natural suspended sediment with average adsorption rate constants of 0.0056 and 0.0039 min^?1 respectively. The average distribution coefficients between suspended particles and water found in this study for pure bentonite and natural suspended sediment were 0.045 and 0.043 l g^?1 respectively. Although the studies were carried out in pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0, there were no obvious influences of pH on adsorption rates and distribution coefficients of DEHP onto both pure bentonite and natural suspended particles. The desorption rate was very small and was estimated to be less than 0.03 μg min^?1. The results indicated that suspended sediment could become a long term release of DEHP and facilitate the transport of DEHP mainly due to fast adsorption rate and relatively high adsorption capacity.     

Bisphenol A Adsorption Onto Metals Oxides and Organic Materials in the Natural Surface Coatings Samples (NSCSs) and Surficial Sediments (SSs): Inhibition for the Importance of Mn Oxides

Selective extraction techniques followed by batch adsorption experiments and statistical analyses were employed to investigate the adsorption behavior of bisphenol A (BPA) onto the natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) and surficial sediments (SSs) and estimate the relative contribution of components (i.e. Fe oxides, Mn oxides, organic materials and residues) to the total BPA adsorption. The results indicate that nonlinear Langmuir model can describe the adsorption behavior of BPA on the NSCSs and SSs before and after extraction treatments. The removal of Mn oxides from the NSCSs and SSs caused a significant increase in BPA adsorption, which implied that Mn oxides inhibited BPA adsorption onto solid matrix, and Fe oxides played a positive role in BPA adsorption onto the NSCSs and SSs. However, the removal of organic materials (OMs) led to a dramatic decrease in BPA adsorption, suggesting considerable amounts of BPA adsorbed onto OMs in the NSCSs and SSs. This study may provide important insights into the understanding of the transport and ultimate fate of BPA in the aquatic environments.     

表面展示棉铃虫钙粘蛋白基因细胞系的建立

为研究苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis杀虫晶体蛋白与其受体钙粘蛋白的相互作用,本研究利用苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)囊膜蛋白GP64细胞膜锚定的特点,将172 bp的N端信号肽(GP64 signal peptide,gp64sp)和135 bp的C端膜锚定区域(GP64 C-terminal transmembrane domain,gp64ctd)连接,并在中间添加了一段含有6个酶切位点的序列,再连接到表达载体pIZ/V5-His,成功构建了一个使外源基因在细胞膜上表达的重组载体pIZ/V5-gp64.将扩增的3 882 bp的棉铃虫钙粘蛋白(Helicoverpa armigera cadherin,HaCAD)基因重复区和近膜区片段与重组载体pIZ/V5-gp64进行酶切和连接,构建重组载体pIZ/V 5-gp64-HaCAD,将其转染棉铃虫细胞系Ha-E-1,通过筛选、细胞克隆和PCR验证,获得了重组钙粘蛋白基因的转基因细胞系Ha-T-CAD.免疫荧光法检测证实,钙粘蛋白在转基因细胞系Ha-T-CAD中成功表达.Western blot检测发现,在Ha-T-CAD细胞的膜蛋白中有140 kD大小的钙粘蛋白.转基因细胞系Ha-T-CAD的构建将为Bt杀虫晶体蛋白作用机理以及昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机制研究提供基础资料.     

肥料~(15)N对烟叶氮和烟碱含量的影响

利用15N示踪技术在黄壤烟区研究了烤烟不同部位烟叶氮和烟碱含量的变化及肥料氮在烟碱中的分配。结果表明,不施氮肥的情况下,烟株第10片以上烟叶烟碱含量达到3.54%;施氮量为97.5kghm-2时,10片以上烟叶烟碱含量达到4.13%以上。烟碱积累在整个生育期是呈不断增加的趋势,于移栽后7周内积累较少,烟碱积累主要集中在9～15周,到烟叶采收结束17周为122.55kghm-2。烟叶进入成熟期后,烟碱含量与各部位烟叶来自土壤氮素比例呈正相关,其中与上部烟叶相关系数达0.88。烟碱总氮中来自肥料氮于下部、中部和上部烟叶分别占28.31%,26.63%和25.45%;相应构成烟碱的氮素中,下、中、上部烟叶中有来自土壤氮分别为71.69%、73.37%和74.55%。追肥氮占施氮总量30%条件下,烟碱中氮来自追肥氮在下、中和上部烟叶分别占14.25%、15.30%和14.94%,追肥氮是烟叶烟碱总氮主要氮源。     

Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤胶体和非胶体颗粒上吸附的比较

研究了湖南长沙和海南昆仑的2种红壤胶体和非胶体的矿物组成、阳离子交换量(CEC)及Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在土壤胶体和非胶体颗粒表面的吸附行为,以明确红壤胶体对土壤表面化学性质的贡献。X射线衍射分析结果表明,两种红壤胶体的矿物组成均以次生矿物为主,次生矿物又以1∶1型高岭石所占比例最高。土壤非胶体颗粒中石英等原生矿物含量较高。土壤铁铝氧化物主要富集在土壤胶体部分,土壤胶体颗粒中游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量明显高于非胶体颗粒,如湖南长沙红壤胶体颗粒游离氧化铁的含量为78.03 g kg~(-1),而非胶体颗粒中仅为9.93 g kg~(-1)。土壤胶体颗粒的CEC显著高于非胶体颗粒部分,2种红壤胶体的CEC约为非胶体的12倍。等温吸附实验结果表明,土壤胶体颗粒对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量和吸附亲和力均显著大于非胶体颗粒,湖南红壤胶体对3种重金属的吸附量大于海南红壤胶体,与土壤胶体的矿物组成和CEC大小一致。Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤胶体和非胶体颗粒表面主要发生静电吸附,而静电吸附和非静电吸附两种机制均对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附有重要贡献。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus fertilization on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation (15N) inMedicago sativa at four salinity levels

The rose of an isolate of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus mosseae in the protection ofMedicago sativa (+Rhizobium meliloti) against salt stress induced by the addition of increasing levels of soluble salts was studied. The interactions between soluble P in soil (four levels), mycorrhizal inoculum and degree of salinity in relation to plant growth, nutrition and infective parameters were evaluated. Salt stress was induced by sequential irrigation with saline water having four concentrations of three salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂).¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate was added to provide a quantitative estimate of N₂ fixation under moderate to high salinity levels. N and P concentration and nodule formation increased with the amount of plant-available P or mycorrhizal inoculum in the soil and generally declined as the salinity in the solution culture increased from a moderate to a high level. The mycorrhizal inoculation protected the plants from salt stress more efficiently than any amount of plant-available P in soil, particularly at the highest salinity level applied (43.5 dS m^?1). Mycorrhizal inoculation matched the effect on dry matter and nutrition of the addition in the soil of 150 mg P kg^?1. Nevertheless the highest saline solution assayed (43.5 dS m^?1) affected more severely plants supplemented with phosphorus than those with the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum. Such a saline-depressing effect was 1.5 (biomass), 1.4 (N) and 1.5 (P) times higher in plants supplied with soluble phosphate than with AM inoculum. Mechanisms beyond those mediated by P must be involved in the AM-protectioe effect against salinity. The¹⁵N methodology used allowed the determination of N₂ fixation as influenced by different P applications compared to mycorrhizal inoculation. A lack of correlation between nodule formation and function (N₂ fixation) was evidenced in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants. In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants, the N contents determined indicated the highest acquisition of N occurred in plants with the symbiotic status. Moreover, N and P uptake increased while Ca and Mg decreased in AM-inoculated plants. Thus P/Ca ratios and cation/anion balance in general were altered in mycorrhizal treatments. This study therefore confirms previous findings that AM-colonized plants have optional and alternative mechanisms available to satisfy their nutritive requirements and to maintain their physiological status in stress situations and in disturbed ecosystems.     

小麦核糖体蛋白S15a基因(TaRPS15a)的克隆及其在多子房株系中的时空表达分析

为研究40S核糖体蛋白S15a(ribosomal protein S15a,RPS15a)在小麦多子房性状形成过程中的功能作用,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)多子房近等基因系构建的多子房性状SSH-cDNA文库中与RPS15a基因同源的EST序列为信息探针,采用RT-PCR技术从小麦多子房株系幼穗中克隆获得了RPS15a基因的cDNA与DNA序列,分析了该基因在近等基因系间的表达差异及其在多子房株系中不同时期幼穗和同一发育时期不同组织中的表达模式.结果表明,小麦RPS15a基因的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM055513)长为413 bp,编码131个氨基酸;DNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM063421)长为642 bp,含有3个外显子和2个内含子.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在多子房株系2～4mm幼穗中的表达量高于单子房株系幼穗;在多子房株系不同时期幼穗中的表达量随着幼穗的发育呈现上升趋势,8～9 mm时表达量达到最高;该基因广泛存在于幼根、茎顶端、幼叶和幼穗组织中,在茎顶端表达量高于其他组织.研究推测RPS15a基因的表达上调,可能与小麦多子房性状的发生有关.     

铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物表面活性的影响研究进展

铝同晶替代现象在铁(氢)氧化物中普遍存在，可改变铁(氢)氧化物的结构、表面特性和反应活性，影响土壤中元素的行为、形态和归趋。运用文献计量法分析了铝同晶替代铁(氢)氧化物的国内外研究现状，分别综述了铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物晶体结构、表面电荷和界面过程的影响，从静电作用、比表面积、位点组成与密度、Fe/Al位点亲和性以及空位缺陷等方面阐明了铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物表面活性和吸附行为的影响机制。在此基础上，提出了未来研究应着眼于构建铝替代量–结构–反应活性定量关系、深入探究铝同晶替代铁(氢)氧化物不同晶面上的界面机制，以及将研究对象与体系过渡到实际土壤等。     

Influence of Major Anions on As(V) Adsorption by Synthetic 2-line Ferrihydrite. Kinetic Investigation and XPS Study of the Competitive Effect of Bicarbonate

The potential competitive effect of background electrolytes (Na₂HPO₄ ·2H₂O, NaHCO₃, Na₂SO₄ and NaCl solutions) on arsenate adsorption onto synthetic 2-line ferrihydrite has been studied by means of kinetic batch experiments conducted at pH values from 4.0 to 10.0 and at anionic concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 M. The results indicate that the adsorptive capacity of ferrihydrite for arsenate decreases strongly in the presence of phosphate species at pH in the range of 4–10 and in the presence of bicarbonate at pH 8.3 as a consequence of their competitive effect. Analogously to phosphate, a surface interaction of inner-sphere type between ferrihydrite and bicarbonate is suggested. Chloride has negligible effects on arsenate adsorption processes, confirming it as an outer-sphere ion that does not compete with the inner-sphere binding peculiar to arsenate onto ferrihydrite. Sulphate exhibits an intermediate behaviour; at 0.01 M concentration, the competitive effect of sulphate is similar to that of chloride, whereas at 0.1 M concentration sulphate shows a moderate influence on arsenate adsorption. The results of the kinetic studies can be summarised by the following order of competitive capacity: phosphate?>?carbonate?>?sulphate?>?chloride. The process of arsenate adsorption follows pseudo-second order kinetics and the reaction half-time notably increases in the presence of strong competitor anions such as phosphate and carbonate with respect to an ineffective competitor anion such as chloride. Modelling of arsenate adsorption with PHREEQC, according to the Generalized Two-Layer Model, confirms that the pH effect is notably less important than the competitive effect of carbonate species in determining the amount of arsenate adsorbed onto ferrihydrite at pH 8.3 in 0.1 M NaHCO₃ solution, whereas the model greatly underestimates the competitive effect of carbonate species at pH 8.3 in 0.01 M NaHCO₃ solution. The results of the batch experiments in 0.1 M NaHCO₃ solution are substantiated by XPS analyses of ferrihydrite after immersion in the same solution, both with and without dissolved arsenate. XPS confirms the interaction between ferrihydrite surface and arsenate; the binding energy of As3d shifts towards higher binding energies after adsorption with respect to the pure compound Na₂HAsO₄·7H₂O taken as reference standard. In presence of carbonate species, the As3d binding energy is found at intermediate values. XPS quantitative analysis shows a depletion of arsenate on ferrihydrite surface, providing further evidence of the competition of the two species (i.e. arsenate and bicarbonate) for the ferrihydrite adsorption sites. Important environmental implications concerning arsenic mobility, as well as possible application in various fields (e.g. irrigation agriculture, soil decontamination, water treatment), might derive from these findings.