环境富集与猪的福利

简述了欧盟对猪圈舍环境富集的强制要求,综述了环境富集对集约化饲养环境中猪行为、生理、肉质的影响,总结了当前富集材料的研究进展,分析了一些富集效果不明显的原因,认为环境富集的研究手段还有待改进。     

产蛋和停产武定鸡卵巢转录组SNP分析

为提高武定鸡生产性能,探索繁殖相关差异基因,对270日龄产蛋和停产一周以上的武定鸡卵巢组织进行转录组测序,将获得的数据进行SNP检测,利用GO富集和KEGG富集分析SNP所在基因。结果显示:产蛋武定鸡特有的SNP有116235个,停产武定鸡特有的SNP有156020个,两者共有的SNP有276467个;GO富集分析发现,SNP所在基因大量富集在生物进程中;KEGG富集分析发现,SNP所在基因显著富集在代谢途径、剪接、细胞周期、细胞凋亡、基础转录因子等通路;对GnRH信号通路中的5个基因SNP分析发现,有9个SNP位于外显子区,其中有4个SNP位于编码区并引起了氨基酸的改变。研究结果为武定鸡繁殖性能的相关研究提供了理论依据。     

富铜酵母发酵条件优化的研究

利用酵母菌具有较强的富集微量元素的特性,试验研究了酵母菌富集微量元素铜的条件优化。从6株酵母菌中筛选出耐铜能力和富集铜能力均较强的J5作为试验菌株。试验结果显示:500ml摇瓶中装入50ml培养基,pH值为4.0～5.5,接种量为4%,30℃条件下摇床培养,最适宜的无机铜源为氯化铜,适宜氯化铜浓度120μg/ml。在此条件下培养所得酵母菌体生物量能达到1.00g/100ml以上,有机铜含量能够达到5000μg/g左右。     

环境丰容对单独圈养黑猩猩行为影响的研究

对广州动物园科研中心的2只单独圈养的黑猩猩进行环境丰容,采取焦点观察法和连续记录法,记录2只黑猩猩丰容前后的各行为持续时间。结果表明,环境丰容对2只单独圈养黑猩猩的行为产生影响,雌性黑猩猩积极行为显著增加,刻板行为和一般行为显著降低,而雄性黑猩猩的探究和进食行为明显提高。     

动物园环境丰容技术及其效果评估方法

通过对国内动物园调查发现,从20世纪90年代中期至今十几年,人们对动物园环境丰容这一概念逐步得到认识,其应用也越来越广泛,如1995年北京动物园开始尝试对猩猩馆进行环境丰容后,随后卧龙大熊猫研究中心、上海动物园、成都动物园等也有这方面的试验,其他动物园也相继开展相关工作。本文对国内动物园环境丰容工作成果进行总结,归纳出动物园环境丰容技术及效果评估方法,并对环境丰容工作中存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

凹甲陆龟人工饲养环境丰容及行为观察实验

2009年4～9月,采取铺设落叶作垫料并增加石块和粗大树枝等模拟自然生态环境对成都动物园两爬馆凹甲陆龟的人工饲养环境进行了环境丰容实验和行为观察比较。结果表明,进行饲养环境丰容后凹甲陆龟不良休息和活动行为明显减少,良性休息和活动行为明显增加并趋稳定;3号凹甲陆龟在饲养环境丰容后选择呆在角落位置的时间显著减少,而选择在非角落位置活动的时间显著增加。实验结果为改善其他爬行动物的人工饲养条件提供了可靠的参考依据。     

浅析圈养动物丰容

在过去的几十年内圈养动物的福利逐渐被认同,动物丰容与行为训练等新术语开始在研究领域内出现,相应的报道也日益增加。丰容和行为训练已经不仅仅是动物园系统的术语,而是动物学的一个名词。本文综述了丰容的概念、丰容的由来以及丰容的意义和方式。丰容方式包括环境丰容、认知丰容、感官丰容、食物丰容和社群丰容等五类,其中行为训练是认知丰容的一种方法。     

环境丰容对纠正猩猩呕吐行为效果的研究

1只人工饲养的猩猩出现食后连续呕吐的异常行为，通过药物治疗和环境丰容2种方法纠正呕吐行为，采取连续记录法，观察治疗及丰容前后的呕吐次数。结果表明，药物治疗无效，环境丰容可显著纠正呕吐行为。     

丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响

丰容是为圈养动物提供适宜生活环境，改善圈养动物行为结构的重要方法。为了探究丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响，于2013年1～4月对上海动物园3只双角犀鸟进行展区丰容实验。丰容方法包括在栖架上设置云梯、悬挂麻绳和玩具、使用饲喂器等。采用瞬时扫描法观察双角犀鸟的日常行为并进行统计学分析。实验结果表明，丰容前后双角犀鸟个体间行为时间分配在社群、休息、运动、动喙行为方面有显著差异；丰容对双角犀鸟的日常行为有显著的影响，且丰容后各个个体均在修饰行为、休息行为、运动行为和动喙行为方面出现显著差异，具体表现为：修饰行为、运动行为、动喙行为增加，休息行为减少。丰容前后双角犀鸟的Et常行为变化具有个体特异性及行为连锁性。丰容有利于丰富双角犀鸟的日常行为，减少刻板行为的发生，有效提高了动物福利。     

上海动物园天鹅湖岛屿丰容对游禽空间分布的影响

2015年1—5月,对上海动物园西天鹅湖中的岛屿进行丰容改造,采用定点观察和瞬时扫描相结合的方法,比较丰容前、丰容后天鹅湖中天鹅类和雁类的空间分布特征和丰容有效性。结果表明:开展岛屿丰容后,天鹅类的活动范围均有所减少,由(5671.7±967.1)m^2减少为(3756±1003.7)m^2,但无显著差异(one-way ANOVA,F=5.667,P=0.076);雁类的活动范围亦减小,由(4034±882.4)m^2减少为(3874.7±1454.1)m^2,无显著差异(one-way ANOVA,F=0.026,P=0.879)。丰容前后水鸟的空间分布发生变化,丰容前主要集中于D岛及投食点周边区域,丰容后水鸟向北移动,分布于半岛和C岛区域,岛屿丰容丰富了天鹅湖的环境资源,减少了物种之间的竞争。     

动物园环境丰容与动物福利管理

环境丰容是我国动物园近十几年来新接触的概念。近年来,环境丰容逐渐地被引入到我国动物园的建设和管理中,我国动物园相继开展丰容的相关工作,并取得了一定的成效,是动物园工作中的一个热门话题。动物福利是动物的一种康乐状态。开展动物福利,对于人类、自然及社会的和谐发展有着重要的作用。要强化和完善我国的动物福利保护,必须明确动物福利的管理,确定有关的强制性法律规范,提高民众的动物福利意识。本文简要介绍了丰容原则、内容和动物福利的管理,为动物园今后更好地开展环境丰容的相关工作和如何提高动物福利的问题提供借鉴。     

蛋氨酸对卤虫营养强化

蛋氨酸是鱼类生长发育不可缺少的必需氨基酸,仔稚鱼时期常常用卤虫作为仔稚鱼的开口饵料,但卤虫的体内的氨基酸不平衡,尤其是蛋氨酸缺乏难以满足仔稚鱼的营养需求,因此蛋氨酸对卤虫的营养强化有很重要的意义。蛋氨酸是常用的营养强化剂,文章综述了蛋氨酸强化的目的、方法和结果,并讨论了影响蛋氨酸营养强化的因素。     

Outside enclosure and additional enrichment for dairy goats – a preliminary study

Background

Dairy goats are commonly housed at a space allowance of 0.7 – 0.8 m²/goat in commercial Norwegian goat herds, which is very low compared to regulations and recommendations in other European countries. One easy and cheap way to increase space allowance is to allow the animals’ access to outdoor area. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of access to an outside enclosure and environmental enrichment for dairy goats kept in slatted floor pens with low space allowance on their activity pattern and social behaviour.

Methods

A group of 82 dairy goats on a commercial Norwegian dairy farm were kept inside during the winter period from October to April. In April the goats were given access to an outside enclosure for 8 hours per day. After having access to the enclosure for another for two days, enrichment (branches) was provided, and after 19 days the enrichment were removed. The goats were observed for 5 hours per day for the two last days before they got access to the outside enclosure, the two days in the enclosure, the two first and the two last days with enrichment and for the following two days without enrichment by two trained observers.

Results

When allowed access to the enclosure, the goats spent nearly 50% of the time outside, and later the time spent outside was reduced to less than 40% (P < 0.0001), but there was no clear effect of enrichment. All the goats appeared to have a regular use of the enclosure. Time spent resting decreased 59.2% to only 25.2% when the goats first got access to the enclosure, but then started to increase again (P < 0.0001). Initially time spent exploring and chewing the branches was 20%, but this was reduced to around 12% in the last part of the ENRICH period (P < 0.0001). Number of aggressive interactions tended to increase when the goats were allowed access to the outdoor enclosure whereas play behaviour was only observed in the outside enclosure (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the goats preferred to use the outside enclosure when being active, and branches were perceived as an attractive enrichment.     

Effect of range enrichment on performance,behavior, and forage intake of free-range chickens

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of range enrichment (trees or tall grass stand) on the performance and herbage intake of free-range chicken. This trial was conducted in 2 different seasons (winter and summer) comparing a standard free-range system with 2 kinds of range enrichment: a stand of sorghum (a tall grass) and olive trees. Two hundred fifty male naked neck chickens were used in each season and system; performance, behavior, forage intake, and body lesions were recorded. Productive performance was not affected by range enrichment. However, in the presence of trees or tall grass stand, no predation losses were experienced; whereas, in the standard paddock, cases of predation by raptors or crows were registered, mainly during the first period of rearing. Consequently, mortality rate was significantly lower in the enriched environment. Control chickens stayed indoors more rather than forage in the pasture, whereas, in enriched environments, birds spent more time outdoors and widely exploited the available pasture. Forage intake was significantly influenced by rearing system and season; chickens reared under olive trees had higher herbage ingestion, exploring the available area up to almost 50 m from the hut. With the olive trees, chickens also showed the lowest frequency of foot and breast damage.     

SNPpath: Characterizing cattle SNPs by enriched pathway terms

High‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays have made large‐scale genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) feasible. Valuable insight into the genetic basis underlying complex polygenic traits will likely be gained by considering functionally related sets of genes simultaneously. SNPpath, a suite of computer‐generated imagery‐based web servers has been developed to automatically annotate and characterize cattle SNPs by enriched KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway terms. The SNPpath allows users to navigate and analysis large SNP sets and is the only web server currently providing pathway annotations of cattle SNPs in National Center for Biotechnology Information's dbSNP database and three commercial platforms. Hence, we describe SNPpath and provide details of the query options, as well as biological examples of use. The SNPpath may be favorable for the analysis of combining SNP association analysis with pathway‐driven gene set enrichment analysis and is freely available at http://klab.sjtu.edu.cn/SNPpath .     

降解羽毛角蛋白制备小肽的丝状真菌的分离及筛选

采用富集分离筛选法,从长期堆积羽毛废弃物的8个土样中富集分离到8株能够在以羽毛粉为主要碳、硫以及氮源的固体培养基上产生透明蛋白溶解圈的细菌和2株真菌,经过2次摇瓶复筛,分别通过测定发酵液中可溶性蛋白的含量和肽键的水解度的变化,最后筛得1株能够有效将羽毛角蛋白水解成小肽和氨基酸的丝状真菌F2,结果表明:F2菌株在30℃,120r/min条件下,液态发酵羽毛粉,60h后发酵液中可溶性蛋白的含量可达到739.40mg/L,羽毛粉失重率达83.8%,水解度达到30.90%。     

饲粮添加不同水平维生素A向鸡蛋中富集规律的研究

本试验旨在研究在饲粮中添加不同水平的维生素A对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和鸡蛋中维生素A存在形态、形态占比及总量与饲粮维生素A关系的影响。采用单因素试验设计，选取44周龄、体重和产蛋率接近的海兰褐蛋鸡600只，随机分为5组，每组8个重复，每个重复15只鸡。5组饲粮中维生素A添加水平分别为2 000、4 000、8 000、16 000和32 000 IU/kg。预试期1周，正试验14周。结果表明：1）在饲粮中添加不同水平维生素A对蛋鸡的生产性能无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）随着饲粮中维生素A添加水平的升高，蛋黄颜色线性降低（P<0.05），鸡蛋中叶黄素含量线性降低（P<0.05），其中16 000和32 000 IU/kg维生素A组鸡蛋中叶黄素含量显著低于2 000和4 000 IU/kg维生素A组（P<0.05），且32 000 IU/kg维生素A组鸡蛋中叶黄素含量显著低于8 000 IU/kg维生素A组（P<0.05）。3）随着饲粮中维生素A添加水平的升高，每枚鸡蛋中维生素A总量线性升高（P<0.05），且在32 000 IU/kg维生素A组中达到最...