利用固相微萃取方法分析蜜源植物的挥发性化合物

<正>液液萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏萃取法均需使用昂贵且有毒的有机试剂,耗时长和必需的溶剂处理。动态固相萃取能彻底消除溶剂,但需气相色谱进样器的大规模改动或增加一个解吸附模块。固相微萃取(SPME)解决了动态固相萃取的缺点并保留其优点。溶剂完全消除并且萃取时间缩短到几分钟。SPME近年来已发展成为一种快速,廉价,无需溶剂的方法。采用一个内涂聚合物的精良熔融石英纤维来提取基质中的有机物然后可以直接将其转移至气相     

顶空固相微萃取与气质联用法分析黑牦牛肉挥发性风味成分

牦牛(Bos gruniens L.),主要分布在高海拔、低气压、冷季长、暖季短、严寒缺氧、饲草短缺、生态环境极其严酷的高寒高山草原。牦牛肉肉质鲜美,品质优良,蛋白质含量高,脂肪少,且脂肪中胡萝卜素、矿物质丰富,是深受消费者青睐的天然绿色食品。     

富铜酵母发酵条件优化的研究

利用酵母菌具有较强的富集微量元素的特性,试验研究了酵母菌富集微量元素铜的条件优化。从6株酵母菌中筛选出耐铜能力和富集铜能力均较强的J5作为试验菌株。试验结果显示:500ml摇瓶中装入50ml培养基,pH值为4.0～5.5,接种量为4%,30℃条件下摇床培养,最适宜的无机铜源为氯化铜,适宜氯化铜浓度120μg/ml。在此条件下培养所得酵母菌体生物量能达到1.00g/100ml以上,有机铜含量能够达到5000μg/g左右。     

牦牛体况评分与繁殖效率关系的研究

396头适繁母牦牛和226头围产期牦牛按体况评分方法进行体况评分,并在发情季节进行了发情率的跟踪观察;对446头围产期牦牛按体况评分2.0组和2.0以下组在进行不同量补饲对比试验,旨在探讨体况基础上的营养调控繁殖研究。结果表明:发情牦牛的体况评分为4.16±0.44,未发情牦牛的体况评分为3.49±0.45,差异极显著;妊娠母牦牛产前体况评分在2.63,产后体况评分下降到0.34的母牦牛产后发情率达到45.46%,而产前体况低于2.0,产后体况下降0.5以上的母牦牛产后发情周期不能恢复;围产期牦牛体况评分低于2.0,补饲1kg/d,围产期体况高于2.0,补饲0.5kg/d,能使17%～30%的产后母牦牛当年进入发情配种状态。     

Influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the cat

The influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the cat was studied in a sample of the UK domestic cat population (n = 136). Data were collected by interviewing cat owners and assessing body condition of cats in the owners' homes. Four main factors were identified which were related to body condition. These were, in descending order of significance: neuter status, age, frequency of treat feeding, and ad libitum feeding. Feeding regimen as a risk factor in feline obesity is discussed.     

Health and body condition of lactating females on rabbit farms

The aim was to study relationships between morbidity, defined through prevalence of diseases of rabbit females, and BCS, and to assess the effect of several risk factors on both morbidity and BCS. Our study was based on individual examinations of 18,510 does in lactation on 103 farms. We evaluated BCS on a linear scale from 1 to 9, with 5 being the optimum. Prevalence of major diseases were 22.7%, 4.0%, and 6.4% for coryza, mastitis, and ulcerative pododermatitis, respectively. In addition, prevalence was 3.0% for diseases of minor presentation, including mange, which had a prevalence of 1.9%. The BCS of the R line (selected for growth) was 5.55 ± 0.14, whereas for the A line (selected for litter size) it was 4.40 ± 0.11. Females with more than 20 kindlings had on average a BCS 0.25 ± 0.07 units less than those in the 12th lactation (P = 0.0002). Optimal BCS 4.60 ± 0.11 was reached during the third lactation week. Sick females had a BCS of 0.6 ± 0.01 units less than healthy females. Females with a footrest had on average a BCS 0.19 ± 0.05 units greater than those without. The absence of footrests was an enabling risk factor for ulcerative pododermatitis, the prevalence of which increased by 53%. Ulcerative pododermatitis was associated (P = 0.045) with diet; females consuming a rich energy diet were prone to having this disorder; 1 SD increase in DE (0.32 MJ) determined an increase in ulcerative pododermatitis prevalence of 0.8 percentage points. Diet was not an enabling risk factor for the other diseases. The genetic type to which a female belongs is a predisposing risk factor of disease; P, V and H were also maternal lines, while S group was exclusively formed by maternal lines. With regard to coryza, the S group had the greatest prevalence (44.0%), followed by A, P, R (19.0 to 21.0%); the V line, selected for prolificacy, showed the least prevalence (12.0%). For the case of mastitis although significant (P < 0.05), the magnitude of the differences between disease prevalence was less; R line had a mastitis prevalence of 11.0% while the least prevalence was observed for V does (4.0%). Simultaneous evaluation of both BCS and morbidity on the rabbit farm is recommended for the right assessment of welfare conditions. In this study, the relationships between both variables have been shown, as well as how other intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors modulate these variables; and thus, these factors should be considered during a welfare assessment.     

木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶条件的优化及酶学性质研究

试验选用白腐真菌中能产生较高锰过氧化物酶的菌株——木质层孔菌,采用单因子试验分析了木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶的最佳培养条件,并对其部分酶学作用特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶的最佳培养条件是:最佳培养温度为35℃;最佳碳源是小麦秸粉,最佳氮源是胰蛋白胨;最佳培养时间是192 h。锰过氧化物酶作用的最适反应温度是52℃;最适pH值是4.5;金属离子Zn2+和Ca2+对锰过氧化物酶的活性有促进作用;Mg2+对锰过氧化物酶的活性影响不是很大;Cu2+、Fe2+和Ag+对锰过氧化物酶活性具有抑制作用,其中Fe2+的抑制作用最强。     

饲养管理、环境及体况对妊娠母猪繁殖性能影响的研究进展

在母猪饲养过程中,通过考虑到个体差异可以降低饲料成本,从而提高动物生产效率.因此,对母猪进行精准饲喂可以提供有关动物生产性能和生活条件的实时信息,这些信息应被集成到需求估计中.到目前为止,只有体重和背膘厚度的生产数据被集成到个体营养需求计算中.但文献报道,健康状况和行为(如身体活动、社会行为和在围栏中的位置)会强烈影响...     

Relationship between body fat and body condition score and their effects on estrous cycles of the Standardbred maiden mare

Standardbred maiden mares are generally stressed and in poor physical condition because of their incorrect management at the end of their racing careers. The purpose of this study was to identify an objective assessment that, similar to body condition score (BCS) determination, is easy to measure and able to confirm or improve fattening status assessment, as well as to ascertain whether a relationship with reproduction efficiency exists in subjects destined for a first-time insemination program. The authors assessed 29 Standardbred maiden mares (7 ± 2 years old) during the breeding season. On January 15 (day 0), the same operator performed the following on all subjects: the first gynecological and ultrasound examination, a BCS assessment (range 0 to 5), and an adiposity objective assessment (i.e., measurement of fat thickness by ultrasound scan). At day 0, all mares were in seasonal anestrous. On ovulation day, all subjects exited the study. Both techniques were shown to be significantly and reciprocally correlated (r = 0.976; P < 0.01) to the first seasonal ovulation in maiden mares (−0.772 and −0.805, respectively, for fat thickness and BCS; P < 0.01). Based on the results obtained, regression equations for the prediction of days to the first seasonal ovulation (y) were created. The best predictive equation was the following: \( {\hbox{y}} = {26}.{714}\;{{\hbox{x}}^3} - {2}0{2}.{44}\;{{\hbox{x}}^2} + {446}.0{4}\;{\hbox{x}} - {195}.{65}\left( {{R^2} = 0.{783};\;{\hbox{SE}} = {17}\;{\hbox{d}};P < 0.0{1}} \right) \), with an independent BCS variable. In conclusion, this study suggests that increasing the plane of nutrition (i.e., flushing), starting approximately 3 weeks before the breeding season, stimulates ovarian activity in stressed maiden mares.

     

青海高原型牦牛产犊间隔及体况调查

牦牛是生活在青藏高原及其毗邻地区特有的畜种，能有效利用高海拔草场资源，是西部藏区少数民族的主要生产生活资料。各地牦牛由于所处的地理位置和生态环境不同，其繁育性能差别较大。高原型牦牛是青海高原牦牛的主要组成部分，生活在海拔3500m以上，有许多优秀的品种优点，同时生活条件严酷，地理环境恶劣，因而对牦牛的生殖生理造成了很大影响。     

Effects of season and body condition on appetite, body mass and body composition in ad libitum fed pony mares

Changes in appetite, body mass (BM), body condition score (BCS), direct (ultrasonographic) and indirect (deuterium oxide dilution technique) measures of body fat were monitored in Welsh Mountain pony mares (n = 11, 5–19 years of age) offered ad libitum access to a complete diet (gross energy 16.9 ± 0.07 MJ/kg dry matter) for 12 weeks during summer (n = 6; 246 ± 20 kg) and winter (n = 5; 219 ± 21 kg). At the outset, each group comprised two thin (BCS 1–3/9), moderate (BCS 4–6/9) and obese (BCS 7–9/9) animals.For ponies that were non-obese at the outset, BM was gained more rapidly (P = 0.001) in summer (0.8 ± 0.1 kg/day) than winter (0.6 ± 0.0 kg/day). This was associated with a seasonal increase in dry matter intake (DMI) which became maximal (summer, 4.6 ± 0.3% BM as DMI/day; winter, 3.5 ± 0.1% BM as DMI/day) during the second month. The appetite of the obese ponies was half that reported for non-obese animals in the summer and BM remained constant irrespective of season.Body ‘fatness’ increased progressively for non-obese but not obese ponies. Body fat content was exponentially associated with increasing BCS but BCSs >6 were not useful indicators of actual body fat. Endogenous circannual mechanisms to suppress winter weight gain were insufficient to prevent the development of obesity in ad libitum fed ponies.     

饲用木聚糖酶固态发酵工艺条件研究

木聚糖酶作为饲料添加剂,可以强化禽畜消化道分解饲料的功能,促进营养物质的吸收。通过单因素试验和正交试验对黑曲霉A-3固态发酵生产饲用木聚糖酶的工艺条件进行了研究。优化的发酵条件如下:采用麸曲种子接种,接种量为10%;装料量为5g/300ml三角瓶、初始pH值为5.5、培养温度为35℃、料水比为1:1.5、培养时间为84h。在优化条件下,菌株产木聚糖酶活力达8291.75IU/g,比优化前提高了63.73%。