水分胁迫对灌浆期燕麦叶片光合特性的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了灌浆期燕麦在水分胁迫条件下光合有效辐射对叶片净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度及气孔导度的影响。结果表明,净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应均呈直角双曲线变化,水分胁迫不仅使净光合速率减小,而且光补偿点、光饱和点及呼吸速率也明显降低;水分胁迫还使叶片胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度减小,且随光合有效辐射增强减小幅度增大;分析认为,气孔导度和光合速率直接影响胞间CO2浓度变化,但在水分胁迫条件下前者则是影响胞间CO2浓度变化的主要因素,也就是水分胁迫致使净光合速率下降更主要是由于气孔因素作用的结果。     

不同来源大豆品种光合速率日变化及其影响因子的研究

在田间条件下,利用LI-6400光合测定系统于大豆盛花期和鼓粒期分别测定了3个不同来源大豆品种的光合速率日变化.利用相关分析,探讨了气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、叶温、空气中CO2浓度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射和基于叶温的蒸气压亏缺等因子对净光合速率的影响.结果表明:在盛花期和鼓粒期,一天内不同时间段3个供试大豆品种叶片净光合速率的限制因素有所不同.在大部分时间段内,叶片的净光合速率与气孔导度、光合有效辐射以及蒸腾速率呈正相关,而与细胞间隙CO2浓度和蒸气压亏缺呈负相关.     

苦碟子光合作用日变化及其与环境因子关系的研究

本文对苦碟子叶片净光合速率日变化及其与环境因子的相互关系进行了研究,为苦碟子栽培提供参考。结果表明：苦碟子净光合速率日变化呈明显的双峰曲线,峰值出现在上午10时和下午14时,分别为16．82,14．33μmol／m2／s,有轻微的光合“午休”现象。经相关性分析,净光合速率与光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关,与空气相对湿度的相关性不显著。     

CO2浓度增加对燕麦光合特性的影响

燕麦具有广泛的生态适应性及耐旱、耐盐碱、耐瘠薄、抗寒等特点,在我国生态薄弱地区广泛栽培。为揭示CO2浓度增加对燕麦光合特性的影响,采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合系统分析仪测定了从加拿大引入的4个燕麦品种,讨论CO2变化对燕麦净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率等的影响,探讨燕麦光合作用对CO2浓度变化的适应性情况。在燕麦灌浆初期试验结果显示:随着CO2浓度的增加,4个燕麦品种的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度及水分利用效率均随之增加、气孔导度降低,但品种间存在着明显的差异,其中JYP1品种的4项指标较其他品种表现出优势,在CO2浓度800μl/L时净光合速率就达到了33.3μmolCO2..m-2.s-1,比其他品种高很多,气孔导度和水分利用效率较其他品种高,胞间CO2浓度较其他品种低,说明JYP1品种对CO2变化有较强的适应能力。     

不同燕麦品种灌浆初期光响应曲线研究

为了解不同燕麦品种灌浆初期的光合差异,分析研究了4个燕麦品种灌浆初期光合作用光响应曲线.结果表明,4个品种中坝莜1号光合能力最强.当光照强度增加时,各供试品种叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均随之增加,而胞间CO2浓度则随之下降;上述光合指标在品种间存在明显差异,其中坝莜1号对光照强度反应较为敏感.随着光照强度的增加,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率迅速增加;在不同光照强度下,坝莜1号的光合速率均最高,在光照强度为2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时光合速率达到最大值(32.3 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1).     

不同茶树品种光合特性与冠层指标分析

通过探究不同茶树品种的光合特性,为选育高光效茶树品种及优化栽培管理技术提供参考。以4个茶树品种(‘九龙袍’‘紫玫瑰’‘紫牡丹’‘梅占’)为研究对象,进行表型性状、光合特性以及冠层指标分析。结果表明：在相同环境条件下,4个茶树品种表型性状基本一致;4个茶树品种的蒸腾速率分别与净光合速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关,气孔限制值与胞间CO₂浓度呈显著负相关;梅占冠层光合有效辐射和冠层有效截获量始终高于其它品种,而净光合速率略低;紫牡丹的水分利用率高、蒸腾速率低且光能利用率最高,适宜在干旱地区种植。     

不同基质对香蕉组培苗生长及光合特性的影响

用椰糠与砖红壤土配成的6种不同基质栽培巴西香蕉组培苗,进行生长效果的比较；采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定组培苗的净光合速率(pn)、蒸腾速率Tr等的日变化,通过相关性分析不同光合参数对净光合速率(pn)日变化的影响.结果表明:以椰糠:壤土=1:2配方对组培苗的生长效果最好；组培苗在不同基质下的净光合速率(pn)、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等变化趋势相似,其中以椰糠:壤土=1:2处理的数值最高,椰糠:壤土=4:1最低,胞间CO2浓度的数值则相反.6种基质栽培的香蕉组培苗以T2,即椰糠:壤土=1:2配制最适合香蕉组培苗生长.     

NaCl胁迫对野生大豆和栽培大豆叶绿素及光合特性的影响

以山东垦利县野生大豆(Glycine soja)ZYD 03262及栽培大豆(Glycine max)鲁豆2号为材料,通过比较不同NaCl浓度(0,50,100,150,200 mmol.L-1)处理下叶绿素及光合特性的差异,探讨了野生大豆对NaCl胁迫的耐受机理。结果表明:不同NaCl浓度处理下,野生大豆总叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)及气孔限制值(Ls)均高于栽培大豆,气孔导度(Ci)低于栽培大豆。综合分析表明:在盐胁迫浓度较低时,主要表现为气孔限制,刺激引起了气孔的张开;在盐胁迫浓度较高时,主要为非气孔限制,引起渗透胁迫,导致部分气孔关闭。NaCl胁迫对栽培大豆叶绿素及光合特性的抑制均大于野生大豆,说明野生大豆植株能有效地避免过多Na+进入叶片光合组织,这是野生大豆比栽培大豆更抗盐的原因之一。     

不同土壤肥力下旱后复水对冬小麦光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

为给冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤肥力下返青后干旱及拔节期复水对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,同一土壤水分条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随土壤肥力的降低而降低;同一土壤肥力下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随干旱程度的增加而降低。干旱胁迫复水24 h后,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均出现了补偿或超补偿效应,但中度干旱恢复度大于重度干旱。光合速率以HA处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的85%）最高,单叶水分利用效率在干旱胁迫下和复水24 h后均以HB处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的55%）最高。以上结果说明,冬小麦返青期中度干旱条件下,高肥力土壤有利于复水后光合系统恢复和单叶水分利用效率提高,而重度干旱下贫瘠土壤应减少基肥的施入量。     

低磷和干旱胁迫对不同基因型大豆光合生理特性的影响

采用盆栽培养的方法,研究了缺磷和干旱对鼓粒期磷高效基因型大豆黑河27,磷中效基因型大豆黑农43和磷低效基因型大豆黑河29的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用率等光合生理性状的影响.结果表明:低磷和干旱胁迫降低了3个基因型大豆叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和气孔限制值;相反,胞问CO2浓度呈卜升趋势,说明光合速率的降低受非气孔因素的限制;低磷和干旱胁迫处理降低了大豆叶面积、叶绿素含量,变化为磷低效基因型＞磷中效基因型＞磷高效基因型,说明缺磷和长期干旱能使大豆叶而积降低,叶绿素降解,减少了光合叶而积和光能吸收,影响光合作用.与磷低效大豆相比,磷高效大豆具有在干旱条件下对CO2的同化和水分利川能力上的优势.磷高效大豆在水分逆境下叶片能保持较高的光合速率并提高对水分的利用效率,显示其对干旱有较强的耐受性.     

Differential Growth Response and Minituber Production of Three Potato Cultivars Under Aeroponics and Greenhouse Bed Culture

We have evaluated and compared different methods and cultivars for the production of quality prebasic seed in potato. Two cultivation systems, aeroponics and greenhouse beds with a peat moss substrate, and three potato cultivars with different vegetative cycle, Agria, Monalisa and Zorba, were assayed. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased growth and their vegetative cycle extended between 12 and 36 % compared to the plants cultivated in greenhouse beds. Flowering and tuberization dates, Absolute Growth Rates (AGR) during the period of 60 days after planting (DAP) and height presented a wide variation between cultivars. Zorba showed earlier flowering and tuberization, lower AGR and reached a minor height at 60 DAP. Instead the late season cultivar Agria showed later flowering and tuberization, presented higher AGR and reached an increased height at 60 DAP. The total tuber yield per plant was between 34 and 87 % higher in the aeroponic system, with a marked difference for the earlier cultivars Zorba and Monalisa. Tuber numbers increased between 60 and 80 %. Minituber production in aeroponics showed a better size distribution, with a reduction in the percentage of tubers smaller than 12 mm of between 33 and 86 %. In this soil-less culture system average tuber weight increased in Zorba and Monalisa over 60 % but was lower for Agria. Further studies are needed to optimize aeroponics system, which can be considered a high yield potato multiplication system, particularly for early or mid season potato cultivars that may produce best quality minitubers.     

Growth and Tuberization of Hydroponically Grown Potatoes

Three hydroponic systems (aeroponics, aerohydroponics, and deep-water culture) were compared for the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed tubers. Aerohydroponics was designed to improve the root zone environment of aeroponics by maintaining root contact with nutrient solution in the lower part of the beds, while intermittently spraying roots in the upper part. Root vitality, shoot fresh and dry weight, and total leaf area were significantly highest when cv. Superior, a medium early-maturing cultivar, was grown in the aeroponic system. This better plant growth in the aeroponic system was accompanied by rapid changes of solution pH and EC, and early tuberization. However, with cv. Atlantic, a mid-late maturing cultivar, there were no significant differences in shoot weight and leaf area among the hydroponic systems. The first tuberization was observed in aeroponics on 26–30 and 43–53 days after transplanting for cvs Superior and Atlantic, respectively. Tuberization in aerohydroponics and deep-water culture system occurred about 3–4 and 6–8 days later, respectively. The number of tubers produced was greatest in the deep-water culture system, but the total tuber weight per plant was the least in this system. For cv. Atlantic, the number of tubers <30 g weight was higher in aerohydroponics than in aeroponics, whereas there was no difference in the number of tubers >30 g between aerohydroponics and aeroponics. For cv. Superior, there was no difference in the size distribution of tubers between the two aeroponic systems. It could be concluded that deep-water culture system could be used to produce many small tubers (1–5 g) for plant propagation. However, the reduced number of large tubers above 5 g weight in the deep-water culture system, may favor use of either aeroponics or aerohydroponics. These two systems produced a similar number of tubers in each size group for the medium-early season cv. Superior, whereas aerohydroponics produced more tubers than aeroponics for the mid-late cultivar Atlantic.     

不同营养方式对雾培法生产脱毒种薯的影响

叶面营养在马铃薯种薯生产过程中有着十分重要的作用,但是在种薯生产上只喷叶面营养液的研究还鲜有报道。为了充分了解叶面营养对种薯生产的影响,本试验采用二因素随机区组试验设计,研究3种不同营养方式对雾培法生产脱毒种薯效果的影响。结果表明,这3种营养方式在前期对马铃薯生长影响较小,但块茎形成后,采用叶面营养与根系营养相结合能显著提高马铃薯种薯产量,只喷叶面营养也能形成马铃薯,但是数量很少。这说明叶片对营养的吸收效率较根系高,但是有一定量的限度,这种作用在块茎形成后表现的尤为明显。     

烯效唑对雾培马铃薯脱毒小薯繁育的影响

对雾培马铃薯植株叶片喷施烯效唑研究表明:5￣20mg·L-1的烯效唑可显著降低株高,增加茎粗,扩大叶面积,增加根系和匍匐茎长度,同时,降低植株地上鲜重和整株鲜重。说明烯效唑具有控上促下的作用,可促进叶片光合产物更多向植株的地下部分输送,有利于小薯膨大和产量的提高。叶片喷施5￣15mg·L-1烯效唑均可提高马铃薯小薯产量,其中以5mg·L-1增产作用最显著。     

赤霉素(GA_3)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对雾培马铃薯内源激素与生长发育的影响

试验以品种为主区,激素处理为副区进行裂区设计,研究了赤霉素(GA3)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对雾培马铃薯内源激素与生长发育的影响。结果表明:外源GA3处理增加了3个马铃薯品种叶片内源IAA和JA的含量,降低了中晚熟品种高原7号的内源ABA含量。外源MeJA对马铃薯块茎均有一定诱导作用,但结合GA3处理其诱导结薯的能力会减弱。     

不同加工型马铃薯品种光合特性的比较

本文通过对4个加工型马铃薯品种在块茎形成期和块茎增长期的光合作用参数、叶片的SPAD值等光合特性的测定与分析,结果表明:4个加工型马铃薯品种光合作用能力大小依次为大西洋(A tlantic)>利云6号(PB06)>利云4号(PB04)>利云8号(PB08)。     

高光效甘薯种质筛选及光合特性分析

本文旨在研究甘薯种质资源的光合特性。对23份来自不同地区的甘薯种质资源进行光合性状测定,通过统计分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析的方法对23份种质资源7个光合指标进行综合评价,筛选出高光效种质材料。结果表明,23份甘薯种质的7个光合指标存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。7个光合指标参数的变异系数范围为7%~18%,其中,净光合速率与气孔导度最高,胞间二氧化碳浓度最低。相关性分析中,净光合速率与叶片瞬时水分利用效率、蒸腾效率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。主成分分析结果表明,光合因子、气孔因子与叶绿素含量3个主成分,方差累计贡献率达95.511%。聚类分析将23份甘薯种质划分为5个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群的7个光合指标综合表现突出,且净光合速率高,因此,第Ⅰ类群可作为适合育种需要的高光效甘薯种质。     

Comparison of hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation systems for the production of potato minitubers

Summary Two different cultivation systems, aeroponics and hydroponics in greenhouse beds, were compared for the production of potato minitubers. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased vegetative growth, delayed tuber formation and an extended vegetative cycle of about seven months after transplanting. Therefore in 1999, two production cycles were obtained with the hydroponic system, but only one with the aeroponic system. However, compared with total production in hydroponics, the tuber yield per plant in the aeroponic system was almost 70% higher and tuber number more than 2.5 fold higher. Average tuber weight was reduced by 33% in the aeroponic system. Advantages and possible problems with the aeroponic system for minituber production are discussed.     

MnSO_4叶面喷施对马铃薯产量形成的影响

以"克新13号"马铃薯品种为试验材料,在现蕾期和块茎膨大期利用不同浓度的硫酸锰叶面喷施处理2次,通过测定根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率和块茎产量的变化,研究硫酸锰对产量形成的作用效果。结果表明:适量硫酸锰(0.2%~0.5%)可有效提高马铃薯根系活力、叶绿素含量及光合速率,促进光合产物积累,从而有效提高马铃薯单株产量;硫酸锰过量对产量形成会产生不利影响。     

农业有机废弃物组合基质对脱毒马铃薯原原种经济性状的影响

在日光温室内,采用基质栽培模式,研究了废弃物组合基质与脱毒马铃薯原原种经济性状间的关系。结果表明:影响脱毒马铃薯原原种单粒重因素是菇渣>糠醛渣>牛粪>蛭石>沙子;因素间沙子:牛粪:蛭石:糠醛渣:菇渣最佳容积比为0.40:0.30:0.09:0.10:0.10。脱毒马铃薯原原种存活率:蛭石(CK)>废弃物基质;而株高、茎粗、叶片数、根系长、单株粒重、单粒重、单株粒数、繁殖效率、经济效益变化顺序是:废弃物基质>蛭石。