施马伦堡病毒感染

施马伦堡病是由施马伦堡病毒(schmallenberg virus,SBV)引起的一种新发现的吸血昆虫传播的动物疾病。该病可引起成年牛发热、腹泻、奶牛产奶量下降,怀孕牛羊感染可引起胎儿畸形、流产或死胎。目前荷兰、比利时、德国西部、法国北部和英国东南部有疫情报道,已有国家严禁从上述出现施马伦堡病毒疫情的国家进口相关动物产品。本文汇总了最新的疫情研究进展,介绍了该病的病原、流行病学和预防控制措施。     

施马伦堡病，一种新发现的病毒病

2011年底,一种新病毒在德国发病奶牛中被发现,暂命名为施马伦堡病毒。该病毒也出现在荷兰绵羊群中,主要导致羔羊先天性畸形。至目前,已向OIE通报该病的国家有荷兰、德国、比利时、英国、法国、意大利和卢森堡。为使国内读者对本病有一个较全面了解,本文参照农业部兽医局《一二三类动物疫病释义》体例,将目前已经掌握的相关知识,包括最新疫情情况进行了梳理,并从科学不确定角度提出了一些预警防范性措施和建议。     

围绕施马伦堡病事件 谈流行病学监测新理念

本文介绍了新发病——施马伦堡病,包括:确定病原体,流行病学和风险管理。作者还讨论了通过该病建立现代疫病监测系统的优越性。     

施马伦贝格病毒核蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达

参照NCBI公布的施马伦贝格病毒(SBV)的N基因开放阅读框序列,设计了一对含特异性酶切位点的引物,扩增SBV N基因,将其克隆于昆虫杆状病毒表达载体p Fast Bac HTB,然后以该重组质粒转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,得到重组穿梭质粒Bacmid-SBV-N,将该重组穿梭质粒在脂质体介导下转染Sf 9昆虫细胞,得到表达SBV重组N蛋白的杆状病毒。通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot对重组N蛋白进行鉴定,表明该蛋白得到表达。本研究为以SBV核蛋白为基础的相关检测方法的建立提供了物质基础。     

一种新发现的动物病毒——施马伦贝格病毒

从病原学、流行病学、临床症状以及诊断防治等方面对新发现的施马伦贝格病进行了介绍,为进一步研究该病毒、控制其传播等提供参考。     

奶牛新病毒——施马伦贝格病毒

本文从病原、流行病学、诊断和预防控制等方面简要介绍了2011年底发生在德国奶牛的一种新病毒病——施马伦贝格病毒,主要感染猪、牛、羊和野牛,该病毒主要由昆虫如蚊蠓等小虫传播,也可通过胎盘垂直传播。截至2012年5月,已经有8个国家相继报道该病的发生。许多国家纷纷采取禁止从受该病毒感染国家进口活动物及其产品的措施防止该病的传入。目前该病毒还没有特异治疗措施和疫苗预防方案。     

施马伦贝格病毒及其传入风险分析

2011年11月西欧国家发现一种新的动物病毒——施马伦贝格病毒,引起国际关注。欧盟是我国的主要贸易伙伴之一,每年大量进口动物和动物产品。本文参照OIE传入风险分析的原则和方法,在目前所掌握的对病毒的最新研究资料和信息基础上,对病毒进行科学地风险分析,并提出适合我国国情的风险管理建议,为今后我国进境检疫部门制订入境应对措施提供参考。     

新发现的动物传染病——施马伦贝格病

施马伦贝格病是2011年11月首次在德国北莱茵-威斯特法伦州的反刍动物中发现的,由布尼亚病毒科正布尼亚病毒属的新成员--施马伦贝格病毒引起的一种新发动物传染病,主要危害绵羊、牛、山羊和野牛。作者对新近发现的施马伦贝格病的发生历史、流行情况、临床症状、病原学、流行病学、病理变化、诊断方法等作一综述。在欧洲施马伦贝格病疫情蔓延迅速,严重危害反刍动物健康,威胁畜牧业生产安全,已经引起欧盟和世界动物卫生组织的高度关注。中国是农业和畜牧业的生产与贸易大国,且中欧农产品贸易往来频繁,应保持高度警惕性,适时采取必要的限制措施,严防这种新发动物传染病传入。     

施马伦贝格病毒

施马伦贝格病毒病(Schmallenberg virus,SBV)是一种新发现的动物传染病,因于2011年底在德国施马伦贝格镇首次发现而临时得名,随后蔓延于西欧(包括比利时、法国、德国、荷兰、意大利、卢森堡、西班牙、英国和丹麦),并分别在奥地利、波兰、瑞典和芬兰等国的牛、山羊、绵羊中检测到抗体。遗传分析显示该病毒与布尼亚病毒科(Bunyaviridae)正布尼亚病毒属(Orthobunyavirus)西姆布血清群病毒(Simbu serogroup viruses)的亲缘关系最密切,西姆布血清群病毒是已知的反刍动物病原,可通过节肢动物媒介(蚊、蠓)传播。施马伦贝格病毒病有2种不同的临床症状:成年牛出现短暂轻微/温和的病症(产奶量减少、发热、腹泻)和新生哺乳动物(牛、羊)死产和先天缺陷。因为同群类似的病毒不是人畜共患病病原,也无该病毒致人发病的证据,但现阶段尚不能完全排除。尽管目前没有特效的药物和疫苗,但因已有类似病毒(赤羽病)的疫苗,疫苗接种应是控制该病的可能选项。因施马伦贝格病毒是一种新发现的病毒,许多方面尚不清楚,还有待于进一步研究。     

施马伦贝格病毒的病原学、流行病学及临床症状与检测方法

本文对2011年引起德国奶牛疾病的一种新病毒——施马伦贝格病毒的病原学、流行病学、临床症状及检测方法进行了阐述。。该病毒可引起牛、山羊、绵羊等家畜发病,造成动物发热、腹泻、乏力等临床症状,可导致动物早产或难产,给畜牧业带来了巨大的危害．     

施马伦贝格病及其检测技术研究进展

作者从病原学、流行病学、诊断及预防措施等方面,对2011年秋欧洲大部分地区暴发的新型传染病——施马伦贝格病进行全面综述,重点总结了此病的诊断方法,为对此病的发病机理、感染机制和其他新型检测技术的深入研究奠定基础。     

Response to an emerging vector-borne disease: Surveillance and preparedness for Schmallenberg virus

Surveillance for new emerging animal diseases from a European perspective is complicated by the non-harmonised approach across Member States for data capture, recording livestock populations and case definitions. In the summer of 2011, a new vector-borne Orthobunyavirus emerged in Northern Europe and for the first time, a coordinated approach to horizon scanning, risk communication, data and diagnostic test sharing allowed EU Member States to develop early predictions of the disease, its impact and risk management options. There are many different systems in place across the EU for syndromic and scanning surveillance and the differences in these systems have presented epidemiologists and risk assessors with concerns about their combined use in early identification of an emerging disease. The emergence of a new disease always will raise challenging issues around lack of capability and lack of knowledge; however, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) gave veterinary authorities an additional complex problem: the infection caused few clinical signs in adult animals, with no indication of the possible source and little evidence about its spread or means of transmission. This paper documents the different systems in place in some of the countries (Germany and the Netherlands) which detected disease initially and predicted its spread (to the UK) and how information sharing helped to inform early warning and risk assessment for Member States. Microarray technology was used to identify SBV as a new pathogen and data from the automated cattle milking systems coupled with farmer-derived data on reporting non-specific clinical signs gave the first indications of a widespread issue while the UK used meteorological modelling to map disease incursion. The coordinating role of both EFSA and the European Commission were vital as are the opportunities presented by web-based publishing for disseminating information to industry and the public. The future of detecting emerging disease looks more positive in the light of this combined approach in the EU.     

Rapid spread and association of Schmallenberg virus with ruminant abortions and foetal death in Austria in 2012/2013

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) has emerged in summer–autumn 2011 in north-western Europe. Since then, SBV has been continuously spreading over Europe, including Austria, where antibodies to SBV, as well as SBV genome, were first detected in autumn 2012. This study was performed to demonstrate the dynamics of SBV spread within Austria, after its probable first introduction in summer 2012. True seroprevalence estimates for cattle and small ruminates were calculated to demonstrate temporal and regional differences of infection. Furthermore, the probability of SBV genome detection in foetal tissues of aborted or stillborn cattle and small ruminants as well as in allantoic fluid samples from cows with early foetal losses was retrospectively assessed.     

Description of the first Schmallenberg disease outbreak in Spain and subsequent virus spreading in domestic ruminants

Schmallenberg disease (SBD) is an emerging disease transmitted mainly among ruminant species by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Since the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first identified in Germany in late 2011, it rapidly spread to other European countries. The aims of the present study were to describe the first SBD outbreak in Spain and to assess the spread and risk factors associated with SBV infection in domestic ruminants from nearby farms during the following year. In March 2012, one malformed stillborn lamb from a sheep farm located in Cordoba province (Southern Spain) was subjected to necropsy. Pathological compatible lesions and molecular analyses confirmed the first SBV infection in Spain. Afterwards, serum samples from 505 extensively reared domestic ruminants from 29 farms were analysed using both blocking ELISA and virus neutralization test against SBV. The overall seroprevalence was 54.4% (CI_95%: 50.0–58.7). Antibodies were detected in 70.6%, 46.0% and 34.8% of cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. A generalized estimating equation model indicated that the main risk factors associated with SBV infection were: species (cattle), age (adult), and absence of animal insecticide treatment. Pathological and molecular results confirmed the presence of SBV in Spain few months after it was firstly identified in Germany. The seroprevalence detected indicates a widespread circulation of SBV in nearby domestic ruminant farms one year after this first outbreak was reported in Spain. Further studies are warranted to determine the spatio-temporal trend of SBV in domestic ruminants in this country.     

传染性牛鼻气管炎亚单位疫苗免疫原性的研究

用犊牛睾丸细胞培养传染性牛鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV），反复冻融，差速离心提取病毒，用Triton X-100溶解，超声波处理，制成IBRV TritonX-100亚单位抗原，经SDS－PAGE电泳，其分子量在176kD-53kD之间，其中有6条清晰的蛋白带。该抗原与一定比例的白油－司盘佐剂乳化，接种育成年，经间接ELISA检测，可使接种的育成牛产生高效价的血清抗体（OD492mm=1.57)。2种不同剂量（80mg/头，40mg／头）的IBRV亚单位疫苗接种育成牛，体内抗体效价相差不显著，抗体可在体内持续12周，用IBRV TrionX-100亚单位疫苗2次接种育成牛，其体内抗体效价显著高于用灭活疫苗2次接种育成牛体内的效价。试验结果表明：提取的IBRV多肽制作的亚单位疫苗具有良好的免疫原性，且抗体持续时间较长。