An effect of rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on the yield of spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba) in the UK

Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) has recently been noted with increased frequency and earliness on spring-sown beans (Vicia faba) at Rothamsted. In 1982 an experiment was made to assess the damage and yield loss, if any, being caused by the disease. Plots received benomyl sprays to control chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) or not, maneb plus mancozeb (protective) or propiconazole (systemic) fungicide applied twice or three times to control rust, or no fungicide at all. Rust was first found on 7 July and sprays were applied from 9 July but by 19 August plants of all treatments were dead. Fungicides controlled disease development during July and at harvest overall yields were 4·51 and 5·43 t/ha in unsprayed and sprayed treatments respectively. The difference was accounted for by the weight of individual grains and not by the number of pods per plant or grains per pod. Previously rust has been considered unimportant in the UK but its potential for damage is considerable.     

Evaluation of Lecanicillium longisporum, Vertalec against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, and cucumber powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea in a greenhouse environment

The commercial mycopesticide, Vertalec^® based on Lecanicillium longisporum, was evaluated for simultaneous control of aphids and powdery mildew on cucumbers in a greenhouse setting where temperature and RH were allowed to fluctuate within normal operating ranges. Five to six week old cucumber plants were inoculated with either Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Sf) spores, cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) or both. Vertalec, Vertalec containing irradiation-inactivated blastospores (II Vertalec) or sterilized water (control) were applied to the plants 1, 4, and 7 days later. Vertalec treatment provided complete control of aphids 16 days after aphid inoculation, whereas effects of the II Vetalec were not significantly different from the water-treated control. The number of powdery mildew spots on cucumber leaves and the number of S. fuliginea spores in each spot were significantly lower in Vertalec-treated plants than II Vertalec-treated plants or the controls, whereas numbers in the II Vertalec treatment were lower that the untreated control. These results demonstrate that Vertalec has potential for simultaneous management of both cotton aphid and powdery mildew in greenhouse cucumber production.     

Effects of a range of fungicides used to control rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba) in the UK

In two years a range of fungicides was used to control rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba). In 1984 fenpropimorph, maneb, mancozeb, maneb plus mancozeb, propiconazole, thiram, triadimefon and zineb-polyethylene thiuram disulphide plus tridemorph were applied once or twice and compared with no fungicide. In 1985 the experiment was repeated with the addition of benodanil. In 1984 there was very little rust or other foliar disease and the effects of treatments on yield were small. In 1985 rust was first found in late June and became severe on untreated plots in August. All the fungicides reduced the incidence of rust but the amount of control differed with frequency of application and on different dates of disease assessment. In 1985 chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) also became severe in late August. All the fungicides reduced chocolate spot but maneb plus mancozeb was the most effective. In 1985 yields were increased from 5 · 6 to 7 · 7 t/ha by maneb plus mancozeb applied once. Other fungicides gave smaller yield increases. Yield increases given were attributable mainly to control of rust but partly to control of chocolate spot. Yield increases given by non-systemic fungicides came mainly from increases in the weight of individual grains; those yield increases given by systemic materials came, in addition, from better pod retention.     

Identification and multi-environment validation of resistance to Botrytis fabae in Vicia faba

The aim of this work was to find new sources of resistance to chocolate spot disease, and to validate their stability across different environments. In order to do so, a collection of 307 accessions of Vicia faba was screened for resistance to Botrytis fabae under field conditions; stability of resistance of the 40 most-resistant accessions was tested in a multi-location experiment in Austria, Chile, Egypt, France and Spain over two field seasons. Although complete resistance was not found, nine accessions showed interesting levels of incomplete resistance (ranging from 10 to 20% of average severity across environments, maximum average severity being 47.9%). Genotype × environment interaction accounted for 22% of the sum of squares of the multi-environment evaluation, revealing instability of the phenotypic expression across environments. This usually hampers the efficiency of selection and reduces the adaptability of the plant material. Three accessions stand out for their consistent resistance, both in terms of reduced disease severity and high stability, which make them good candidates for breeding programs. As for environments, those with the highest total severity mean were the most discriminant between accessions. In contrast, those with lower severity means were the most representative of the whole range of environments. It can be concluded that validation of resistance to chocolate spot in different environments is an essential step when screening for material of interest and should be taken into account for further works.     

Sources and seasonal dynamics of Alternaria inoculum associated with leaf blotch and fruit spot of apples

Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot caused by Alternaria spp. cause annual losses to the Australian apple industry. Control options are limited, mainly due to a lack of understanding of the disease cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to determine potential sources of Alternaria spp. inoculum in the orchard and examine their relative contribution throughout the production season. Leaf residue from the orchard floor, canopy leaves, twigs and buds were collected monthly from three apple orchards for two years and examined for the number of spores on their surface. In addition, the effects of climatic factors on spore production dynamics in each plant part were examined. Although all four plant parts tested contributed to the Alternaria inoculum in the orchard, significant higher numbers of spores were obtained from leaf residue than the other plant parts supporting the hypothesis that overwintering of Alternaria spp. occurred mainly in leaf residue and minimally on twigs and buds. The most significant period of spore production on leaf residue occurred from dormancy until bloom and on canopy leaves and twigs during the fruit growth stage. Temperature was the single most significant factor influencing the amount of Alternaria inoculum and rainfall and relative humidity showed strong associations with temperature influencing the spore production dynamics in Australian orchards. The practical implications of this study include the eradication of leaf residue from the orchard floor and sanitation of the canopy after harvest to remove residual spores from the trees.     

The use of asulam to control Bromus sterilis in ryegrass crops grown for seed

Asulam applied in April 1981 and 1982 gave good control of established plants of Bromus sterilis growing in Italian and perennial ryegrass crops grown for seed. Doses of 1–3 kg a.i./ha reduced numbers of weed inflorescences by 65–90%. The results also showed that there was no effect on crop heading and further suggested that seed yield had not been reduced. Two pot experiments also indicated the efficacy of asulam at 0·5-2 kg a.i./ha applied pre-emergence and further study of such treatment in the autumn during the establishment of a ryegrass seed crop is warranted.     

The effect of three rates of cyantraniliprole on the transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Capsicum annuum

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a thrips-transmitted virus that causes major losses in many crops worldwide. Management of TSWV is complex, requiring multiple preventive measures. Currently, there are few chemical options that control thrips populations before they feed upon and transmit TSWV to crop plants. Cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr™) is an anthranilic diamide insecticide currently under development that exhibits anti-feedant properties. Transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) to Capsicum annuum L. seedlings was reduced in plants treated with Cyazypyr™ applied to the soil at the rates of 1.45, 2.90 and 4.41 mg ai/plant. Mortality of F. fusca at 3 days post treatment did not differ significantly on excised foliage of Cyazypyr™ treated and control plants, but feeding injury was significantly less on treated foliage. Transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was not reduced in plants treated with 4.41 mg ai/plant.     

Effects of crop mixtures on chocolate spot development on faba bean grown in mediterranean climates

Chocolate spot incited by Botrytis fabae is a serious faba bean disease of worldwide distribution. The increasing interest in sustainable tools for disease control, together with the lack of sufficient levels of genetic resistance triggered our interest in the use of intercropping as a tool for the management of this disease. The effect of intercropping on chocolate spot severity was studied in field experiments performed in Egypt, the Palestinian Territories, Spain and Tunisia, in which a susceptible faba bean cultivar was grown as a monocrop or with two mixed species intercrops of either barley, oat, triticale, wheat, pea or common vetch, or with three mixed species intercrops of wheat and berseem clover. Chocolate spot was significantly reduced when faba bean was intercropped with cereals, but not when intercropped with legumes. Suppressive effects can be ascribed to a combination of host biomass reduction, altered microclimate and physical barriers to spore dispersal.     

Factors affecting sporulation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata causing grey blight disease of Persea bombycina Kost., the primary food plant of muga silkworm

The effect of inoculum concentrations, temperature, relative humidity (RH), incubation period and leaf age on sporulation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata and the development of grey blight disease on som (Persea bombycina Kost.) were studied in controlled environmental conditions. These factors had a significant role on spore germination and germ tube development of P. disseminata, the causal organism of the disease. The optimum inoculum concentration of the pathogen were found to be 1 × 10⁷ spores ml⁻¹ for maximum infection percentage. A nonlinear relationship was found between temperature and germination percentage of spores at a given relative humidity (RH). However, 25 °C (±2) temperature and 70% RH were the optimum parameters for better spore germination of the pathogen. Young leaves (leaf no. 1–4 from the top) were more susceptible for development of the diseases in a controlled environment than the older leaves. The germination of spores started at 8 h of incubation and gradually increased up to 20 h (maximum). The disease severity was favoured in the optimum range of temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and RH (70%) which had a combined effect. These epidemiological parameters could help in the management practices of the disease.     

Population Dynamics of Empoasca fabae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Central Iowa Alfalfa Fields

Adults and nymphs of Empoasca fabae Harris (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and adults of predatory species in the families Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, and Hemerobiidae were sampled in Iowa alfalfa fields from June to September in 1999 and 2000. The relationship between each predatory taxa and E. fabae was examined using regression analysis. In 2000, all predators were found to be positively correlated with the presence of E. fabae during all periods sampled and most likely contributed to mortality. Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthoridae) was the most numerous insect predatory species; population numbers ranged from 0 to 1 and 0.1 to 3.7 adults per 0.25 m² in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Partial life tables were constructed for E. fabae nymphs for two alfalfa-growing periods. Nymphs were grouped into three age intervals: first and second, third and fourth, and fifth instars. For the first alfalfa growing period examined, E. fabae nymphal mortality was 70% in 1999 and 49% in 2000. During the last growing period of each season (August–September), total nymphal mortality was relatively low (<25%). Adult E. fabae density ranged from 5.4 to 25.6 and 1.4–9.2 per 0.25 m² in 1999 and 2000, respectively. E. fabae population peaks were similar for each age interval in all growing periods. This study provides further information on the population dynamics of E. fabae and its relationship with select predatory species in Iowa alfalfa fields.     

Effect of herbicide and cover crop on weed control in no-tillage jack-o-lantern pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) production

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cover crop (none, winter wheat, or winter rye) and pre-emergence (PRE) applications of clomazone plus ethalfluralin alone or with halosulfuron [PRE or post-emergence (POST)] for smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig) Schreb. ex Muhl.] and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) control in no-tillage ‘Aspen’ jack-o-lantern pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). At pumpkin harvest, cover crops had reduced smooth crabgrass density, but not redroot pigweed. Although PRE or POST applications of halosulfuron alone were more effective at reducing redroot pigweed density than clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE, the combination of halosulfuron plus clomazone and ethalfluralin PRE reduced redroot pigweed density to the greatest extent. Pumpkin yields were not affected by cover crop, although average pumpkin sizes were greater with the inclusion of cover crop residues. Pumpkin fruit sizes and yields were the greatest with clomazone and ethalfluralin PRE in combination with halosulfuron applied PRE or POST. Overall, cover crop had relatively little influence on pumpkin yields compared with herbicide treatments. The addition of halosulfuron to clomazone and ethalfluralin provided greater broadleaf weed control resulting in greater jack-o-lantern pumpkin yields.     

Population dynamics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians on different plant species and management of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce under greenhouse conditions

The population dynamics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians (Xcv) was studied both externally and internally in lettuce, tomato and pepper plants. In addition, the application of bactericides during transplant production period was carried out for the management of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce under greenhouse conditions. Epiphytic populations of Xcv were recovered on leaves of lettuce plants (10⁵ CFU/g) 5 weeks after sprayed than the other plant species when inoculated with 10⁸ CFU/ml of Xcv. When plants of each crop species infiltrated with the bacterium at 10⁵ CFU/ml, the highest populations were developed in lettuce (10⁸ CFU/cm²) followed by pepper with 10⁶ CFU/cm² and tomato with 10⁵ CFU/cm² 10-days after infiltration. Application of a mixture of Maneb and Kocide or Kocide alone as a foliar spray on lettuce significantly reduced the incidence and disease severity of bacterial leaf spot by 29 and 27% respectively. Spread of the bacterium and development of the disease may partly be managed by avoiding intercropping of these plants commonly grown in close proximity to lettuce. For the management of leaf-associated populations of Xcv in lettuce, use of a mixture of Maneb and Kocide is advocated to minimize the effect of attacks.     

Boldo (Peumus boldus) cultivated under different light conditions, soil humidity and plantation density

Boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.) is a medicinal plant native to the central zone of Chile and part of the sclerophyll forest. More than 2000 tons of dried leaves exported annually are wild collected. To develop a cultivation system that supports sustainable production of boldo leaves, we have studied growth and harvest of boldo under different light and soil water conditions. The leaf yield per plant as well as the alkaloid and essential oil content were the same for plants grown under shade and for plants exposed to full sun. The only difference between the shaded and the full sun plants was a higher percentage of stem in the harvested product of shade grown plants. This result would permit the intercropping of boldo in forest plantations without affecting the leaf yield and medicinal quality. The excellent adaptation to dry conditions was confirmed, as the different treatments of soil water led to similar leaf yields and plant heights. Plants submitted to water stress produced fewer but longer shoots and contained less essential oil. None of the treatments except water stress affected the medicinal quality requirements of alkaloid or essential oil concentration in the leaves. Wild collected leaves are inexpensive because of low production costs. To be able to compete with wild supplied leaves in the international market, we have evaluated high density plantings as a way to lower costs of a cultivated product by mechanizing harvest. High planting densities led to loweryielding individuals, but leaf yield per area increased. Plant height and the percentage of leaves in the harvested product was the same for densities of 8- and 16 plants m⁻². The leaves produced by cultivated boldo generally fulfill the requirements described in the European Pharmacopoeia. We conclude that boldo can be successfully cultivated under the described cultivation conditions.     

Fresh biomass production and partitioning of aboveground growth in the three botanical varieties of Cynara cardunculus L.

Fourteen accessions of Cynara cardunculus were compared with the aim to evaluate the fresh biomass production and its partition, aiming at its potential use for industrial purposes. At anthesis stage, when plants have the maximum vegetative development, stalks, leaves and capitula were weighed separately. The percentage of dry matter per gram of fresh biomass was also calculated. The first capitulum components of each plant: bracts, flowers and remnant receptacle were also weighed separately. The total fresh biomass ranged between 1188 and 3235 g/plant, with variable values within each botanical variety, whereas the partition of the aboveground biomass was strongly affected by botanical variety. In both cardoons varieties, the percentage of dry matter ranged between 30 and 35% for all components of aboveground biomass, whereas in globe artichoke values ranged between 20% for capitula and 40% for leaves. Regarding capitula components, receptacle weight was of greatest importance in globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon. In wild cardoon flowers weight was more important than the other components. Results suggest that Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus and C. cardundulus var. cardunculus, might be considered as double purpose crops if after the capitula (in globe artichoke) or leaves (in cardoon) harvest, the fresh matter remaining is artificially dried and cut. On the other hand, Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris, might be incorporated into the culture system as an industry or energy crop due the low inputs management that it requires, its adaptability to the local conditions and its aboveground biomass production.     

Growth promotion and induction of resistance in tomato plant against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Alternaria solani by Trichoderma spp.

In tomato crop, the induction of resistance emerges as an important alternative for achieving the reduction of chemicals in disease control. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of 28 Trichoderma isolates to promote the growth of tomato seedlings and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Alternaria solani, the causal agents of bacterial spot and early blight, respectively. Twelve isolates promoted the increase of plant dry matter mass (DMM) above 100%, showing the great potential of these strains. All isolates were able to colonize the root system of tomato plants. The plant growth-promoting isolates were further evaluated for potential elicitation of ISR. Treatment of the soil with all Trichoderma isolates provided protection in tomato plants from 24.13 to 95.94% against X. euvesicatoria and 30.69 to 95.23% against A. solani. The most efficient isolates in reducing the severity of bacterial spot and early blight were the isolates IB 28/07, IB 30/07, IB 37/01 and IB 28/07, IB 30/07 and IB 42/03, respectively. The effect of different time intervals between Trichoderma application and inoculation with pathogens in inducing systemic resistance in tomato plants was evaluated for the isolate IB 28/07. IB 28/07 conferred protection against both diseases at all time intervals, confirming the ability of the isolate to reduce the severity of these diseases up to 21 days after treatment of tomato plants. In vitro assays revealed that all isolates of Trichoderma were able to degrade cellulose. Only the isolate IB 34/08 showed antagonistic activity against X. euvesicatoria and none caused reduction in the in vitro mycelial growth of A. solani. Trichoderma isolates were identified at species level by DNA sequencing.     

Antifungal properties of Agapanthus africanus L. extracts against plant pathogens

Crude extracts of various Agapanthus africanus plant parts were screened in vitro against eight economically important plant pathogenic fungi. Radial mycelial growth was inhibited significantly (P<0.05) in five test organisms, while Pythium ultimum, and to a lesser extent Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata, showed a degree of tolerance. Subsequently, these crude extracts were tested in vivo in the greenhouse against Mycosphaerella pinodes, the cause of black spot or Ascochyta blight in peas. Fourth internode leaves were removed from 4-week-old pea plants, placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes and inoculated with a M. pinodes spore suspension 30 min before and after treatment with the extracts. The control of Ascochyta blight by different concentrations of the crude extracts was measured in terms of lesion size over a 6-d period at 20 °C in a growth cabinet. All crude extracts significantly reduced lesion development caused by M. pinodes when leaves were inoculated with spores both before and after treatment with the extracts. Neither of the extracts showed any phytotoxic reaction on the leaves, even at the highest concentration applied. A combined aerial part crude extract of A. africanus was additionally evaluated against sorghum covered (Sporisorium sorghi) and loose (Sporisorium cruentum) kernel smuts under field conditions over two seasons. The extract and a standard fungicide, Thiram that served as a positive control, were applied as seed treatments 1 h after artificially inoculating separate sets of sorghum seed with smut spores. Inoculated, but untreated seeds served as a negative control. The extract reduced the incidence of both loose and covered kernel smuts significantly (P<0.05) and compared favourably with the prescribed fungicide, Thiram. Both treatments resulted in significant yield increases compared to the untreated control. From these results it was concluded that the aerial part crude extract of A. africanus possesses sufficient in vivo antifungal activity to warrant a further investigation.     

Effects of irrigation system and green manure on yield and nicotine content of Virginia (flue-cured) Organic tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), under Mediterranean conditions

Organic tobacco consists of a new industrial crop product. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of irrigation system and fertilization on the growth (biomass and roots) of organic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum cv NC 71). The experiment was designed as a split plot design with four replicates, two main plots (drip and sprinkler irrigation) and three sub-plots (vetch as green manure, red clover as green manure and control; without fertilization). Drip irrigation was characterised by lower amount of water applied to the soil. Furthermore the tobacco yield was not affected by the reduced water application and the crops under drip irrigation were higher than those with sprinkler irrigation. Positive effect of green manure in the nicotine content of tobacco leaves was also observed, and that reported for first time under organic system. Equally the higher amount of nitrogen from green fertilization with vetch led to increase of nicotine concentration (0.91% max concentration). Agronomic water use efficiency (WUE) for drip irrigation was always higher than those for sprinkler irrigation. There were no significant differences between the drip and sprinkler irrigation concerning the root biomass. Moreover, green manures increased roots dry weight. Yield of tobacco crop was significantly increased by the green manures, with the lowest yield (1850 kg ha^?1) to be found in the control plots. Finally, green manures increased the SPAD values and number of leaves, with most significant impact the time when vetch applied to soil.     

Effects of different brassicaceous host plants on the fitness of Pieris brassicae (L.)

Pieris brassicae (L.) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. It is present wherever its host plants occur and it is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the Lepidoptera. We investigated the affect of various host plants on the fitness of P. brassicae to survive, develop and reproduce. We quantified development time, survival and mortality on cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus), broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica), and mustard (Brassica campestris) under laboratory conditions. The developmental time from eggs to adult eclosion was the shortest (30.3 days) on cabbage and the longest (38.0 days) on radish. However, adult longevity was significantly (P < 0.001) greatest on cabbage compared with the other host plants tested. Similarly, the developmental rate of P. brassicae was found to be faster on cabbage than other cole crops. Moreover, the lowest immature mortality was evident on cabbage and highest on mustard and radish. Differences in reproductive parameters of the P. brassicae among host plants were analyzed using pseudo-values, which were produced by jackknife re-sampling. The data showed that the higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.116 females/female/day) was found on cabbage. Cabbage was recognized as the most suitable host for P. brassicae because of shorter developmental period, higher percentage survival, lower doubling time (6.00), and higher number of adult emergence (29.7%).     

Population development of Phorodon humuli and predators (Orius spp.) within hop cones: Influence of aphid density on hop quality

The price of hops in Spain is given per kilogram of dry product and according to their content of alpha-acids. If any aphids are noted inside cones there is a penalty of up to 10% of the dry weight. Experiments were performed in a hop garden in 2002, 2003 and 2004 to investigate population development of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, and its natural enemies in hop (Humulus lupulus) cones. Furthermore, we investigated if the alpha-acid content was affected by aphid populations. Aphids were first observed within hop cones at the beginning of August and numbers rose sharply from mid- to late August onwards. Aphid infestation of cones reflected the numbers observed on foliage in July, with a greater population halfway up the bines (3 m height) than at the top (6 m height). The alpha-acid content of dried hops was unaffected by the aphid population on leaves, but aphid contamination reduced the economic value of the crop because of arbitrary commercial criteria related to the presence of aphids in cones. The hop aphid’s main natural enemies within cones were anthocorids, all belonging to the genus Orius. The anthocorid population in cones grew in tandem with the aphid population, suggesting that these predators are worthy of consideration in an integrated management approach.     

芸薹根肿菌及油菜根肿病分子检测与早期诊断

近年来芸薹根肿菌引起的根肿病已成为我国油菜的主要病害,严重影响油菜及其它十字花科作物的产量及品质。为建立一套在土壤、植物组织和种子中精准检测根肿菌的高效分子方法,利用根肿菌ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列,设计一对特异性引物(Pb ITS1),通过PCR反应优化体系进行根肿菌的分子检测及病害评估。结果表明,该引物及方法能够特异性检测根肿菌DNA,不受土传病原真菌、细菌、线虫及寄主植物内生菌的DNA干扰。灵敏性检测表明,模板DNA最低浓度达1pg·μL^-1,土壤带菌量最低为1×10^3个孢子/g土,种子带菌量最低1×10^5个孢子/g种子。此外,该体系能够用于检测油菜及其它十字花科寄主植物(如组织、种子)和土壤类型。同时,可用于田间油菜不同生长阶段油菜根部及周围土壤的根肿菌检测。本研究建立的检测体系操作简便、适用范围广、灵敏度高、特异性强,可检测样品种类丰富,可为油菜及其它十字花科根肿病的早期诊断、流行监测与预警、综合防控等提供科学依据。