白背飞虱在抗感稻株上分泌蜜露的氨基酸成分分析

白背飞虱吸食水稻植株的韧皮部,影响其正常生长。近年来,由此而引起的水稻产量损失愈加明显。推广种植抗虫品种有效地阻止了飞虱在其上取食与建立种群,在防治此虫中发挥了十分重要的作用。水稻抗虫品种对白背飞虱产生的不良影响是多方面的。为了探索稻株韧皮部内营养成分对飞虱的影响,我们采用间接的方法分析了飞虱取食抗感稻株后分泌的蜜露中氨基酸的成分与含量。1 材料与方法1.1 蜜露的收集测定蜜露中游离氯基酸总量时选用的抗白背飞虱     

Levels of resistance of rice cultivars and the weed Leersia hexandra L. to Nephotettix malayanus Ishihara et Kawase and N. virescens (Distant)

Studies on the mechanisms of resistance of some rice cultivars and the weed, Leersia hexandra, to Nephotettix malayanus indicated low survival and popu;ation growth of the insect on resistant cultivars. Tests on feeding behaviour indicated that more feeding punctures were made on resistant than on susceptible cultivars. The amount of honeydew excreted was not related to the levels of resistance. Honeydew excreted on resistant cultivars was acidic (pH 5·08–6·92) and on susceptible L. hexandra, basic (pH 7·56). On the basis of the quality of honeydew excreted, N. malayanus was considered to be predominantly a xylem feeder. A test on the serial transmission of the rice tungro virus (RTV) showed that N. malayanus transmitted the virus for only one day after feeding acquisition. N. virescens was a more efficient vector of RTV than N. malayanus. N. malayanus prefers to feed on L. hexandra rather than on the rice cultivars tested.     

若干粳稻品种（系）抗褐稻虱特征评价

 就一些粳稻抗性品种对褐稻虱(BPH)Nilaparvata lueens抗性进行了评价，水稻品种秀水48作感性品种对照。结果表明：1)褐稻虱在感性品种上分泌的蜜露面积显著地大于抗性品种；饲养在不同品种上褐稻虱一生产卵量(粒／♀)： 秀水48为316．2，秀水620为191，嘉23为165.2，IR64为87.5；不同品种上褐稻虱若虫的存活率：秀水48为100%，秀水620为44%，嘉23为28.22%；相对取食量与抗性等级、田间累计虫量、若虫存活率及产卵量呈正相关。2)不同抗性品种上褐稻虱的种群增长率，秀水48为0.1221，秀水620为0.088，嘉23-2为0.083．3) 供试品种上逻辑斯蒂模型的K值,秀水48为81.58．秀水620为30.54。4)本试验各品种对褐稻虱的内禀控制率(%)秀水48为0，秀水620为78.79，嘉23为8494，IR64为0.8632。5)各品种对褐稻虱田间控制率（%）秀水48为0，秀水620为77.23，嘉23-2为76.68。     

光照因素对水稻品种苗期褐稻虱抗性的影响

 在人工气候箱及温室自然条件下研究了光照对品种抗性、植株生势及耐害性和褐稻虱生存、发育的影响。光照不足造成品种苗期抗性减弱甚至丧失，其原因是由于植株的生势减弱导致受飞虱为害后的补偿能力下降。中抗品种耐害性丧失和抗级品种的拒虫性减弱。在短光照生长条件下和长光照条件下，飞虱取食高抗品种的植株，其吸食量若虫生存率和发育进度，均无显著差异，表明高抗品种的抗生性在短光照条件下仍能保持。短光照条件下．如果接虫前或后予以充足的光照条件，或将接虫秧龄提高到4片叶，品种的抗性水平则可保持。     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

稻褐飞虱实验种群致害性变异

以蜜露排泄量为稻褐飞虱致害性指标对稻褐飞虱实验种群的致害性变异进行了研究。首先测定了褐飞虱3个实验种群(TN1种群、Mudgo种群和ASD7种群)[分别用水稻品种TN1、Mudgo和ASD7强迫饲养82代,其中TN1种群(T)为弱致害力种群,Mudgo种群(M)和ASD7种群(A)为强致害力种群]分别在感虫和抗虫品种上的蜜露排泄量。结果表明,寄主表现感虫还是抗虫,与褐飞虱致害力之间存在交互作用。将不同致害力的褐飞虱种群接在抗虫品种上,才可能观察到较大的致害性差异,据此比较了杂交F1代与亲本种群个体、自交F2代与杂交F1代种群个体在抗虫品种上的致害性差异,以分析褐飞虱致害性变异规律。杂交F1代（包括T♀×M♂,A♀×T♂两种处理）雌成虫的平均致害力均介于两个亲本之间,其值与强致害力亲本的更为接近;杂交F1代雌成虫致害力的变异程度均显著地大于弱致害亲本,而与强致害性的亲本相比几乎无明显的差异;表明相对于弱致害性,褐飞虱的强致害性可能为一显性性状。与杂交F1代相比,T♀×M♂处理中自交F2代雌成虫的致害力无显著变化,而A♀×T♂处理中自交F2代雌成虫的致害力显著大于杂交F1代;两种处理中,自交F2代的方差或显著小于杂交F1代,或稍大于杂交F1代,表明自交F2代种群个体未增加新的遗传分离。     

抗虫水稻品种上饲养的白背飞虱种群的致害性变化

采用分别带有抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2和Wbph5的水稻品种ARC10239(ARC)和N'Diang(ND)作为选择寄主,获得第15代种群(ARC种群和ND种群),对这两个种群进行致害性检测.设RHT和TN1为抗感虫对照.结果表明这两个种群在其相应的寄主品种上分泌唾液和X波持续时间较短,而取食韧皮部的时间较长.ARC种群和ND种群分别在其相应的寄主品种和TN1上分泌的蜜露量没有显著差异,且明显大于其在RHT上分泌的蜜露量.在寄主品种和TN1上的产卵量明显高于RHT,发育卵率没有显著差异.ND种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为45.0%,介于TN1(71.4%)和RHT(21.0%)之间,并与它们存在显著差异,ARC种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为68.3%,与它在TN1上(77.5%)的若虫存活率之间没有显著差异,且明显高于RHT(22.6%).这两个种群若虫发育历期在其各自的选择寄主与TN1之间没有显著差异,且明显短于其在RHT上的发育历期.因此,这两个种群在取食和产卵方面已基本适应其相应的选择寄主品种,但ND种群的若虫存活率还较低.     

Bph36介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路的研究

褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stål., BPH）是水稻最主要的害虫之一,给水稻生产造成严重的危害。携带不同抗性基因的抗褐飞虱水稻材料抗性机制不同,挖掘普通野生稻抗褐飞虱基因并研究其介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路对水稻育种具有重要的意义。本研究基于课题组前期从广西普通野生稻‘W2183'挖掘出的位于4号染色体InDel标记S13和X48之间38 kb处新基因Bph36,以‘9311'和‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,05RBPH16和NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过褐飞虱宿主选择性、蜜露量测定、褐飞虱存活率及褐飞虱生长速率等方法分析Bph36介导的抗褐飞虱机制;同时,以‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过qRT-PCR分析植物防御昆虫侵害的三大信号途径：水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯相关基因表达量的差异。抗性机制研究结果表明：褐飞虱在抗性材料植株上的虫口密度显著低于感性材料植株,抗性材料上的褐飞虱存活率、群体生长率及取食后排泄的蜜露量均比感性对照显著降低。Bph36介导的抗性机制是寄主抗生性和害虫趋避性相互作用的结果。qRT-PCR结果表明：褐飞虱取食后,各个时间段抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中水杨酸合成相关基因EDS1、PAD4、PAL和水杨酸途径病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达量显著高于感性材料‘抗蚊青占'植株中的表达量;抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中,茉莉酸合成基因LOX2和茉莉酸积累基因AOS2的表达量比褐飞虱取食前显著提升,但是比同时段感性材料植株中表达量显著降低;褐飞虱取食后,抗、感性材料植株中乙烯信号途径基因EIN2的表达量都受到抑制,基因ACO3表达量都提高,但2种材料间的差异不显著。茉莉酸途径和乙烯途径参与了NIL-Bph36植株抗褐飞虱的基础防御反应,但Bph36激活的抗性不是茉莉酸和乙烯依赖的信号防御途径而是激活水杨酸依赖的系统获得性抗性。研究结果为进一步研究Bph36与其他抗性基因聚合,培育兼有多种抗性机制和防御信号途径的优良品种奠定基础。     

水稻品种对白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)的拒性和抗生性研究初报

 利用经苗期和田间抗性鉴定对白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)具有中抗水平以上的国内外品种52个进行拒性和22个品种进行抗生性测定。结果表明,对若虫取食、成虫定居和产卵的拒性以云南品种的毫糯亮、白糯、鬼衣谷、滇瑞337～68等较为明显。抗生性(种群增长、若虫生存率、排泄量)测定结果表明:N22、冷水谷(681)、脚鲁、法炮谷、浙丽1号等5个品种抗生性明显。     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

水稻品种对稻飞虱抗性鉴定方法的比较研究

采用苗期群体筛选、苗期单株鉴定、分蘖盛期单株鉴定、蜜露量测定和若虫发育历期测定5种方法,分别测定了6个新近育成的、不同类型的水稻优质、高产新品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性反应。多数品种在苗期接虫鉴定情况下的抗性表现都是一致或十分接近的,而且与品种的类型和抗感性无关。但少数品种随着苗龄的增大,其抗虫性有不同程度的提高。蜜露斑面积测定结果与分蘖盛期接虫鉴定结果基本吻合,初步将蜜露斑面积与抗性级别的关系拟定为：蜜露斑面积［mm2/(雌虫·d)］ 0～100.0≈ 0～3级,100.1～200.0≈5级,>200.1 ≈ 7～9级。综合多项测定指标,认为分蘖盛期接虫鉴定较苗期鉴定更能准确地反映水稻品种成株期的抗性水平;苗期群体筛选和蜜露量测定是水稻抗飞虱的两个快速、便捷、准确的鉴定方法。     

大豆对食叶性害虫抗性机制的研究

１９９３～１９９６年,利用田间自然虫源,以叶面积损失率为指标,进一步鉴定了从６７２４份大豆资源中筛选出的４６份抗感材料对食叶性害虫的抗性表现。从中选出３份抗虫和３份感虫的材料,用以研究自然虫源下豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫和筛豆龟蝽的产卵选择性,并在实验室和网室人工接虫条件下,研究了抗感材料对斜纹夜蛾的抗虫性机制。结果表明,田间自然虫源下抗感材料以叶面积损失率为指标的综合抗性相差显著;４种重要食叶性害虫在抗虫品种上的产卵量较少;用抗虫品种叶片饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,表现为食量减少、体重变小、死亡率增加、历期延长以及蛹重减轻等,而对蛹死亡率和蛹历期的影响不明显。大豆对食叶性害虫具有明显的排趋性和抗生性,尤以后者为重要。     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性及其与稻株营养成分的关系

 研究了6个水稻品种在不同苗龄对白背飞虱的抗性与稻株营养成分的关系。结果表明、抗性品种 ARC10239、Rathu Heenati(RH)和中抗品种 N22、Mudgo 对白背飞虱的取食、存活和产卵有抑制作用:品系9101虽适宜于白背飞虱的取食和存活,但自孕穗期后严重影响其产卵。分蘖期后,品种抗性随苗龄增加而逐渐增强.这种趋势在中抗品种 N22和 Mudgo 上特别明显。稻株营养成分测定显示出稻株内的总氮和游离氨基酸(主要是亮氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量与品种抗性呈显著负相关。     

Insecticide-induced changes in the levels of resistance of rice cultivars to the whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

IR2035-117-3 (highly resistant), ARC 10239 (resistant), and TN1 (susceptible) rice plants received one application at 40 days after transplanting (DT) or three spray applications (20, 30, and 40DT) of monocrotophos, diazinon or deltamethrin. When these plants were exposed to S. furcifera adults, either 24 hours after the single application, or 15 days after the third of the spray applications, the deltamethrin-treated were most preferred. The percentage of S. furcifera that alighted on the three varieties decreased correspondingly with an increase in the level of varietal resistance. Differences in S. furcifera population growth, nymphal survival, nymphal duration, growth index and feeding rate between IR2035-117-3 and TN1 were significant. Foliar application of deltamethrin caused a significant increase in population growth on IR2035-117-3, ARC 10239, and TN1 and an increase in the nymphal survival and growth index on TN1.     

水稻广亲和品种抗白背飞虱的研究

采用苗期群体筛选鉴定法、蜜露量测定和产卵与卵孵化率测定等方法,就18个水稻广亲和品种对白背飞虱抗性表现进行了研究.筛选出5个对白背飞虱无拒取食作用和杀卵作用的水稻广亲和品种Aus371、02428、Labelle、Copslo和玉92秋14.     

Fusarium dry-rot resistant potato germplasm

The level ofFusarium dry-rot resistance found in important potato varieties has been improved with agronomically acceptableSolanum tuberosum genotypes. Three breeding selections, A74114-4, A76260-16, and BR6316-7 were highly resistant to the two commonFusarium dry-rot species (F. roseum Lk ex Fr. f. sp.sambucinum [Fs], andF. solani var.coeruleum (Sacc), Booth [Fc]). Resistance was determined separately for each of these species. Resistance to Fs was genetically distinct from resistance to Fc since there was no correlation between Fs and Fc reaction for 180 progeny clones from six crosses representing all combinations of resistance. Resistance to each of theseFusarium species was readily transmitted to progeny. Seventy-five percent of the progeny from resistant X resistant parents were also resistant to Fs, while 95% of the progeny from susceptible X susceptible parents were susceptible. Mixed infections withErwinia atroseptica and eitherFusarium species resulted in a qualitative change from a resistant reaction to a susceptible reaction. Bacterial interaction withFusarium spp. is, therefore, an important consideration in determining storage-rot resistance.     

利用PEG6000模拟研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响

 在实验室条件下,以感虫品种TN1、抗虫品种IR36和抗旱品种旱优3号为材料,采用聚乙二醇6000（PEG6000）模拟干旱处理水稻植株,研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响。结果表明,在同一水稻品种上,褐飞虱雌成虫在稻株上数量随着PEG6000浓度的上升而显著减少（P<0.001）,而褐飞虱若虫在不同PEG6000浓度处理的水稻植株上数量无显著差异（P=0.093）。褐飞虱雌成虫在48 h内的蜜露分泌量和在稻株上72 h内的产卵量均与PEG6000浓度呈显著负相关。在感虫品种TN1上,褐飞虱若虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理稻株上的分布无显著差异;而在抗旱品种旱优3号和抗虫品种IR36上,随着PEG6000浓度的上升,水稻基部的褐飞虱若虫数量明显增多。在TN1和旱优3号上,褐飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌量随PEG6000浓度上升而显著减少;而在IR36上,褐飞虱雌成虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理水稻植株上的蜜露分泌量均很少且无显著差异。     

Plant age and levels of resistance to green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), and tungro virus in rice varieties

The level of resistance of rice varieties IR5 to IR46 to the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was evaluated on the basis of the seedling bulk test, insect survival and population growth. Results of the seedling bulk test indicated that two varieties were susceptible, 10 moderately resistant and seven resistant. IR22 and IR46 were susceptible and IR24, IR28, IR29, IR30 and IR34 were resistant. Insect survival and population growth differed significantly among varieties of the same age and at different plant ages within the same variety. Generally, insect survival decreased with plant age, being lower at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) than at either 15 or 30 DAS. Population growth on resistant varieties was low at the three plant ages tested. A rating system which takes all three tests into consideration showed that sister lines IR28, IR29 and IR34, which all have the variety Gam Pai as one of the resistant parents, were the most resistant to N. virescens. In addition, only a small percentage of these plants were infected with tungro virus, of which N. virescens is the main vector.