北京地区甘薯主栽品种遗字138脱毒技术的建立及增产效果分析

为解决近几年北京地区甘薯主栽品种遗字138因多年种植造成品种退化等问题,保障其市场存在及稳定持续发展;探讨脱毒遗字138的增产机理,为其脱毒苗的繁育及推广应用提供科学依据,建立了该品种的脱毒技术。结果如下:甘薯品种遗字138最佳的培养基配方为MS+0.5mg/L IAA+1.0mg/L BAP+30g/L蔗糖+8g/L琼脂;脱毒遗字138前期地上部茎叶嫩绿,生长健壮,中期长势稳健,后期田间观察无明显病毒病症状,综合生长势优于对照;单株薯重增加达极显著水平,产量比未脱毒对照遗字138增产22.3%,达极显著水平;薯皮光滑、色泽鲜艳,很少感染黑斑病、黑腐病及线虫病,商品薯率明显提高。     

云南甘薯地方主栽品种收集与脱毒复壮研究

为了更好地促进云南甘薯生产,收集云南地方主栽甘薯品种27个进行田间评价,并对其中的6个品种脱毒后进行田间对比试验。试验表明,有些品种产量较高,如‘普洱黄山芋’,产量达20.04 t/hm²,‘丘北白皮’亦达15.60 t/hm²;有些品种品质较好,如‘研和板栗薯’和‘华坪紫心’等;‘研和板栗薯’、‘建水灰薯’、‘华坪紫心’、‘马龙紫薯’、‘昆明紫薯’和‘建水紫薯’6个品种,脱毒后薯块平均增产幅度为175.8%;其中‘建水灰薯’脱毒后产量达24.00 t/hm²,比对照增产16.0 t/hm²,增幅为200.1%。通过脱毒,可以显著提高目前云南主栽甘薯品种的产量,更好为甘薯生产服务。     

紫色甘薯新品种引进鉴定及利用

为筛选适宜龙岩市种植的紫色甘薯新品种,采取一年多点完全随机区组试验设计,以“金山57”为对照,2014年夏季引进6个紫色甘薯新品种进行品种比较试验,从农艺性状、经济性状、鲜产、干产、淀粉产量、品质和花青素含量等方面进行筛选鉴定。结果表明：6个紫色甘薯新品种中,2个品种表现较好。其中,‘龙津薯1号’鲜薯产量最高,为39.11t/hm2,薯干产量9.22 t/hm2,淀粉产量5.53 t/hm2,干物率23.57%,淀粉率14.15%,食味评分80.0分,花青素含量17.66mg/100g。‘福薯24号’鲜薯产量其次,为36.30 t/hm2,薯干产量10.82 t/hm2,比对照增产3.32%,淀粉产量7.11 t/hm2,比对照增产6.77%。干物率29.81%,淀粉率19.57%,食味评分84.7分,花青素含量11.95mg/100g。‘龙津薯1号’鲜薯产量高,干物率和花青素含量指标适宜,可以推荐作为紫色地瓜干加工品种在龙岩市推广种植。‘福薯24号’鲜薯产量较高,食味品质好,干物率和淀粉产量高,可以推荐作为鲜食型和紫色淀粉加工型品种在龙岩市推广。‘广紫薯8号’将进一步观测。‘福宁紫3号’、‘宁紫薯1号’和‘徐紫薯2号’等品种均不适宜在龙岩市推广种植。     

脱毒甘薯不同世代对生育特性及产量的影响

通过对福建脱毒主栽品种岩薯５号的脱毒原原种、原种、生产用种及未脱毒种苗的试验，结果是脱毒１、２代种苗比未脱毒的表现生长旺盛、增产；脱毒３代种苗与未脱毒的产量无显著差异，说明脱毒甘薯的种薯苗可利用脱毒１、２代，脱毒３代之后的种薯苗不宜利用。     

脱毒甘薯的增产机理及高产栽培技术

甘薯是无性繁殖作物 ,在长期的栽培过程中易感染病毒 ,导致种性退化 ,影响产量和品质。甘薯通过脱除病毒 ,既提高了产量 ,又改善了品质。福建省龙岩市农科所于 1996年对脱毒甘薯进行应用研究 ,并相继在全省范围内推广 ,平均增产 18.2 %。实践证明 ,脱毒甘薯比未脱毒 (同品种 )生长势强 ,结薯早 ,大、中率高 ,薯皮光滑 ,增产效果显著。1　脱毒甘薯的增产机理1.1　营养生长旺盛 ,光合作用强。对脱毒甘薯龙岩 7- 3栽后 30 d调查 ,脱毒苗比未脱毒苗单株主茎增加16 .2 % ,叶面积增加 5 0 % ,茎基部分枝数增加 36 .1% ,茎叶鲜重增加 37.5 %。栽后 …     

甘薯脱毒种薯的生产技术与利用

甘薯脱毒种薯的生产技术与利用山东省泰安市农科所（２７１０００）刘桂玲近几年来，我国对甘薯病毒的研究取得了一定的进展。通过茎尖组织培养产生的脱毒苗，由于脱除了病毒，可以大幅度提高鲜薯产量并改善品质，一般可增产鲜薯２０％～５０％，出于率增加１～２个百分点...     

不同甘薯专用肥对商薯9号产量和品质的影响

研究了不同品种肥料对甘薯产量和品质的影响,结果表明,施用甘薯缓释氮专用复合肥比对照增产20.5%,增收13.9%,商品薯率增加13.5个百分点,薯干产量增加18.1%,淀粉产量增加17.37%;施用甘薯腐植酸专用肥比对照增产15%,增收8%,商品薯率增加16.2个百分点,薯干产量增加20.3%,淀粉产量增加22%。说明合理施用甘薯缓释氮专用复合肥、甘薯腐植酸专用肥能有效提高甘薯产量和品质,提高经济效益。     

脱毒甘薯种薯（苗）生产及分级标准

甘薯属无性繁殖作物，在大田生长期间很容易被病毒侵染。一旦感染上病毒，病毒就会在薯苗或薯块内不断增殖积累，并代代相传，致使甘薯产量下降，品质变差。据报道，能够侵染甘薯的病毒有10余种，而在我国普遍发生的有3种，即甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（SPMV）、甘薯潜稳病毒（SPLV）和甘薯褪绿斑病毒（SPCFV）。迄今为止，国内外尚未育出高抗病毒病的实用甘薯品种，也无防治甘薯病毒病的高效农药。因此，利用茎尖分生组织培养脱毒甘薯已成为防治甘薯病毒病，提高甘薯产量和品质最经济有效的措施。河南省甘薯常年种植面积在70万hm^2左右，目前脱毒甘薯的种植面积已达20余万hm^2，增产幅度达22.3%-93.6%。随着种植面积的迅速扩大，脱毒种薯（苗）的质量越来越受到人们重视。在脱毒甘薯的推广过程中，由于不同级别种薯（苗）的增产效果不同，各地的名称也不统一，有的称茎尖苗、原种、生产种，有的称R0代苗、R1代苗……这就给种薯的生产和利用带来了一定的困难。因此，制定和统一各级种薯（苗）的名称和质量标准，规范种薯（苗）生产程序，实现脱毒种薯（苗）生产的标准化，已成为当务之急。为此，我们根据几年来在脱毒甘薯试验、示范、推广过程中的一些具体做法，结合农作物四级种子生产程序及其应用模式和脱毒甘薯种薯分级标极种子生产程序及其应用模式和脱毒甘薯种薯分级标准，总结出了脱毒甘薯的四级种薯生产程序，供同行参考。     

高产优质淀粉型甘薯新品种‘苏薯24号’的选育研究

为了加快淀粉型甘薯新品种‘苏薯24号’的推广应用,总结淀粉型甘薯品种选育的实践经验与心得,通过2012—2014年国家区试多年多点品比试验,以及抗病性等特性综合鉴定评价。结果表明：‘苏薯24号’在2012—2013年国家甘薯长江流域薯区区域试验中,平均鲜薯产量33534.0 kg/hm²,平均薯干产量11130.0 kg/hm²,淀粉产量7549.5 kg/hm²,比对照‘徐薯22’增产18.27%,增产显著;平均块根干物率和淀粉率为33.08%和22.41%,分别比对照‘徐薯22’高2.84和2.47个百分点。2014年国家长江区试生产试验中,平均鲜薯产量31204.5 kg/hm²,平均薯干产量10194.0 kg/hm²;平均淀粉产量 6883.5 kg/hm²,比对照‘徐薯22’增产23.28%。该品种2015年2月通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定。‘苏薯24号’聚合了双亲高产、高淀粉、丰产稳产、综合性状优良等特点,薯干和淀粉产量均较高,抗病和耐储藏性好,在长江流域薯区及周边地区具有广阔的推广应用前景。最后,笔者提出了高淀粉甘薯品种的选育策略是培育骨干亲本与创建核心种质,组配优势群体且加大选择压力,加速育种进程。     

脱毒甘薯高产栽培技术

脱毒甘薯(红苕)具有生长势强,结薯早、膨大快、产量高、品质好等特点.遵义市2004年开始大面积推广脱毒甘薯甘薯一号,2005年推广面积达到0.33万hm2,平均单产2500kg/667m2以上,增产显著,深受广大农户欢迎.但部分地区,由于技术指导不到位,农户按常规种植,使品种增产优势未能发挥.为了搞好脱毒甘薯的推广,现根据各县脱毒甘薯高产栽培经验,将脱毒甘薯高产栽培的关键技术介绍如下:     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.