Screening ventilation strategies for confined-space manure storage facilities

Fatalities associated with entry into on-farm confined-space manure storage facilities occur each year. The fatalities are due to asphyxiation or poisoning by exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide. Forced ventilation has been shown to be an effective way to reduce concentrations of noxious gases to levels that are safe for human entry into these storage facilities. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was used as an indicator gas to investigate the effectiveness of forced-air ventilation strategies for eliminating the toxic and oxygen-deficient atmosphere in confined-space manure storage facilities. This article focuses on experimental methods for identifying ventilation strategies that effectively reduce toxic gas (i.e., H2S) concentrations in a fan-ventilated confined-space manure tank to the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) (H2S PEL = 10 ppm) and to 25% of the initial gas concentration. Typical H2S concentration reduction curves during forced-air ventilation were identified in the tank as well. Based on the experimental tests conducted in this research, the most promising candidate ventilation strategies were identified for this rectangular confined-space manure tank with solid, fully slotted, and partially slotted covers. In addition, based on the results of experimental tests, a field-based database was developed for future validation of computational fluid dynamics modeling protocols.     

规模化奶牛场粪污全量贮存及肥料化还田工艺设计

为推进粪污全量贮存和肥料化还田模式在规模化奶牛场的应用,该研究以存栏500头规模奶牛场为例,分析了粪污收集量、贮存工艺与设施和粪肥还田等内容,提出了粪污贮存池设计容积和粪肥还田配套土地面积等参数。结果表明:奶牛粪污全量收集量为17.33t/d,全量贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存囊2种。单个舍内贮存池尺寸为85 m×12 m×2m(长×宽×深),粪污存储期9个月,所需贮存池数量为5个,总容积10200m³;舍外贮存囊占地尺寸为90 m×30 m(长×宽),深2.2 m,总容积5 615 m³。粪肥全部还田所需土地面积与种植作物类型和种植制度相关,种植作物为小麦、玉米、小麦+玉米和水稻(1年2熟)时,需配套土地分别为248.4、400.6、122.8和127.0hm²。粪肥还田成本为10.37万元/a,全部还田可节省化肥22.8万元/a,年可产生经济效益12.43万元。     

中国东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式分析

为摸清东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式应用现状,该研究采用问卷调研与现场评估相结合的方式,对黑龙江、吉林和辽宁3省272个规模化养殖场进行了调研,分析了养殖畜种与存栏量、粪污产生量、粪污处理技术、粪污处理设施设备以及粪肥还田参数等数据,总结了东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术应用现状和资源化利用模式特点。结果表明：东北地区主要粪污收集工艺为干清粪,占比达94.35%。固体粪便以堆沤肥工艺为主,占所调研养殖场的86.93%,各畜种粪便存储设施面积符合畜禽规模化养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范要求。液体粪污主要处理方式为粪水贮存,占所调研养殖场的68.18%;奶牛养殖场粪水贮存设施小于建设规范要求。东北地区粪肥还田主要种植作物为玉米,占所有种植作物的78.13%,现有配套土地面积普遍低于畜禽粪污土地承载力测算需求面积。固体粪肥主要施肥方式为人工施肥,占比达88.00%;液体粪肥主要施肥方式为漫灌和喷灌,占比分别为54.17%和37.50%。整体来看,东北地区粪污处理与资源化利用主要技术模式为“干清粪+粪便堆沤+粪水贮存”。研究结果可为东北地区粪污处理和资源化利用模式推广和政策制定提供参考。     

Evolution of 3-mercaptohexanol, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl mercaptan during bottle storage of Sauvignon blanc wines. Effect of glutathione, copper, oxygen exposure, and closure-derived oxygen

The effects of wine composition and postbottling oxygen exposure on 3-mercaptohexanol (3-MH), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methyl mercaptan (MeSH) were investigated. A Sauvignon blanc wine with initial copper concentration of 0.1 mg/L was treated with copper sulfate and/or glutathione (GSH) prior to bottling to give final concentrations of 0.3 and 20 mg/L, respectively. The wines were bottled with a synthetic closure previously stored in either ambient air or nitrogen to study the effect of the oxygen normally present in the closure. Bottled wines were stored for 6 months in either air or nitrogen to study the effect of oxygen ingress through the closure. Copper addition resulted in a rapid initial decrease in 3-MH. During storage, a further decrease of 3-MH was observed, which was lower with GSH addition and lowered oxygen exposure. H2S accumulated largely during the second 3 months of bottle storage, with the highest concentrations attained in the wines treated with GSH and copper. Lower oxygen from and through the closure promoted H2S accumulation. The concentration of MeSH was virtually not affected by the experimental variables at 6 months, although differences were observed after 3 months of storage. The implications for wine quality are discussed.     

Influence of environmental, structural, and behavioral factors on the presence of phosphine in worker areas during fumigations in grain elevators

Data-logging gas monitors with electrochemical cells sensitive to phosphine (PH3) were used to characterize concentrations of this common grain fumigant in and around grain elevators during fumigations. Twenty-four grain fumigations were observed, and each was monitored over a 5- to 8-day period. Phosphine gas, generated from aluminum phosphide fumigant applied to the grain, generally moved upward toward the grain surface and exited the bin at bin-top openings to the outside air or to enclosed worker areas. The upward air currents appeared to be the result of chimney effects, e.g., pressure differences resulting from buoyant air inside the warm grain and cooler, denser, ambient air. Significant wind effects on the PH3 concentration were also observed in the air between the grain surface and the bin roof. In enclosed areas located at the bin-top level, monitors located near the fill port or the fumigant dispenser recorded PH3 concentrations in excess of the exposure limit of 0.3 parts per million (ppm) about 35% of the time during grain fumigations. Phosphine concentrations between 0.31 and 1.0 ppm were observed 17.3% of the time, and concentrations in the ranges of 1.01-3.0, 3.01-10.0, and >10 ppm constituted 11.8%, 5.5%, and 0.3% of all readings, respectively, in bin-top worker areas. The likelihood of recording PH3 concentrations >0.3 ppm depended on ventilation practices. Fans in tunnels and open windows at aboveground locations appeared to greatly reduce the likelihood of high PH3 concentrations in enclosed areas.     

覆盖及堆积高度对肉牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为了研究覆盖对不同堆积高度肉牛固体粪便温室气体（N2O、CH4和 CO2）排放量的影响,试验采用静态箱的方法研究了20和40 cm堆积高度时覆盖或者不覆盖情况下肉牛粪便温室气体的排放量。结果表明,堆积40 cm的牛粪CH4的累积排放量显著高于20 cm处理,而N2O和CO2累积排放量显著降低。覆盖显著增加了牛粪N2O的排放量和40 cm高度牛粪的CH4排放量,降低了40 cm高度牛粪CO2的排放量,而对20 cm高度牛粪CH4和CO2排放无显著影响。根据CH4和N2O在100 a 尺度上相对CO2的全球增温潜势计算出综合温室效应,无覆盖处理的20和40 cm牛粪的综合温室效应分别为(101.07±6.28）和(94.67±3.29)g/kg,覆盖处理的20和40 cm牛粪的综合温室效应分别为(104.20±6.78)和(103.43±3.21)g/kg,堆积高度为40 cm且无覆盖的综合温室效应最小。     

The status of atmospheric concentrations of ammonia in an intensive dairy farming area in central Japan

(pp. 53–57)

Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia were monitored for one year in an intensive dairy farming area and its environs in the Kanto region in central Japan. Passive samplers were used to collect gaseous ammonia in the atmosphere. A clear difference in concentrations was observed: they were high in the central farming area (3.2–36.2 µg N m^?3) and low in its surrounding area (0.2–0.4 µg N m^?3). Seasonal changes in concentrations were also witnessed · concentration reached a peak in April and May. A negative correlation was found between the annual mean of ammonia concentrations and the distance from the manure facilities of dairy farmers. Ammonia volatilization from manure was considered to be the primary factor that controlled the atmospheric concentrations of ammonia within 1 km of the manure facilities. The annual mean concentrations of ammonia positively correlated with the nitrogen concentrations in open-bulk precipitation. It was, therefore, suggested that ammonia emissions from dairy farming affected the wet deposition of nitrogen. On the other hand, both seasonal changes in precipitation and manure management performed by dairy farmers were considered to be the primary factors that induced seasonal changes in atmospheric ammonia concentrations.     

Losses of Solids,Moisture, Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Carbon, and Sulfur from Laying-Hen Manure in Storage Facilities

The losses of total solids, moisture, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) were determined in two storage events of laying-hen manure immediately removed from three different housing systems in Iowa, USA. The three laying-hen houses were conventional cage (CC), enriched colony (EC), and aviary (AV). The houses held a nominal number of 200,000, 46,700, and 50,000 Lohmann LSL lite layers, respectively. The manure collected on belts in each house was cleaned out twice a week. A fraction of the cleaned out manure was transferred to designated storage rooms wherein losses of different components were determined in two storage events. Manure was loaded into the storage rooms over 171 days during the first storage event and over 185 days during the second storage event. The total storage periods were 202 and 245 days, respectively, for the first and second storage events. Manure was weighed, sampled, and analyzed before it was loaded into the storage rooms and at the end of each storage event. Mass balance calculations were used to determine the losses of different components. Statistical analyses show that the nutrient contents, on a wet basis, of manure loaded in CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were significantly different due to the differences in manure moisture contents. However, on a dry basis, they had no significant differences. The fresh manure cleaned out from the EC layer house was drier than that from the other two houses. Loaded-in nitrogen losses in the CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were 24.6, 12.9, and 20.8%, respectively. Nitrogen losses depended on house temperature, manure moisture, and pH. The average losses of loaded-in manure mass, moisture, and total solids during the two storage events were 27.6?±?1.9, 33.8?±?8.3, and 20.8?±?7.0%, respectively. The losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 19.4?±?13.4, 11.7?±?5.6, 10.2?±?6.8, 27.0?±?6.5, and 8.3?±?8.5% of their loaded-in amounts, respectively. The total loss of N, P, K, C, and S was 56% of the total loaded-in solids loss; thereof, the loss of N, P, and K was 7%, and C loss was 48%. The laying-hen-specific losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 0.34, 0.05, 0.08, 3.2 and 0.019 g day^?1 hen^?1, respectively. The results of this research are important for assessing impacts of stored manure on environment and nutrient losses. They can also be used to develop methodologies for the mitigation of the emissions from egg production facilities.     

中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术应用调研与发展分析

中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术模式的选择和应用情况底数不清,缺乏系统研究。该研究采用问卷调研与实地测量相结合的方式,对中国190个县（市区）2 589个养殖场进行调研,并从畜禽粪污收集方式、粪污处理方式、粪肥还田利用情况等方面进行统计分析。结果表明,畜禽规模养殖场清粪方式以干清粪为主,占养殖场总数的89.40%;固体粪便处理普遍采用堆（沤）肥处理,占养殖场总数的89.44%,液体粪污处理主要采用厌氧发酵和贮存发酵等技术,分别占41.59%和39.09%,目前大部分规模养殖场粪污处理设施建设符合规范要求,但部分养殖场设施水平不高;粪污处理后还田是主要利用方向,利用粪肥的作物以水果蔬菜等经济作物为主,占比可达61.83%。总结分析了中国畜禽粪污资源化利用存在问题,提出中国畜禽粪污资源化利用亟需提升处理设施标准化水平,提高设施装备水平,同时还需引导养殖场按照种养平衡要求配套足够消纳土地,提高粪肥还田利用机械化水平。该研究可为畜禽粪污资源化利用科技创新、技术推广提供基础支撑,对于促进畜禽粪污资源化利用和农业绿色发展具有指导意义。     

碳氮比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

为确定鸡粪堆肥最优碳氮比（C/N比）,该研究以新鲜鸡粪为堆肥原料,添加玉米秸秆调节初始C/N比为14、18和22进行好氧堆肥,研究不同C/N比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放（NH3和H2S）的影响。结果表明：C/N比为14的处理堆肥产品未腐熟,C/N比为18和22的处理均达到腐熟。C/N比为18的处理NH3累积排放量和总氮（TN）损失率最高;C/N比为18～22时,C/N比越高,NH3累积排放量和TN损失率越低。C/N比为14的处理H2S累积排放量和总硫（TS）损失率最高;C/N比为18和22的2个处理,H2S累积排放量显著降低,且无显著差异。此外,C/N比为18处理的微生物群落多样性在整个堆肥过程中显著高于C/N比为14和22处理。堆肥的理化指标、臭气排放与微生物群落之间的相关性分析表明,高温、高pH值和缺氧环境会增加Firmicutes丰度,进而促进NH3和H2S的排放,相反地,低温、低pH和氧气充足的环境更有利于Actinobacteria增殖,有利于减少NH3和H2S的排放。综合考虑堆肥产品腐熟度和臭气减排效果,建议低C/N比鸡粪堆肥的初始C/N比为18～22。当秸秆资源不足时,建议初始C/N比为18;秸秆资源充足时,建议初始C/N比为22。     

Nitrate Leaching from Compost-Amended Soils

Nitrate in ground water was measured for three years beneath a sandy terrace soil with high conductivity which had been amended yearly with spent mushroom compost (SMC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) at rates of 25 and 50 T/A. The compost provided all the fertilizer requirements for intensive vegetable production. Nitrate concentrations in ground water from beneath all compost-amended plots remained below 10 ppm during the course of the study while concentrations beneath the fertilized control climbed to 14.7 ppm in an unusually wet spring. After heavy rains, control plots were more susceptible to nitrate leaching than compost-amended plots in the first two years of the study. The overall mean of the control (4.2 ppm) was significantly higher than all the other compost-amended plots except SMC amended at 25 T/A (3.4 ppm). Nitrate concentrations in ground water from CMC plots amended at 50 T/A peaked at 9.2 ppm after three consecutive years of compost application indicating a cumulative effect in the soil that was substantiated by soil analysis. The results indicate that composts can be applied for three successive years at rates high enough to supply the fertilizer requirement of most vegetables without excessively contaminating the ground water with nitrate. Because of the cumulative effect, it appears that lower rates could be applied in subsequent years to lessen nitrate leaching, especially with nitrogen-rich composted chicken manure.     

Effect of Annual Amendments of Compost on Nitrate Leaching in Nursery Stock

Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost was applied at rates of 56 and 112 t/ha (incorporated) and 224 t/ha (mulch) to mitigate topsoil loss in nursery stock production. In two years, nitrate concentrations in ground water beneath all plots remained below 10 ppm with no significant differences between treatments.

In another experiment, nitrate in ground water was measured beneath a high coductive sandy terrace soil amended with a variety of composts. In one experiment, spent mushroom compost (SMC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) were applied yearly at rates of 56 and 112 t/ha to provide all the fertilizer requirements for intensive vegetable production. Nitrate concentrations in ground water beneath all compost-amended plots remained below 10 ppm during the three-year study, while concentrations beneath the fertilized control reached 14.7 ppm in an unusually wet spring. After heavy rains, control plots were more susceptible to nitrate leaching than compost-amended plots in the first two years of the study. The overall mean of the control (4.2 ppm) was significantly higher than all the other compost amended plots except SMC amended at 56 t/ha (3.4 ppm). Nitrate concentrations in ground water from CMC plots amended at 112 t/ha peaked at 9.2 ppm after three consecutive years of compost application suggesting a cumulative effect which was substantiated by soil analysis.

The first experiment is described below. Results of the second experiment were previously presented in Compost Science & Utilization (“Nitrate Leaching From Compost Amended Soils” (1993) Vol 1, No. 2, 65-72).     

The design and use of the Personal Environmental Sampling Backpack (PESB II) for activity-specific exposure monitoring of career pig barn workers

Career pig barn workers in large confinement barns are exposed to airborne contaminants that need to be quantified. Monitoring instrumentation had to be sanitized to satisfy the biosecurity entrance requirements for pig barns. We satisfied this requirement with the development of a portable Personal Environmental Sampling Backpack (PESB). A pilot study was conducted with the original PESB after which modifications were made to construct the PESB II. The objective of the present study was to modify the PESB to create a monitoring system that is acceptable to workers, accurate, able to collect and store data reliably, and transferable from one animal confinement operation to another. A CO2 sensor with a higher detection range was incorporated into the new instrumentation, H2S monitoring capability was added, and improvements were made to the amount of data the new PESB II instrumentation could store. Compared to the original PESB, the PESB II has a lower mass and volume (reduced by 46% and 70%, respectively), a wider range of CO2 measurement capability, an H2S sensor, a data logger with more data capacity for 11.5 h of real-time monitoring, and a high level of worker acceptability. Apart from revealing a problem with H2S cross-reacting with the NH3 sensor, the PESB II system measured all other parameters reliably and accurately while allowing disinfection to meet stringent biosecurity protocols.     

畜禽养殖废弃物贮存设施的设计

粪便贮存是废弃物农田利用和无害化处理的关键环节之一，该文对畜禽养殖粪便污水贮存设施设计过程中的选址、基本参数确定、如何防渗等进行了论述，提出优化设计方法，为资源化处理粪便的肥料利用成为可能，该设计运行费用低，使用方便，且能取得良好的经济效益，环境效益。设计可供畜牧环境工程设计和管理人员参考。     

规模化养猪场粪污全量收集及贮存工艺设计

基于全量收集的粪污贮存技术具有粪尿收集方便、运行成本低廉和养分利用率高等特点,在欧美等发达国家得到了普遍应用,是一种适合在中国华北、西北等地区和土地匹配较充足的区域进行推广的粪污处理与还田利用技术。文章以规模化养猪场尿泡粪全量贮存技术为研究对象,分析了尿泡粪收集量、贮存工艺控制参数、贮存设施设计和投资运行成本等内容,旨在为该技术的推广应用提供参考。结果表明：每头生猪整个饲养周期内尿泡粪收集量为0.70 m3;粪污贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存罐2种,粪污贮存方法可采取舍内贮存、舍外贮存和舍内结合舍外贮存3种。粪污pH值酸化至5.5～6.5,氨排放量最高可减少80%;粪肥还田前一般要求存储时间为6个月。以存栏5 000头规模养猪场为例,舍内贮存池所需容积为6 600 m3,投资660万元;舍外贮存罐所需容积为4 118 m3,投资206万元;舍内结合舍外贮存设施所需容积为8 214 m3,投资651万元;粪污处理成本为3.83万元/a,施肥成本为10.8万元/a;全部粪肥还田可满足133 hm2农田用肥,节省化肥6.0万元/a,该研究可为粪污贮存及利用提供参考。     

Fate of sulfadiazine administered to pigs and its quantitative effect on the dynamics of bacterial resistance genes in manure and manured soil

The veterinary antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ), labelled by ¹⁴C, was administered to pigs to follow the fate of the drug and its metabolites in manure and manure-amended soil, and to investigate the dynamics of drug effects on resistance genes and bacterial communities. In the manure sampled over 10 days, more than 96% of the drug was found as parent compound or metabolites N-acetyl-SDZ and 4-hydroxy-SDZ. While the manure was stored the concentration of SDZ increased by 42% due to deacetylation of the metabolite N-acetyl-SDZ, whereas the minor metabolite 4-hydroxy-SDZ kept constant. In the soil the extractable amounts of the compounds decreased exponentially to less than 1 mg kg^?1 within 11 days after manure amendment. The abundances of SDZ resistance genes sul1 and sul2 were determined by qPCR relative to 16S rRNA genes in total DNA from manure and manure-amended soil. In manure both genes increased exponentially in copy number during the first 60 days of storage, suggesting preferential growth of resistant populations. However, the abundance of sul1 and sul2 decreased below 10^?5 copies per 16S rRNA gene after 175 days. With manure high amounts of sul1 and sul2 were introduced into the soil which were reduced by more than 10 times within 24 days. Thereafter, sul1 was stably maintained in soil, while sul2 further decreased between day 60 and day 165. A mathematical model was developed that could well explain the time course of sul gene abundance by considering the cost of sul genes, horizontal gene transfer, and selection of the resistant populations in the presence of SDZ. Modelling revealed a selective effect of SDZ on sul2 even at low concentrations down to 0.15 mg kg^?1 soil. Bacterial community profiles of manure and manure-amended soil were distinct, indicating that bacteria introduced with manure do not become prominent in soil. The composition of the bacterial community in manure constantly changed during storage, but mainly during the first 10 days. Profiles of soil bacterial communities revealed only a transient perturbation by manure containing SDZ.     

畜禽养殖废弃物贮存设施的设计

粪便贮存是废弃物农田利用和无害化处理的关键环节之一,该文对畜禽养殖粪便污水贮存设施设计过程中的选址、基本参数确定、如何防渗等进行了论述,提出优化设计方法,为资源化处理粪便的肥料利用成为可能,该设计运行费用低,使用方便,且能取得良好的经济效益,环境效益。设计可供畜牧环境工程设计和管理人员参考。     

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of ethephon and fenoprop residues in apples and their decline before and after harvest.

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) and fenoprop (2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid) may be determined in the same apple sample. After extraction with methanol, 2 separate methylation procedures were required to quantitatively convert each compound. Ethephon was esterified with diazomethane and analyzed by a flame photometric detector in the P-mode. Fenoprop was esterified with boron trifluoride/methanol and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. Average recoveries were about 95% at 0.05 ppm for both compounds. The limit of detection was 0.05 ppm for ethephon and 0.01 ppm for fenoprop in a 1 g sample. The persistence of both compounds before and after harvest was studied. Ethephon and fenoprop were applied simultaneously to apple trees at the recommended concentrations of 300 and 20 ppm, respectively. Ethephon residues averaged 1.6, 0.75, and 0.4 ppm at 2 hr, 10 days, and after washing at 13 days, respectively. The corresponding fenoprop residues were 0.70, 0.025, and 0.024 ppm.     

水泡粪物料中固体和氨氮含量对厌氧消化产气特性的影响

目前不少猪场使用水泡粪清粪工艺清理猪粪便,同时对水泡粪清理的粪污进行沼气工程处理,但不同水泡粪贮存条件对其粪污后续厌氧发酵的影响尚不清楚.本试验将猪粪和尿液通过不同贮存温度（20℃,30℃）和时间（7d,14d,21d）组成6种前处理条件,模拟不同条件水泡粪出水,研究水泡粪物料特性对出水厌氧发酵的影响.结果表明,水泡粪出水的单位挥发性固体（VS）的厌氧发酵产气率在369.2 ～702.0mL/g,厌氧发酵前7d的日产沼气量一直处于较高水平,之后快速下降,厌氧发酵10d后产气基本处于较低水平且下降平缓;氨氮对厌氧发酵有显著的抑制作用,厌氧消化甲烷产率（y）与氨氮浓度（x）的关系为y =4＆#215;10-5x2-0.3618x＋1283（R2=0.9846）.水泡粪物料总固体物含量越高厌氧发酵产气越低,据此建议适当缩短水泡粪时间以提高后续厌氧发酵产气量.     

CCC-Rückstände im reifen Weizenkorn

CCC-Residues in wheat kernels during the ripening process By a new method of column chromatography CCC-residues were determined in kernels of wheat during the ripening process influenced by different amount of nitrogen and CCC application. In green kernels of wheat CCC-residues reached a maximum value of 2.5 ppm and in fully developed state a minimum value of < 0.1 ppm. During the ripening process CCC-residues decreased to < 1.0 ppm in mature kernels of plants treated with 1.5 kg CCC/ha. During storage a further decrease of CCC is possible. In rainy years CCC-residues were smaller.