火龙果皮果胶的酶法提取及其理化性质研究

以火龙果皮为原料,采用纤维素酶法提取火龙果皮果胶,通过单因素试验结合正交试验优化火龙果皮果胶提取工艺参数,并分析火龙果皮果胶性质。结果表明,火龙果皮果胶的最佳提取工艺为：纤维素酶添加量50%,料液比1∶60 (g/mL),提取时间1.5 h,提取温度55 ℃,缓冲液pH 4.0。在该条件下,火龙果皮果胶得率为29.25%,酯化度24.58%,属于低酯果胶,其各项理化指标均符合GB 25533—2010的要求。     

火龙果果皮中提取果胶的工艺研究

通过单因素与正交试验,研究料液比、萃取pH值、萃取温度、萃取时间对火龙果果皮中果胶提取量的影响。结果表明,从火龙果果皮中提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为：料液比1∶8,萃取液pH2.0,萃取温度100℃,萃取时间120min。火龙果果皮中果胶提取量达1.48%。     

大豆皮果胶的酶法提取及其理化性质研究

采用纤维素酶水解法提取大豆皮果胶,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化酶法提取大豆皮果胶的最佳工艺条件,并分析测定大豆皮果胶的理化性质。结果表明,酶法提取大豆皮果胶的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶15(g/m L),加酶量2%,提取温度50℃,缓冲液p H 4.6,提取时间150 min;在此提取条件下,大豆皮中果胶物质的平均提取率为7.2%。经鉴别试验和相关理化性质测定,酶法提取的大豆皮果胶具有GB 25533—2010规定的果胶凝胶特征,总半乳糖醛酸含量为71.2%,酯化度为57.2%,属于高甲氧基果胶。     

火龙果花中总黄酮的提取与含量测定

以火龙果花为试材,在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过正交试验对火龙果花中黄酮类化合物的提取条件进行优化。结果表明,火龙果花中总黄酮类化合物提取分离最佳条件为：料液比1∶30(g/mL),乙醇浓度70%(V/V),提取温度60 ℃,提取时间1 h,该条件下提取的火龙果花中总黄酮以芦丁为标准品,采用AlCl3显色-分光光度法测得总黄酮含量为2.787 mg/g,样品平均回收率为97.61%,RSD值为2.33%(n=5)。     

纤维素酶-超声波辅助法提取葡萄籽原花青素的工艺研究

以乙醇为提取剂,纤维素酶为酶解剂,超声波为辅助工具,对脱脂葡萄籽中的原花青素进行提取。首先,分别研究纤维素酶添加量、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声时间对原花青素提取率的影响;得到最佳条件分别为纤维酶添加量10 mg/g,乙醇体积分数50%,料液比1∶35(g∶mL),超声时间25 min。根据上述结果设计正交试验,进一步研究这些因素对原花青素提取率的影响。结果发现,纤维素酶添加量对原花青素提取率有显著影响,而乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声时间对原花青素提取率无显著影响;并得出原花青素的最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶用量8 mg/g,乙醇体积分数55%,料液比1∶40(g∶mL)),超声时间20 min。以以上条件对脱脂葡萄籽进行原花青素提取试验,所得葡萄籽原花青素提取率为17.2%,比单用超声波提取法提高了17.8%。     

火龙果果皮红色素的微波提取工艺

就微波提取火龙果果皮天然红色素的工艺进行探讨。采用单因素和正交试验,研究微波功率、提取时间、料液比对色素提取的影响,确定微波提取火龙果果皮红色素的最佳工艺条件,并与传统溶剂浸提法进行比较。结果发现,微波萃取的最佳条件为：以纯净水为溶剂,微波功率60%（480W）,提取时间80s、料液比（g:ml）1:3,提取次数为3次。微波提取火龙果色素的效果明显优于常规的溶剂浸提法。     

粤北山区五种特色水果果皮中果胶含量的测定

以粤北山区5种常见的特色水果果皮为原料,采用超声波辅助酸法提取果胶,并对各种水果果皮的果胶含量对比研究。结果表明,柑橘、柚子、大蕉、火龙果、百香果5种水果鲜果皮中果胶的含量分别为16.525 7,24.551 7,17.448 6,24.762 5,26.909 2 mg/g。5种水果在天然果胶制备中均有一定价值,其中以百香果果皮为最适原料。     

胶体磨辅助酶法提取金针菇根蛋白的工艺研究

为充分利用金针菇资源,提升其采后价值,以金针菇根为试材,通过单因素试验和正交试验,优化胶体磨辅助酶法提取金针菇根蛋白质的工艺条件。得到最佳提取工艺参数为:胶体磨磨齿间隙20μm,纤维素酶添加量40 mg/g,液料比10∶1(m L/g),酶解时间100 min,金针菇根蛋白提取率为1.326%。胶体磨辅助酶法提取金针菇根蛋白操作简单,提取条件温和,便于工业化生产,具有实际推广价值。     

超声波辅助法提取火龙果果皮多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波辅助法提取火龙果果皮多糖,研究料液比、超声功率、超声时间对多糖提取率的影响,采用响应曲面法优化超声波辅助提取火龙果果皮多糖工艺条件,并对火龙果果皮多糖的体外抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明,在料液比(g∶m L)1∶8.11,超声功率101 W,超声时间26 min的条件下,火龙果果皮多糖的提取率为13.88%。同时,火龙果果皮多糖能有效清除ABTS(2,2'-联氮基双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐,ABTS)自由基,对菜籽油也具有显著抗氧化作用。     

火龙果果皮中花青素的提取与稳定性研究

考查了浸提法与超声辅助法提取火龙果皮花青素的最佳提取工艺,并对此花青素溶液进行温度、pH值、常用食品添加剂(如蔗糖、食盐、光照与金属离子溶液)对火龙果花青素原液稳定性影响的研究。结果表明,火龙果皮花青素的最佳提取工艺为以蒸馏水作为溶剂,提取时间为40 min,浸取温度为40℃,料液比为1∶10;在此最优工艺参数基础上采取超声功率60 W,料液比1∶12,超声时间15 min,提取温度50℃进行超声提取。花青素溶液应在低温且弱酸的条件下保存,用适量蔗糖、食盐对其有一定的护色作用(添加蔗糖质量浓度0.04~0.08 g/mL,NaCl质量浓度0.03 g/mL),金属离子K+、Mg2+、Zn2+对花青素有一定的增色作用。因此,从火龙果皮中提取天然花青素具有广阔的前景。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.