12C6+离子束辐照糜子诱变突变群体的构建与SSR分析

为构建物理诱变糜子突变体库,采用50、100、150、200和250 Gy剂量碳离子束(12C6+)辐照陇糜7号和晋黍9号种子,结合混合系谱法和系统聚类分别构建2个含52和79个株系的M5寡表型突变群体。田间试验结果显示,诱变M1出苗率随剂量增大明显降低,陇糜7号M1半致死剂量为150 Gy,晋黍9号M1半致死剂量为100 Gy,且100、150 Gy诱变下M4变异最多。不同诱变剂量下M5、M6表型稳定且株高、产量性状、成株色及粒色均表现出明显遗传差异。从2个M6群体中分别选择9和11个代表性株系,利用多态性SSR引物进行分子验证,与亲本相比,6对SSR引物在陇糜7号的9个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~2,在晋黍9号的11个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~4,突变群体存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

大豆油分含量相关的QTL间的上位效应和QE互作效应

利用Charleston × 东农594重组自交系构建的SSR遗传图谱, 及混合线性模型方法对2002年到2006年连续5年的大豆油分含量进行QTL定位, 并作加性效应, 加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应分析。共检测到11个控制油分含量的QTL, 分别位于第A1、A2、B1、C2、D1a、D1b、F、H和O连锁群上, 其中2个表现为遗传正效应, 9个表现为遗传负效应, 另检测到15对影响油分含量的加性×加性上位互作效应的QTL, 解释该性状总变异的17.84%。发现9个QTL与环境存在互作, 贡献率达到5.76%。     

紫苏种子发育过程中脂肪酸组分变化研究

以野生紫苏与栽培紫苏为材料,通过气相色谱对2个紫苏品种种子发育过程中脂肪酸组分的含量及其变化进行了研究.结果表明:紫苏种子脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸5种成分组成,不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的90％左右,其中α-亚麻酸含量最高,达60％以上.种子发育过程中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量相对较为稳定,亚油酸含量随种子发育逐渐降低,而α-亚麻酸含量随种子发育不断增加直至成熟,占总脂肪酸的60％以上.     

不同脱水剂对杂交水稻制种种子质量及基因表达的影响

种子脱水干燥是杂交水稻制种过程的一个重要环节,种子自然脱水速率慢,遇雨天还易引起成熟期推后和穗发芽等问题。利用脱水剂快速降低种子水分对种子安全生产有重要意义。本研究以Y两优689杂交水稻品种为材料,比较不同脱水剂对其制种种子脱水及种子质量的影响。11种脱水剂均能加快种子成熟后期脱水,7号和9号脱水剂喷施后5 d,种子水分分别下降4.6%和3.6%,且对种子千粒重、发芽和幼苗生长无不良影响,种子可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、ABA和GA3含量则显著高于对照。种子室温贮藏6个月后,与对照相比,7号、8号和9号脱水剂处理对种子发芽和幼苗生长无显著影响,7号和9号脱水剂处理的种子可溶性蛋白含量、α-淀粉酶活性、ABA含量与对照无显著差异。7号比9号的脱水效果好,可作为Y两优689的脱水剂。种子贮藏前,7号、8号和9号脱水剂处理能提高种子中OsNECD1和OsNCED2基因的表达,降低OsGA2ox1的表达;而种子贮藏6个月后,OsNECD1和OsNCED2表达量下降,OsCYP707A5和OsGA2ox1表达量上升。这表明经过6个月贮藏,脱水剂处理对种子ABA合成相关基因和GA3分解相关基因表达的影响减弱,同时OsCYP707A5的高表达导致种子ABA含量减少,可能是种子贮藏后萌发力提高的主要原因。     

棉花种子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸积累模式研究

通过对徐州142及其无绒无絮突变体不同发育时期棉子脂肪和脂肪酸组成含量的测定,分析棉子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸组成的积累模式。发现2个材料的棉子从开花后20 d到成熟这一阶段脂肪积累呈上升趋势,其中成熟种子含油量达到最高,且无绒无絮突变体材料各时期棉子脂肪含量都高于野生型。2个材料棉子发育过程中先后有8种脂肪酸成分出现,其中成熟棉子中油酸(C18:1)与亚油酸(C18:2)含量占脂肪酸总含量的72%左右,是棉子脂肪酸的重要组分。对棉子发育过程中各脂肪酸组成含量做相关分析发现徐州142中C18:1与C18:2呈一定正相关但不显著,而突变体材料中则呈极显著正相关。棉花的溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶基因(Gh LPAAT1和Gh LPAAT2)在不同发育时期棉子中的表达水平与棉子脂肪积累趋势基本一致,推测其参与了棉子脂肪的积累。     

转基因抗虫棉种子品质性状的遗传效应及相关性分析

 采用二倍体种子数量性状遗传模型和统计分析方法,分析了陆地棉9个亲本和30个杂交组合的子指、种仁率、仁壳比、蛋白质含量、油分含量和棉酚含量等种子物理性状和营养品质性状的遗传效应、遗传率和遗传相关性。结果表明,所有棉子品质性状均受种子直接遗传效应和母体遗传效应的共同控制,种仁率还受到细胞质效应的影响。子指和仁壳比以母体显性效应为主,蛋白质含量以显性效应为主,油分含量和棉酚含量以母体加性效应为主。遗传相关性分析表明,棉子物理性状和营养品质性状间的显性遗传相关均达到极显著水平,其中子指与蛋白质含量呈极显著显性正相关,子指与油分含量和棉酚含量呈显性负相关。种仁率和仁壳比与3个棉子营养品质性状间的母体遗传相关均达到了极显著水平。     

RNA干涉技术与棉花高油育种

 棉子脂肪酸既是重要的食用油,又是重要的工业原料。但是关于棉子遗传改良的研究报道甚少。研究表明,PEPcase和ACCase的相对活性决定种子的蛋白质与油脂的含量,应用RNAi技术抑制PEPcase催化活性,可以提高脂肪酸总量。本文概述了棉花油分与RNAi技术的研究现状,并阐述了应用RNAi技术改良棉花高油分育种的技术路线。     

水稻早衰突变体esl-H5的表型鉴定与基因定位

在甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变粳稻淮稻5号的突变体库中,筛选到一个稳定遗传的叶片黄化早衰突变体esl-H5(early senescence leaf H5)。该突变体幼苗期表型正常,播种后50 d开始出现下部叶片黄化早衰表型。与野生型相比,esl-H5突变体抽穗期延迟,株高、穗长、穗粒数、有效分蘖数、千粒重等均显著降低,叶绿素含量显著减少。遗传分析表明该突变受一对隐性基因调控。分子标记定位结果显示,该突变基因定位于1号染色体。通过MutMap分析发现编码胼胝质合成酶基因Os01g0533000的最后一个外显子内有一个碱基G变成了A,这导致翻译提前终止。进化树分析结果显示, ESL-H5与拟南芥AtGSL7 (Glucan Synthase-Like 7)同源性最高。糖含量测定表明esl-H5突变体中可溶性糖和淀粉含量增高,推测ESL-H5功能缺失后影响了光合产物的转运,导致叶片中糖含量显著增高,进而引起叶片衰老。qRT-PCR结果显示, esl-H5突变体中抗病相关基因PR1a、PR1b、PR2、PR4、PR5和PR10表达量均高于野生型,这与突变体的白叶枯病抗性明显提高一致。上述研究...     

棉子品质性状的遗传研究

本研究采用6个陆地棉亲本的Griffing双列杂交设计模式Ⅱ对5个棉子品质性状进行了Hayman双列遗传模型分析.结果表明,种子蛋白质和油分百分含量、种子蛋白质和油分指数及仁指都适合“加性—显性”模型.种子蛋白质百分含量和指数以显性效应为主且表现超显性;种子油分百分含量和指数以加性效性应为主且表现部分显性;仁指加性和显性效应都较重要,接近完全显性.在所研究的亲本中,不同性状的显、隐性基因频率,正负效应基因的比例,显、隐性基因的方向及狭义遗传力等都明显不同.     

不同产地青蒿种子脂肪酸GC-MS分析

目的:研究不同产地青蒿种子的脂肪酸含量.方法:以二氯甲烷为抽提剂,利用索氏提取法提取青蒿种子中的脂肪酸,经甲酯化处理后,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对青蒿种子的脂肪酸成分进行分析和鉴定.结果:从酉阳及黑龙江青蒿种子中分别鉴定出10个和11个脂肪酸类化合物,占挥发性成分总量的97.59%和96.06%.棕榈酸(6.67%,11.82%)、亚油酸(81.99%,73.61%)及硬脂酸(3.31%,3.31%)为2个产地青蒿种子的主要脂肪酸.结论:2种青蒿种子的脂肪酸组成大致相同,但各脂肪酸的含量差异明显.     

Sunflower mutant containing high levels of palmitic acid in high oleic background

A new sunflower mutant, CAS-12, was obtained, which has both high palmitic (≈30%) and high oleic acid contents, and also a substantial amount of palmitoleic acid (≈7%). The mutant was selected after X-ray irradiation of dry seeds of the inbred line BSD-2-423, which had normal palmitic (≈3%) and high oleic (≈88%) acid levels. The increase of palmitic and palmitoleic acids occurred at the expense of the oleic acid content, which decreased to around 55% in respect to the original line. Linoleic acid content is always under 5%. Palmitic and palmitoleic acid levels were similar to those of the high palmitic mutant CAS-5 obtained in a previous programme from a low oleic line isogenic to BSD-2-423 using a similar mutagenic treatment. In that previous programme we also selected three high stearic acid mutants using chemical mutagenic treatment on the same sunflower line (RDF-1-532). We attempted to obtain mutants in other lines but were unsuccessful. The isolation of similar mutants in isogenic parental lines illustrates the importance of the genetic background in the development of specific mutants with an altered seed oil fatty acid composition. The oil of this mutant will increase the range of potential uses of sunflower oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北方大豆核心种质油份含量及脂肪酸组分的表型鉴定与聚类分析

为提高优质油份组成品种的选择效率,根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是前提。对我国240份北方大豆核心种质资源的油份及5个脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类。结果表明,北方大豆核心种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析,筛选到3个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为7类。第1、6、7类群为高油群体,第3、5类群为次高油群体,第2、4类群为低油群体,7个类群间的脂肪酸组分各有差异。根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,可提高品质育种的效率。     

Relationships between seed oil content and fatty acid composition in high stearic acid sunflower

The high stearic acid sunflower mutant CAS-3 is characterized by a low seed oil content, which might represent a constraint for the commercial production of high stearic acid sunflower oil. The objective of the present research was to investigate the relationships between fatty acid profile and seed oil content in CAS-3. Plants of CAS-3 were reciprocally crossed with plants of breeding line ADV-37, with high oil content and standard fatty acid profile. Oil content and fatty acid composition were measured in individual F₂ seeds and F₂ plants (F₃ seeds averaged). Both F₂ seeds and F₂ plants from the cross ADV-37 × CAS-3 had a significantly higher oil content than those from the reciprocal cross, which indicated the existence of cytoplasmic effects in the genetic control of the trait. A consistent negative correlation between oil content and palmitic acid and a positive correlation between oil content and oleic acid were detected both in F₂ seeds and F₂ plants. Conversely, no consistent correlation between oil content and stearic acid was observed, which suggested the feasibility of simultaneous selection for both traits.     

Assessment of growth and seed oil composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) germplasm

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics and fatty acid composition among 15 kenaf mutants derived from the kenaf germplasm C14 and 15 kenaf accessions originating from Russia, India, China, Iran, and Italy. The overall growth performance (plant height, stem diameter, flowering date, leaf, and flower size) of the stem color mutant lines derived from C14 are similar to those of the original variety. However, the flower color mutant lines derived from C14 showed flowering to occur 10 days later when compared with the original variety and showed smaller leaf sizes than the original variety. Late-ripened kenaf accessions (Jinju, Auxu, and Jnagdae) can yield more bio-mass compared with early or medium-maturing germplasm. The late maturity kenaf (Auxu, Jinju, and Jangdae) has a higher oil percentage than the early maturity germplasm. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were the predominant fatty acids in all kenaf seeds. The stem color mutant lines significantly surpassed the parental means of all saturated fatty acids. In addition, the flower color mutant lines showed broad ranges of variation in oleic acid. The 15 accessions showed a wide range of fatty acid compositions, spanning from 29.75 to 38.30% saturated fatty acids and 61.70 to 70.24% total unsaturated fatty acids, and the late maturity kenaf has a higher linoleic acid percentage than the early maturity germplasm. The flowering period was highly positively (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with the plant height, stem diameter, oil percent, and linolenic acid (C_18:3), and it was significantly negatively (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with stearic acid (C_18:0). These results will provide valuable information to assist the parental selection of kenaf breeding.     

具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S与11S多亚基缺失型大豆新品系的创制

利用我国高油大豆品种东农47与日本引进多亚基缺失型育种材料日B,采用回交、三交的育种方法,综合系谱选择,通过SDS-PAGE技术分析亚基组成,在BC₁、BC₃及三交种F₈群体内,选育到(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、(α′+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa、Ⅱb]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb+X₁X₂]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb]-缺失型和(α′+11S groupⅠ、Ⅱa)-缺失型共7种具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S球蛋白α′、α亚基与11S球蛋白groupⅠ(A_1aB_1b,A₂B_1a,A_1bB₂)、groupⅡa(A₄A₅B₃)和groupⅡb(A₃B₄)不同亚基缺失组合新种质。测定优良品系的综合农艺性状及氨基酸组成、含量,结果表明,与对照相比,各种缺失突变体的各种氨基酸组分含量普遍提高,蛋白总量普遍高于轮回亲本,精氨酸含量特别是游离精氨酸的含量大幅提高。其中亚基组成为(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型品系G2-2-3的17种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量、蛋氨酸含量均显著高于轮回亲本东农47,特别是游离精氨酸含量高出7.27mg/g。以上结果表明,7S与11S多亚基缺失型优良品系在有效去除致敏蛋白的同时,可以提高大豆蛋白氨基酸含量, 改善大豆蛋白氨基酸组分配比。各种致敏蛋白缺失型大豆优良新品系的获得,大大丰富了我国蛋白质组分改良育种的种质基础。     

EMS诱变亚麻荠获得2S贮藏蛋白缺失突变体

亚麻荠种子富含大量不饱和脂肪酸和贮藏蛋白。为了获得广泛的育种材料,创建优异的新种质,采用EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)对亚麻荠种子进行诱变处理。通过EMS不同处理时间(0,8,12,16 h)和不同处理浓度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%)条件下诱变亚麻荠种子,建立了EMS诱变亚麻荠种子的优化体系,以0.8%(V/V)EMS处理成熟种子12 h效果最佳,筛选获得一个亚麻荠2SP1突变体。与野生型相比,该突变体种子贮藏蛋白成分中缺失了2S清蛋白,但是亚麻荠种子含油量和蛋白含量、株型和种子萌发等农艺性状未发生显著变化。这种特殊的亚麻荠2SP1突变体可作为研究种子贮藏蛋白合成机理及培育高营养品质亚麻荠新品种的优异种质资源,也可用于进行相关功能基因组学等的研究。     

Genetic variation for saturated fatty acid content in a collection of European winter oilseed rape material (Brassica napus)

Oil quality is an important issue in oilseed rape breeding programmes. Recently, the seed oil content of saturated fatty acids has received substantial interest, because in a number of industrialized countries dietary recommendations not only limit total fat intake but also intake of saturated fatty acids. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic variation for saturated fatty acid content in two sets of modern winter oilseed rape cultivars ( Brassica napus L.) tested in field experiments under typical German growing conditions. The results showed highly significant genetic differences among the cultivars for total saturated fatty acid content, which ranged from 6.8% to 8.1%, with a mean of 7.4%. For both sets medium to high genotypic heritabilities were found for most fatty acids and for oil and protein content. Close negative correlations between palmitic acid, the predominant saturated fatty acid, and oleic acid as well as oil content were found.     

白菜型油菜黄、黑籽间种皮、胚中蛋白质、脂肪及其组份的比较研究

本文利用主成分分析对6个白菜型油菜品种（系）黄、黑籽间种皮、胚、籽粒中蛋白质、17种氨基酸、含油量和7种脂肪酸进行了比较研究。表明：黄籽蛋白质、氨基酸和含油量高于黑籽是由于黄籽种皮较薄，胚占的比重较大，种皮中各种含量显著或极显著高于黑籽种皮所造成；而黄籽胚中蛋白质和氨基酸含量低于黑籽胚；黄、黑籽间胚含油