斗鸡免疫系统组成及生物安全体系下的管理措施

斗鸡具有许多优良的独特性状,随着斗鸡的选育和开发利用的不断加强,科学饲养管理是斗鸡品种保护和产业壮大的重要环节。为了进一步开发这一珍贵资源,作者从预防疾病、提高免疫应答入手,针对禽类免疫系统的组成和防御机理进行了阐述,并提出现实中生物安全体系下斗鸡的饲养模式。     

中药免疫机理研究进展

中药对动物免疫功能具有多方面的影响。近年来 ,有关中药提高动物免疫的机理研究取得可喜的进展。许多研究结果显示 ,中药可促进免疫器官的发育 ,提高机体的免疫力 ,并通过激活单核 巨噬细胞和天然杀伤细胞、促进T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的增殖、分化和免疫球蛋白的产生 ,增强机体的抗病力 ;中药的活性成分有降低肿瘤细胞端粒酶活性的作用 ,表明中药在肿瘤防治方面具有一定潜力。了解中药的免疫机理 ,可从中药中发现更为理想的免疫调节剂和抗肿瘤药物 ,用于动物免疫性疾病和肿瘤等的防治 ,推动中医药的发展     

Immunological aspects of mammary tumors in dogs and cats: a survey including own studies and pertinent literature

Naturally occurring cancer in companion animals parallels cancer in man more closely than does experimentally induced cancer in inbred laboratory animals. In dogs and cats, as in man, a role for immune responses is indicated in the development of tumors. A survey is presented based on the literature and our own studies concerning the immunological and immunotherapeutic aspects of canine and feline mammary neoplasia. In dogs bearing mammary neoplasms, circulating immune complexes appear to play a negative role in the generation of effective antitumor immune responses. The functional role of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in dogs and cats with mammary tumors is not yet fully established. No tumor antigen responsible for humoral or cellular responses has yet been identified. Extracorporeal perfusion of serum of dogs with mammary tumors and subcutaneous administration of mitomycin- and neuraminidase-treated autologous tumor cells are associated with improved prognosis. The opposite was true for i.v. treatment with BCG or Corynebacterium parvum vaccine in our study, in contrast to a previous report. A number of other treatment modalities in cats and dogs with mammary carcinomas failed to induce tumor regression. Canine and feline mammary carcinomas are good candidates for modern immunotherapeutic approaches.     

红细胞在肿瘤免疫中的作用与地位

1981年Siegel提出了红细胞免疫系统（red cellimmunesystem）的新概念，开辟了机体免疫系统的新领域。在肿瘤的发生发展过程中，机体的免疫功能起着非常重要的作用，过去的研究多只涉及白细胞免疫系统，而红细胞在其中所起的作用一直受到忽视，因而对红细胞的作用与地位有必要加以重新认识。     

Immune mechanisms in Marek's disease.

Resistance to progressive tumor development in MD is either naturally inherited or can be induced by vaccination with apathogenic or attenuated MDV or with HVT. Studies on the effects of immunosuppression on resistance have shown that natural and vaccine induced resistance may be mediated through immune responses. Cell-mediated immune responses rather than humoral responses appear to be of principal importance. The antigen(s) against which protective cell-mediated immunity is elicited are not yet clearly delineated. Both virus-related and tumor antigens may be involved. Progress in the understanding of cell-mediated immunity in MD has been slow because of lack of reproducible in vitro tests to measure this response in infected chickens. The development of lymphoblastoid cell lines from MD lymphomas, however, has enabled the development of an in vitro cytotoxicity test. In this test, which utilizes MSB-1 cells as the target cells, a specific cell-mediated immune response, presumably against the tumor antigen, MATSA, was detected in chickens infected with MDV. Further studies using similar in vitro tests will facilitate a better understanding of the role cell-mediated immune responses might play in development of MD.     

Veterinary applications of cytokines

In the recent past a large variety of cytokines have been cloned for most important veterinary species and more is planned with development of a coordinated approach to cytokine reagents production. Application of these cytokines in veterinary species can be found in the development of effective diagnostics, with the IFN-gamma-based detection of tuberculosis as a prime example. In addition, cytokines have been used to determine which immune responses are essential for immune protection with flow-on effects for the development of novel ways to induce these specific immune responses. The realisation that the murine immune system is quite different from the human, together with the increased availability of cytokine reagents for many large animals plus unique experimental approaches only available in these animals, has lead to an explosion in the use of veterinary species as models for human diseases.     

Toll样受体研究进展

免疫系统识别"非我"和"自我"的过程是依赖于不同的受体来完成的,作为先天性免疫系统的重要组成部分及连接获得性免疫与先天性免疫的"桥梁",Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是生物的一种模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR),它主要通过识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecularpatterns,PAMPs)来启动免疫反应。已发现TLRs在炎症、细胞信号转导、细胞凋亡、肿瘤等发生过程中扮演重要角色。随着分子细胞生物学的发展,有关TLRs的研究必将更加深入,同时也会进一步拓展对机体免疫机制的认识。     

新城疫病毒在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

新城疫病毒(NDV)是一种新兴的肿瘤生物治疗因子,反向遗传学操作技术的成熟使其在肿瘤治疗中的应用研究越来越深入。NDV能够通过其直接的溶瘤作用杀死肿瘤细胞,也可通过感染自体肿瘤细胞制成疫苗对患者进行主动特异性免疫治疗。但直接溶瘤效应会对患者产生一定的负面影响,自体肿瘤疫苗的免疫治疗也不能彻底杀死肿瘤细胞。目前,以NDV为复制型病毒载体的肿瘤基因治疗已成为该病毒肿瘤生物治疗的研究热点,这种基因治疗方法被认为是人类征服癌症的潜在手段。论文综述了NDV在肿瘤治疗中的研究与应用,对其溶瘤及抗肿瘤免疫学机制进行了分析,并对NDV作为载体的肿瘤基因治疗前景进行展望。     

禽干扰素在免疫应答中的研究进展

干扰素是一种诱生性糖蛋白,有抗病毒、抗肿瘤与免疫调节等多种生物学作用.当畜禽感染病毒时,干扰素是最先发挥作用的抵抗分子.干扰素参与早期黏膜免疫并通过产生一系列与免疫调节相关的细胞因子来活化机体的天然免疫与适应性免疫应答从而使机体处于抗病毒状态.干扰素因其重要的生物学功能,在流行性病毒病防治的应用中越来越广泛.本文从不同...     

基于地黄研发水产动物免疫增强剂——地黄的免疫调节研究进展

传统的免疫增强剂,如左旋咪唑、催乳素等多属于化学合成或激素类物质。它们虽然通过增强养殖动物免疫力,提高了生产性能,但却降低了产品的营养价值,并可能危及食品安全,基于中草药研制的免疫增强剂应用于养殖业可解决这一难题。地黄对免疫系统具有广泛的药理作用:地黄多糖、低聚糖、水提液以及合剂等可通过调节免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子的功能,平衡机体免疫系统。众多国内外学者开展了地黄的免疫调节研究,文中通过查阅大量国内外文献,综述了近年来地黄调节机体免疫作用的研究进展,以期为研制地黄类免疫增强剂提供参考。     

Immunogenetics and the major histocompatibility complex.

The poultry immune system is a complex system involving many different cell types and soluble factors that must act in concert to give rise to an effective response to pathogenic challenge. The complexity of the immune system allows the opportunity for genetic regulation at many different levels. Cellular communication in the immune response, the production of soluble factors, and the rate of development of immune competency are all subject to genetic influences. The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encode proteins which have a crucial role in the functioning of the immune system. The MHC antigens of chickens are cell surface glycoproteins of three different classes: Class I (B-F), Class II (B-L) and Class IV (B-G). The MHC antigens serve as essential elements in the regulation of cell-cell interactions. The MHC has been shown to influence immune response and resistance to autoimmune, viral, bacterial and parasitic disease in chickens. The MHC has been the primary set of genes identified with genetic control of immune response and disease resistance, but there are many lesser-characterized genes outside of the MHC that also regulate immunoresponsiveness. Polygenic control has been identified in selection experiments that have produced lines of chickens differing in antibody levels or kinetics of antibody production. These lines also differ in immunoresponsiveness and resistance to a variety of diseases. Understanding the genetic bases for differences in immunoresponsiveness allows the opportunity selectively to breed birds which are more resistant to disease. Indirect markers that can be used for this selection can include the MHC genes and immune response traits that have been associated with specific or general resistance to disease.     

调节性T细胞与肿瘤研究进展

调节性T细胞是机体内存在的一群具有免疫抑制性作用的细胞,对于维护机体免疫平衡具有重要作用,同时其与肿瘤的发生发展关系密切。关于调节性T细胞的研究很多,但其在体内如何调控肿瘤的发生发展仍不清楚。随着对调节性T细胞的表型以及其作用机制的深入研究,发现调节性T细胞可能在不同类型的肿瘤内对疾病起到完全相反的作用。同时通过其作用机制的研究,也筛选出了一批肿瘤免疫治疗的潜在靶点,为肿瘤免疫治疗领域,如单克隆抗体和小分子抑制剂开发等提供了新思路。     

Cell-based cancer gene therapy: breaking tolerance or inducing autoimmunity?

This review examines the mechanisms involved in anti-tumor immunity and how peptides present in many tumor types (tumor-associated antigens) are recognized by T cells from tumor-bearing cancer patients. Tumor-associated antigens are derived from proteins that are also expressed in normal cells. It is predicted that immune responses to such peptides will be compromised by self-tolerance or that stimulation of effective immune responses will be accompanied by autoimmunity. We also consider that the immunity induced against two autoantigens, which are highly conserved in vertebrates, involve qualitatively different mechanisms, such as the production of antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. However, both pathways lead to tumor immunity and identical phenotypic manifestations of autoimmunity. Appropriate selection of the optimal tumor antigen is critical for the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Thus, we stress that the methods for antigen presentation using dendritic cells play a critical role in the development of tumor vaccines, to break immune tolerance and induce a strong immune response against them. The viability and feasibility of expansion of canine dendritic cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood ex vivo for the treatment of spontaneous cancers in dogs is also discussed.     

New understanding of immunological mechanisms

The understanding and importance of antigen-specific immune responses after vaccination has completely changed in recent years. In the past, the focus for monitoring a vaccine-specific immune reaction was principally on the humoral branch of the immune system. The efficacy of vaccines, as assessed by the induction of protective immunity was mainly correlated with antibodies and antibody-titers. However, this correlation often failed and other parts of the immune system had also to be considered: namely, the innate immune system and the cellular branch of the antigen-specific immune system. With regard to vaccines, the innate immune system plays its main role in the effective activation of the antigen-specific immune response, in antigen-uptake and antigen-presentation. The dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen presenting cells which present processed protein antigens (peptides) through MHC-molecules: MHC-class I, for the presentation of endogenous synthesised antigen; MHC-class II for exogenous antigen. Activation of DC leads to an enhanced production of cytokines and chemokines, to an up-regulation of co-stimulatory and activation molecules and also molecules for cell-cell interactions, e.g. interactions with cells of the antigen-specific immune system. T lymphocytes are the effector cells of the cellular branch of the antigen-specific immune system. They act either as MHC-class I-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) or as MHC-class II-restricted T-helper cells providing support for B lymphocytes (T(H)2) and the cellular part of the antigen-specific immune system (T(H)1). In order to achieve effective vaccination, the activation of all T-cell subpopulations is of advantage, but more important is the generation of antigen-specific memory T and B lymphocytes. In addition to these 'generic' immunological factors which are essential for the design of more efficacious vaccines, our detailed knowledge about feline and canine immune reactions after vaccination, which is still poor, has to be improved.     

The Immunotherapy of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Historical and Systematic Review

Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for the majority of primary bone tumors in dogs and shares biological and clinical similarities with osteosarcoma in humans. Despite dose intensification with conventional cytotoxic therapies, survival times for dogs and humans diagnosed with high‐grade osteosarcoma have not changed in the past 20 years, with the principal cause of mortality being the development of pulmonary metastases. Given the therapeutic plateau reached for delaying metastatic progression with cytotoxic agents, exploration of alterative adjuvant therapies for improving management of osteosarcoma micrometastases is clinically justified. Evidence suggests that osteosarcoma is an immunogenic tumor, and development of immunotherapies for the treatment of microscopic lung metastases might improve long‐term outcomes. In this review, the history and foundational knowledge of immune interactions to canine osteosarcoma are highlighted. In parallel, immunotherapeutic strategies that have been explored for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma are summarized. With a greater understanding and awareness for how the immune system might be redirected toward combating osteosarcoma metastases, the rational development of diverse immune strategies for managing osteosarcoma holds substantial promise for transforming the therapeutic landscape and improving disease management in both dogs and human beings.     

Immune reactivity to autochthonous ovine squamous cell carcinomata

The immune reactivity of tumor-bearing sheep to autochthonous tumor cells was investigated in the efferent lymph of a lymph node distant from the primary tumor site. This was done while the primary tumor was in situ and after its resection. The immune response to challenge with tumor cells while the primary tumor was in situ was associated with the detection of antibodies which were specific for the tumor cells but did not cause their demise. However, both humoral and cellular cytotoxic reactivities were detected in the lymph following removal of the primary tumor and rechallenge with tumor cells. This response had the characteristic of a secondary immune response which indicates sensitization to tumor antigens by the host. Thus the presence of the primary tumor has interfered with pre-existing host immunity.     

Wip1基因对动物繁殖及免疫的调节作用

野生型p53诱导的磷酸酶1（wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1,Wip1）是蛋白磷酸酶2C （protein phosphatase type 2C,PP2C）家族中的一员,可以靶向调控机体内多种重要的信号分子,如p53、MAPK和Chk1/Chk2等,在动物细胞周期、增殖、分化、凋亡、衰老、自噬及DNA损伤修复等生理过程中发挥重要作用。Wip1基因缺失会使小鼠生殖激素水平失衡,且该基因通过ATM、Wnt、凋亡和炎症等信号通路影响精子生成过程,导致雄性动物繁殖力下降。此外,Wip1基因还可通过动态平衡调节DNA损伤反应和去磷酸化作用来影响卵母细胞和胚胎发育,从而调控雌性动物的生殖。免疫系统是机体执行免疫应答及免疫功能的重要系统,其与炎症反应和肿瘤发生有着紧密的联系。Wip1基因缺失会使病原体敏感性增强,影响T细胞、B细胞和中性粒细胞迁移及凋亡,进而导致炎症反应。作为原癌基因,Wip1基因通过调控各种信号分子影响DNA损伤修复、细胞周期进程及细胞凋亡等,参与肿瘤发生。因此,Wip1基因在动物繁殖调控和免疫调节中扮演着重要角色。目前,Wip1基因受到越来越多学者的关注,特别是其调控动物疾病发生发展的机制已成为研究热点。本研究主要综述了Wip1基因对动物繁殖及免疫的调节作用,以期为家畜育种、疾病防治及靶向治疗提供新思路。     

高压静电场对动物机体生物效应的影响机理及其应用

随着科学技术的发展 ,静电与人类生活的关系越来越密切。近年来 ,高压静电场 (highvoltage electrostatic field,HVEF)对生物体的影响已引起学术界的极大关注。对动物的体重、精子活力、受精率、禽类孵化率及免疫系统的功能等均有一定影响。静电场在农业方面的研究已取得一定成果 ,而对动物的研究只有少量零星的不系统报道。因此 ,就 HVEF对动物机体生物效应影响的机理及其应用等作一全面而系统的阐述 ,为静电微能生物技术在动物方面的深入研究提供重要的理论依据     

一氧化氮的生物学活性及其在肝脏损伤中的作用

一氧化氮（Ｎｉｔｒｉｃ ｏｘｉｄｅ,ＮＯ）是一种难溶于水的脂溶性气体。它在体内扮演着生理和病理的双重角色。小剂量ＮＯ有着重要的信息传递作用。在神经系统中具有类似神经递质的信息传递功能,在免疫系统中具有杀灭肿瘤细胞、细菌、寄考虫和病毒的作用;在心血管系统中具有扩张血管,抑制血小板聚集与粘附,调节血流和血压的功能,但大剂量ＮＯ,又可产生细胞毒笥,导致组织细胞损伤,是肝组织损伤的重要介导因子。     

骆驼宝克的研究进展

宝克为公驼发情时由枕腺分泌的一种液体,其主要成分为甾体激素和酸类物质,对治疗肿瘤、肾阳虚和免疫低下等疾病有积极地作用。作者主要对国内外有关宝克的化学成分及药理作用方面的最新研究进展进行了系统的综述,以期为更好地开发和利用宝克提供依据。