油菜素内酯的生理效应及发展前景

油菜素内酯是一种新型的、生理活性强的植物激素,对植物生长发育有着多方面的重要影响,其主要的生理效应是促进细胞伸长和分裂、促进植物光合作用、提高植物的抗逆性,同时可促进农药在植物体内的降解和代谢,为消除农产品中农药残留的问题提出了新思路.现对油菜素内酯的发展、生理效应以及国内外此方面的研究进行综述及简要的分析总结;同时对油菜素内酯未来的发展前景进行了展望.     

油菜素内酯的生理效应及其在果树上的应用

油菜素内酯是一种新型的植物激素,生理活性强,对植物生长发育有着多方面的重要影响,其主要的生理效应是促进细胞伸长和分裂,促进植物光合作用、抑制蒸腾作用,提高植物的抗逆性能.近年来,油菜素内酯在果树生产上的应用研究已取得了一定的成果,目前果树上的应用主要集中于提高座果率、改善品质、调控营养生长及提高抗逆性等方面.     

新型高效植物激素—油菜素内酯（481）

油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,简称BR)是美国Mitchell博士等人于1970年首次在油菜花粉中发现的一种新型生长调节物质。其后Grove和Mandava等各国科学工作者相继研究,从60多种植物中提纯分离出13种具有生理活性的油菜素甾体化合物,统称为油菜素内酯。     

油菜素内酯在蔬菜上的应用研究进展

油菜素内酯作为一种新型的植物激素,同其他的五大类植物激素一样能够对植物的生长发育起重要的调节控制作用,近30多年来的研究取得了很大的进展.从油菜素内酯的生理作用及近年来的研究成果来概述其在蔬菜生产中的应用,以期为蔬菜生产中的应用提供参考.     

油菜素内酯对柑桔幼果外植体脱落的抑制作用

油菜素内酯是Mitchell1970年从油菜花粉中分离获得的新型植物激素,目前已知其生理效应与五,大类植物激崇不同。已有研究结果表明,人工合成的表油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,简称BR)对多种作物有良好的增产作用,且具使用浓度低、性能稳定     

新型高效植物激素—油菜素内酯（BR）在蔬菜上的应用

本文综述了二十多年来油菜素内酯(BR)施用于蔬菜上所表现出来的生理效应,及BR在蔬菜生产中的应用效果和使用方法。     

油菜素内酯及其在葡萄生产中的应用

正油菜素内酯是一种国际上公认的无毒、无害的植物生长调节剂。国内外有关油菜素内酯应用的研究报道很多,但系统的从理论到应用的文献很少。笔者系统介绍了油菜素内酯的名称由来、生理功能和其在葡萄上的应用现状,以期为以后葡萄栽培过程中合理使用油菜素内酯提供参考。1 BR的名称由来油菜素内酯是20世纪70年代初由美国农业科学家米切尔等首次从油菜花粉中分离提取出来的一种生物活性极高的物质,它能引起菜     

油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生理指标的影响

以番茄品种"合作908"和"奇达利"为试验材料,研究了不同浓度的油菜素内酯(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg/L)对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗形态及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:"合作908"的油菜素内酯的最佳诱导浓度为0.1mg/L,"奇达利"的最佳诱导浓度为0.2mg/L;油菜素内酯有效抑制了叶绿素含量的减少;增强了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性;降低了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量和质膜透性,缓解了盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。     

油菜素内酯、GA_3与PP_(333)之间的拮抗作用

PP333( Paclobutrazol)又称多效唑或氯丁唑,是一种高效低毒的植物生长延缓剂和广谱性的杀菌剂,又是一种赤霉酸的拮抗物,它阻碍植物体内赤霉酸的生物合成,从而抑制植物的生长。 油菜素内酯又称芸苔交脂(Brassi-nolide),是一种具有高生理活性的甾体植物激素,它在极低的浓度下表现出类似生长素和赤霉素的生理活性。但油菜素内酯类物质与植物生长抑制物质之间的相互作用尚少研究。本试验是油菜素内酯、GA3对PP333的拮抗作用在桃树上的反映。 材料与方法 供试材料为2年生日本鲜食桃‘砂子早生’, 1985年4月土壤施PP333( 2克/米2)生长严重受抑…     

多胺和油菜素内酯对离体培养甜瓜子叶器官发生的影响

<正> 近年来,多胺被认为可能是一类新的植物生产长调节物质。研究表明外加多胺可促进外植体不定根的诱导发生和体细胞胚胎发生,但尚没有关于外源多胺促进不定芽诱导发生的报道。油菜素内酯被认为可能是第六类植物激素,在植物生长发育中有广泛的生理作用。骆炳山(1986)指出,油菜素内酯在促进外植体器官分化方面可能有一定效果。但目前这方面的研究报道不多,证据尚不充分。本文报道了以甜瓜子叶为实验材料来研究外源腐胺、亚精胺、精胺或油菜素内酯影响不定根和不定芽诱导发生的结果。     

红姜花体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的研究

以红姜花（Hedychium coccineum）的花丝和花药为外植体,通过体细胞胚胎发生途径建立了植株再生体系。结果表明：外植体在MS + 4 mg ? L-1 2,4-D + 4 mg ? L-1 NAA + 1 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1 蔗糖 + 7 g ? L-1 琼脂的培养基上经过120 d诱导出愈伤组织,愈伤组织在MS + 1 mg ? L-1 2,4-D + 0.25 mg ? L-1 NAA + 0.25 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1 蔗糖 + 7 g ? L-1琼脂的培养基上经过继代筛选,获得浅黄色松散易碎的胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织在MS无机盐 + B5维生素+ 100 mg ? L-1谷氨酰胺 + 230 mg ? L-1 脯氨酸 + 100 mg ? L-1麦芽提取物 + 0.02 mg ? L-1 NAA + 0.02 mg ? L-1 TDZ + 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg ? L-1 2,4-D + 45 g ? L-1蔗糖的培养基中通过3个月的悬浮培养,可得到均质稳定的胚性细胞悬浮系（ECS）。胚性悬浮细胞在SH无机盐 + B5维生素 + 100 mg ? L-1谷氨酰胺 + 230 mg ? L-1脯氨酸 + 100 mg ? L-1麦芽提取物 + 0.25 mg ? L-1 NAA + 0 ~ 0.20 mg ? L-1 TDZ + 45 g ? L-1蔗糖 + 7 g ? L-1琼脂的体胚诱导培养基中培养10 d,可见到白色半透明体胚发生,20 d后体胚发育成熟。当TDZ浓度为0.15 mg ? L-1时,体胚诱导率高达4 500个 ? mL-1 PCV ECS（PCV：细胞密实体积）。在SH无机盐 + B5维生素 + 0.20 mg ? L-1 IAA + 0.25 ~ 1.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖 + 7 g ? L-1琼脂的体胚萌发培养基上,体胚萌发率高达100%。将萌发的体胚转移到1/2MS + 1 g ? L-1活性炭成苗培养基中,进一步发育成正常的再生植株,植株室外栽培成活率达90%。     

Electrochemical Properties and Biochemical Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv. </Emphasis>Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Depending on Various Dose and Application Time of Foliar Microbial Fertilizer Treatments

Utilization from bio fertilization is well known a considerable tool to improve the yield and fruit quality of various crop fruits through the increasing emphasis on maintain of soil health, minimize environmental pollution and decrease the use of chemical fertilization. In this study, in order to improve wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz, four different doses of foliar microbial fertilizer, including 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000?ppm were applied at two different terms as Term I (mostly; pre-bloom applications) and Term II (mostly; post-bloom applications). However, there were no influences of application terms of foliar microbial fertilizer treatments; treatment doses had considerable effects on yield and quality parameters. The lowest p-values, meaning the highest berry quality, from doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obtained from 2000?ppm (105.08?μW), 1000?ppm (110.40?μW), 3000?ppm (112.97?μW) and 0?ppm (119.58?μW). Comparing the applications of foliar microbial fertilizer, it was observed that doses of 2000?ppm (3155.56?mg/kg), 1000?ppm (3000.92?mg/kg) and 3000?ppm (2530.19?mg/kg) exhibited higher total phenolic compounds content when compared with 0?ppm treatment (2206.97?mg/kg). Berries from grapevines applied with the doses of 2000, 1000 and 3000?ppm foliar microbial fertilizer respectively shown higher total anthocyanin content such as 1230.19, 1160.85 and 865.86?mg/kg compared to 0?ppm (637.37?mg/kg). As a result, research the findings indicated that 2000 and 1000?ppm doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obviously effective on wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz in terms of electrochemical property, total phenolic compounds content and total anthocyanin content.     

Impact of storage conditions on the apple allergen Mal?d?1

Consumption of fresh apple fruits can induce allergic reactions in humans. The apple allergen Mal?d?1 is responsible for these allergic reactions in humans in Central Europe and North America. Biosynthesis of Mal?d?1 depends on apple cultivar, and its concentration increases with time during fruit storage. However, data on the impact of different fruit storage conditions during long-term storage are scarce. Hence, the Mal?d?1 contents of eight apple cultivars were analyzed for this study during long-term storage in a cold chamber as well as under controlled atmosphere conditions (CA). After harvest, apple fruits were stored for 12, 20, 28 or 36 weeks in a cold-chamber at +?2?°C or as under controlled atmosphere conditions of 1.5?% CO₂, 1.5?% O₂ at +?2?°C. Mal?d?1 content in apple fruit of all eight cultivars examined increased during fruit storage. In most cases, differences between Mal?d?1 of apple fruits stored in the cold chamber and under CA conditions were significant, but inconsistent. In apple cv. ??Elise??, fruits stored in the cold chamber contained more Mal?d?1 compared with those stored in CA, whereas the situation reversed in other varieties like cv. ??Boskoop??. The greatest Mal?d?1 content was measured in fruits of cvs. ??Golden Delicious?? and ??Gala??, whereas the smallest Mal?d?1 level was in cvs. ??Elise?? and ??Pinova?? over the whole storage time. Overall, this experiment showed the complexity of the relationship between the Mal?d?1 content, allergenicity of apple fruits, different cultivars, storage conditions and storage time. Persons allergic to apple fruits should consume the fruits as fresh as possible or only after a limited storage time. Furthermore, they should prefer apple varieties with a low content of allergenic proteins, such as cv. ??Elise?? or cv. ??Boskoop?? as a cultivar known for its large polyphenol content.     

褪黑素对‘无核白’葡萄体细胞胚的诱导作用

以欧洲葡萄‘无核白’（Vitis vinifera‘Thompson Seedless’）未开放的小花蕾为外植体,研究0、1.0、2.0、3.0 mg ? L-1褪黑素（Melatonin）对其体细胞胚的诱导效果。结果表明：‘无核白’小花蕾在 MS + 1.0 ~ 3.0 mg ? L-1 褪黑素 + 2.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖 + 3 g ? L-1植物凝胶的培养基上继代培养30 d时愈伤组织诱导率较好,为73.67% ~ 89.10%,显著高于2,4-D处理,愈伤组织形成所用时间较2,4-D处理缩短了14 d。愈伤组织诱导120 d时,不同浓度褪黑素均出现体细胞胚,其中,以MS + 1.0 mg ? L-1褪黑素 + 2.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖的培养基体细胞胚的发生率最高,180 d时达12.05%。体胚在 MS + 60 g ? L-1 蔗糖 + 0.5 g ? L-1活性炭的X6培养基中萌发30 d后,将萌发的子叶胚转移至MS + 0.2 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 0.1 mg ? L-1 NOA + 30 g ? L-1 蔗糖 + 0.5 g ? L-1活性炭的成苗培养基上,其中,1.0 mg ? L-1褪黑素诱导产生的体胚发育正常的数量较多,为14.84%。不同浓度褪黑素处理的体胚诱导率均于180 d后增长较快,且低浓度的褪黑素有利于体胚萌发与正常发育,2,4-D诱导的愈伤组织无体胚形成。     

Energy Input-Output Analysis of Organic Grape Production: A Case Study from Adiyaman Province

In this study, it was aimed to perform an energy analysis of organic grape production in Besni district of Ad?yaman province of Turkey. In order to determine the energy input-output of organic grape production, the observations and surveys were performed in the 82 organic grape growers in Ad?yaman province. 82 farms were selected on full count method. The data obtained from study were collected from 82 different farms (398.32 hectares) by face to face questionnaires and observations. In organic grape farms, energy input-output analysis was also determinated by observation and survey methods in production season in 2015. In organic grape production, energy input was calculated as 24,875.06?MJ?ha^?1 and energy output was calculated as 163,430?MJ?ha^?1. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy in organic grape production were calculated as 6.57; 0.56?kg?MJ^?1, 1.79?MJ?kg^?1 and 138,554.94?MJ?ha^?1, respectively.     

Fruit Size and Main Chemical Properties of European Plums (Prunus domestica L.) as Influenced by Grafting on Seedlings of Commercial Cultivars

During three consecutive years we investigated the influence of seedlings of Myrobalan, Stanley and Green Gage as rootstocks on main fruit physical and chemical properties of four European plums (‘?a?anska Rana’, ‘?a?anska Lepotica’, ‘?a?anski ?e?er’ and ‘Stanley’) grown under ecological conditions of ?a?ak (Serbia). Results showed that significant differences in most properties such as fruit weight (FW) and its size and shape, stone weight (SW), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS), ripening index (RI) and sweetness index (IS) were examined among rootstocks. Influence of these rootstock on flesh rate (FRa) or flesh/stone ratio in cultivars evaluated was not significant. In the case of ‘?a?anska Lepotica’, rootstocks had not capacity to change sphericity (φ) and TA. Seedlings of Myrobalan improved only SW in ‘?a?anski ?e?er’ and TA in all cultivars. In all other cases this rootstock decreased values of evaluated traits. The best fruit physical and chemical properties of plums were achieved by seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley alone or alongside. Despite the higher TA contents in fruits on Myrobalan and its tendency to induce higher SW in some cultivars, the smaller sized fruits together with the less attractive fruit shape resulted in a non-interesting rootstock for plums in our growing conditions. Interesting and positive behavior of cultivars were found for quality parameters when grafted on seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley, respectively.

     

Einfluss schwach wachsender Apfelunterlagen auf Wachstum,Ertrag und Fruchtgröße verschiedener Sorten – Teil IV: Abschließende Bewertung

From 2001 to 2005 the influence of the dwarfed apple rootstocks M?9 (clone: Burgmer 984), Fleuren 56, Supporter 1, P?16, P?22, J-TE-F, J-TE-E and M?27 on growth, yield and fruit size of the apple varieties ‘Elstar, Elshof’, ‘Boskoop, Herr’ and ‘Jonagored’ was investigated on the locations Auweiler, Dresden-Pillnitz, Osnabrück and Wurzen in Germany.All rootstocks induced a less vegetative growth as the rootstock M?9. In comparison with M?9 the crown volume of the trees ranged from 92% (Supporter 1) to 52% (M?27). The highest yield potential showed the rootstock P?16. Her specific yield (kg/m³) was 17% higher than the specific yield of M?9. All rootstocks produced a lower individual fruit size as M?9. J-TE-E and J-TE-F produced the lowest specific yield.     

Spritzungen mit Calciumchlorid erhöhen die Calcium- und reduzieren die Kaliumkonzentrationen der peripheren Schichten von Apfelfrüchten

Eight year old apple spindle trees (‘Elstar’, ‘Gala’, ‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Pilot’) were sprayed 12 times with aqueous CaCl₂ (400?l/ha) from July through September 2004. Controls (Fu) were trees sprayed with fungicides only (Captan 80, Dithane Ultra, Euparen M and Malvin). The treatment (FuCa) was sprayed with fungicides plus CaCl₂ (increasing concentrations from 5 to 25?g/l during the season) and the treatment FuCaTe contained in addition the surfactant Plantacare 1200 UP, which reduced surface tension to 29–30?mN/m. Ca concentration in the first layer (0–5?mm) of the control fruits (Fu) ranged from 7.6 (‘Elstar’) to 9.8?mg/100?g fresh weight (‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer (5–10?mm) were lower and ranged from 4.5 (‘Pinova’) to 6.2?mg/100?g (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’). CaCl₂ applications to fruits (FuCa) increased Ca concentrations in the first layer to 12.7 (‘Elstar’) or 14.2?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’ and ‘Pilot’). Ca concentrations in the second layer were also increased by the treatments. They ranged from 5.4 (‘Karmijn de Sonnaville’) to 9.1?mg/100?g (‘Pinova’). Adding the surfactant (FuCaTe) further increased Ca concentrations (‘Pilot’) up to 17.4 and 10.6?mg/100?g in the first and second layers, respectively. This effect of the surfactant was the result of faster penetration into fruits of CaCl₂ which reduced losses by rain shortly after spraying. Potassium concentrations were about 70?mg/100?g in both layers. Treatments with CaCl₂ leading to higher Ca concentrations in the fruits resulted in a decrease in K concentrations to 21 (first layer) or 50?mg/100?g (second layer). It is not clear if this was caused by a reduced K-influx into fruits or by displacement of K from peripheral into deeper layers of the fruits.     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

Vegetation productivity consequences of human settlement growth in the eastern United States

In this study, we investigated the impact of human settlement growth on vegetation carbon uptake in the eastern United States between 1992/1993 and 2001. Human settlement growth was measured by changes in the density of housing units. Vegetation carbon uptake was estimated with gross primary production (GPP) based on the light-use efficiency approach applied to satellite imagery. Annual GPP was found to increase by approximately 140?g?C?m^?2 on average for the entire study area in 2001 compared to 1992/1993, accompanied by region-wide increases in downward shortwave radiation and minimum daily temperature. Changes in GPP, however, varied significantly by different types of settlement growth. Exurbanized areas, where the rural settlement (less than 0.025?units per acre) converted to exurbs (0.025?C0.6?units per acre), were associated with approximately 157?g?C?m^?2 increase in GPP due to high vegetation proportions. Suburbanization, the conversion from exurban settlement to suburbs (0.6?C4?units per acre), was related with a decline of GPP by 152?g?C?m^?2 due to progressive development of built-up land cover. Results help to understand the potential of carbon mitigation in the human-dominated landscapes using vegetation as a natural store of carbon dioxide. This in turn has implications for the low-carbon development planning along the gradient of human settlement densities.