A Functional Growth Analysis Model for Grain Development in Oryza sativa L.

The pattern of grain growth in two rice cultivars was assessed in terms of total dry weight of grain from anthesis upto maturity. Rice grain development followed a sigmoidal trend. Richards' function was found to more closely fie the data on grain growth and thus could serve as a suitable mathematical model for rice grain growth analysis.     

Physiological Analysis of Growth, Yield Development and Grain Quality of Some Deep-water Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted with 10 deep‐water rice varieties (nine traditional and one improved), viz. Amona, Maguri, Rangoli, Kakua, Panikakua, Deoribao, Moimonsingia, Duatkalam, Dalbao and PJNB‐96‐10, to study their physiological performance, grain‐quality characters and yield. Among the cultivars, significant variations were recorded in plant height, root length, number of internode, tiller number, number of ear‐bearing tillers, panicle length, panicle weight, number of spikelets per panicle and filled grain percentage. The highest number of spikelets per panicle (199), filled grain percentage (95 %) and grain yield (4.32 t ha^?1) were recorded in Maguribao. The highest grain length was recorded in PNJB‐96‐10 (9.5 mm), whereas highest grain thickness was observed in Duatkalam (2.8 mm). Glutelin was the most dominant fraction of protein in all the tested cultivars. Maguribao showed the highest glutelin content (26.7 mg g^?1 dry weight), whereas Panikakua showed the highest amylose (24.45 %) and crude fat (4.64 %) content. Differences were also recorded among cultivars in fibre, ash and iron content in grain. Maguribao was found to have superior physiological traits for growth and hence may be considered for inclusion in deep‐water rice breeding programmes.     

水稻籽粒有关性状与粒重关系的初步探讨

成熟期测定武育粳２号不同比重籽粒的有关性状，分析其与粒重的关系。结果表明：（１）不同比重谷粒及其糙米的长、宽度差异较小，厚度、体积差异较大，千粒重极差达６．４３ｇ；谷壳的面积和体积差异较小，谷壳重及单位面积谷壳重差异较大；（２）粒重为谷粒体积与比重的乘积，随着谷粒体积的增大，其比重明显提高（ｒ＝０．９２３４），粒重极显著地增加（ｒ＝０．９８８０）；（３）谷粒体积与糙米体积的大小关系密切（ｒ＝０．９     

同工酶基因数量化方法对亚洲栽培稻的分类研究

采用将同工酶基因数量化方法对水稻籼、粳分类进行研究，其过程与结果如下：（１）通过对５３９份亚洲栽培稻材料的多位点同工酶分析，发现其中６个同工酶位点即ＡＭＰ－２，Ｃａｔ－１，Ｍａｌ－１，Ａｃｐ－２，Ｅｓｔ－１０具有更好的籼、粳判别效果。用６个位点上的ＤＪ值计算出每份材料的ＰＪ值（即材料属于粳和籼的可能性），发现５３９份材料的ＰＪ值分类结果与程氏形态指数分类法的结果符合性很好，仅有少数例外；（２）对６     

CO2浓度升高加快水稻灌浆前期籽粒的生长发育进程

本研究利用开放式空气中CO2浓度增加(Free Air CO2Enrichment,FACE)试验平台,研究CO2浓度升高200μmol.mol-1下,水稻灌浆早期籽粒大小、生长速率、可溶性碳水化合物和淀粉含量及蔗糖转化酶活性等在开花后20 d内的变化动态。结果表明,与对照相比,FACE处理加快了灌浆早期籽粒的发育进程,尤其加快了籽粒宽度达到最大的日程,籽粒大小和籽粒灌浆速率提前3 d达到最大值;成熟时籽粒的长宽积FACE下的比对照下的提高了4.5%,但粒重无差异;FACE下开花后2~5 d内籽粒中的还原糖和蔗糖的含量及细胞壁转化酶和细胞质转化酶的活性显著高于对照下的,但淀粉含量和可溶性酸性转化酶活性则无显著差异。从结果推论,FACE加速水稻灌浆前期籽粒生长发育与其花后早期颖果内蔗糖合成和转运水平之间可能存在内在联系。     

水稻抗坏血酸氧化酶基因家族生物信息学分析

抗坏血酸氧化酶(ascorbic acid oxidase,AAO)是多铜氧化酶家族中的一员,在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用。为深入研究水稻AAO基因家族的功能特征及表达模式,采用生物信息学从Phytozome的水稻数据库鉴定出14个AAO成员,并对其染色体定位、蛋白理化性质及二级结构、基因结构、保守基序、系统发生树和表达模式等方面进行预测分析。结果显示,14个OsAAO不均匀地分布在8条染色体上,多为碱性蛋白;蛋白二级结构以无规则卷曲为主要组成部分;基因结构和保守基序分析表明,OsAAO内含子数目变化差异较大,但氨基酸序列具有较强的保守性;系统发生树可分为3个亚家族,OsAAOs与玉米、高粱簇在一起,亲缘关系较近;另外表达模式分析发现,OsAAO在不同的组织部位表达水平具有差异,这表明其行使功能不同。这些结果为今后研究该基因家族的生物学功能和培育耐旱品种提供理论依据。     

Impact of Humidity on Temperature-Induced Grain Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa L)

High temperature‐induced grain sterility in rice is becoming a serious problem in tropical rice‐growing ecosystems. We studied the mechanism of high temperature‐induced grain sterility of different rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars at two relative humidity (RH) levels. Four varieties of Indica and Japonica rice were exposed to over 85 % RH and 60 % RH at 36/30 °C, 34/30 °C, 32/24 °C and 30/24 °C day/night air temperatures from late booting to maturity inside sunlit phytotrons. Increasing both air temperature and RH significantly increased spikelet sterility while high temperature‐induced sterility decreased significantly with decreasing RH. Neither Indica nor Japonica rice types were superior to the other in the response of their spikelets to increased air temperature and RH. Increased spikelet sterility was due to increased pollen grain sterility which reduced deposition of viable pollen grains on stigma. Reduction in sterility with decreased RH was more due to decreased spikelet temperature than to air temperature. Thus the impact of RH should be considered when interpreting the effect of high temperature on grain sterility. Spikelet fertility was curvilinearly related to spikelet temperature. Grain sterility increased when spikelet temperature increased over 30 °C while it became completely sterile at 36 °C. The ability of a variety to decrease its spikelet temperature with decreasing RH could be considered as avoidance while the variability in spikelet sterility among varieties at a given spikelet temperature could be considered as true tolerance.     

Coronatine Alleviates Polyethylene Glycol-induced Water Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

We studied the effects of coronatine (COR), a structural and functional analogue of jasmonates, on the drought tolerance of two rice cultivars, Handao 297 (a drought-tolerant upland rice) and Yuefu (a drought-sensitive lowland rice). Seedlings were treated with COR at the three-leaved stage at 0.01 and 0.1 μm for 24 h, followed by imposition of water deficit induced with 20 % polyethylene glycol (PEG). Water stress reduced the biomass of both cultivars and increased leaf lipid peroxidation and solute leakage. Pre-treatment with COR significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in leaf tissues of water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) seedlings. COR supplement also increased the accumulation of 44 and 32 kDa polypeptides in water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 and 0.1 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) and significantly induced the expression of 29 kDa polypeptide in Handao 297. The results suggest that COR might alleviate drought stress by activating antioxidant enzymes and inducing proteins, thereby preventing membrane peroxidation and denaturation of bio-molecules. Thus, membrane permeability decreased substantially by 24–27 % in Handao 297, and 22–29 % in Yuefu. The optimal concentrations conferring drought resistance were 0.01 for the upland rice and 0.1 μm for the lowland cultivar.     

水稻粒长主效QTL的分子遗传效应分析

为了探索水稻粒长遗传机制,利用小穗小粒型水稻Milyang 46和大穗大粒型FJCD构建的含130个家系的重组自交群体及其包含119个分子标记的连锁图谱,分别在福建武夷山和莆田对水稻粒长进行数量性状基因位点(Quantitative trait loci,QTL)定位及其环境互作分析。结果共检测到16个控制粒长的加性QTL,包括在武夷山被检测到的7个QTL和在莆田检测到的9个QTL。它们分布在第1、2、4、5、6、7、10、11、12号染色体上,其中有2个QTL在2个环境下被重复检出。qGL-4-6在武夷山和莆田的表型变异贡献率分别为5.69%、3.58%,qGL-10-1在武夷山和莆田的表型变异贡献率分别为15.82%、8.06%。16个加性QTL中,qGL-5-3、qGL-10-1与环境存在显著互作,而互作效应对表型变异的贡献率为0。     

High-lysine mutants of rice, Oryza sativa L.

In order to improve the nutritive value of rice protein, it is necessary to increase the level of lysine and threonine. Ten high-lysine mutants were selected from N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced (MNU-induced) mutant lines, using high-performance liquid chromatography for amino acid analysis. The lysine content of these mutants ranged from 5.10% to 6.38% of total amino acids, while that of the original varieties was about 4%. All high-lysine mutants also had a greatly increased histidine content and a floury endosperm. An increase in lysine content of the albumin/globulin fraction was characteristic of the MNU-induced high-lysine mutants. The segregation ratio of normal to floury endosperm in the F2 seeds from a cross between ‘Kinmaze’ and a high-lysine mutant fitted the expected 3:1 ratio. The high level of lysine and the floury endosperm may be controlled by the same gene.     

DNA polymorphisms in Oryza sativa L. and Lactuca sativa L. amplified by arbitrary primed PCR

Summary Thirty-five rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including 18 japonica, 5 javanica and 12 indica subspecies and 12 lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties were identified taxonomically, using PCR with originally designed 21 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers and 8 sequence-specific primers, used for amplifying four specific DNA fragments. Use of these primers revealed polymorphisms among varieties in rice and lettuce and facilitates DNA fingerprinting. Dendrograms of both species based on polymorphisms were constructed and genetical relationships were established. In rice, half the number of amplified bands were polymorphic and almost all varieties differentiated. However, differentiation of minor genetic alterations among somaclonal variants or mutants and their mother varieties was not feasible. In L. sativa, 47% of the amplified fragments were polymorphic and all 12 varieties were differentiated. Some of the PCR fragments were variety or type specific, which could be used for indicators for type-selection. The dendrogram obtained showed differentiated clusters of crisphead, leaf and butterhead type, findings in good accord with the classification based on the genetic background.     

影响籼稻品种产量水平的主要根系性状

2001和2002年，在群体水培条件下分别以国内外不同年代育成的籼稻代表品种（品系）88个和122个为供试材料，抽穗期测定12个有关根系形态性状和根系活力，成熟期测定产量、冠根比等，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法对供试籼稻品种的产量进行聚类，研究不同产量类型籼稻品种根系有关性状的差异以及影响籼稻品种产量水平的主     

Physiological Response of Multiple Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Suboptimal Temperatures

The physiological response of multiple rice cultivars, eighteen initially and eight cultivars later on, to suboptimal temperatures (ST) conditions was investigated in laboratory and outdoor experimental conditions. Treatment with ST decreased growth in different extents according to the cultivar and affected the PSII performance, determined by chlorophyll fluorescence fast‐transient test, and stomatal conductance, regardless the experimental condition. Two groups of cultivars could be distinguished on the base of their growth and physiological parameters. The group of cultivars presenting higher growths displayed optimal JIP values, and higher instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), due to a lower Gs under ST, unlike cultivars showing lower growth values, which presented worse JIP values and could not adjust their Gs and hence their WUE_i. In this work, we detected at least two cultivars with superior tolerance to ST than the cold tolerant referent Koshihikari. These cultivars could be used as parents or tolerance donors in breeding for new crop varieties. On other hand, positive and significant correlations between data obtained from laboratory and outdoor experiments suggest that laboratory measurements of most of the above mentioned parameters would be useful to predict the response of rice cultivars to ST outdoor.     

Linkage studies in indica rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary It has been found that long palea, an easily identifiable trait, is attributable to two duplicate recessive genes designated lp ₁ and lp ₂. A new character, uneven kernel has been described, the espression of which is controlled by two dominant complementary genes, Un _a and Un _b. Two dominant complementary genes, Cl _a and Cl _b have been found controlling clustered habit.One of the complementary genes for clustered habit, Cl _a was linked with one of the complementary genes for uneven kernel, Un _a with a c.o. value of 22.1 per cent. This linkage has been assigned to I linkage group in indica rice.The long glume gene g showed 22.2 per cent linkage with oed rice gene, Rc. It was further found linked with one of the complementary genes for uneven kernel, Un _b (17.8 per cent) and one of the duplicate recessive genes for long palea, lp ₁ (30.2 per cent). The cross-over value between Ub _b and lp ₁ was 11.5 per cent. The gene order appeared to be lp ₁-Un _b-g-Rc. These linked genes have tentatively been assigned to IV linkage group in indica rice.     

利用SNP标记进行水稻品种籼粳鉴定

亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)分为籼、粳2个亚种,随着杂交水稻的发展、种间杂种优势的利用,籼粳之间的界限变得越来越模糊。本研究利用3000份水稻种质资源信息,通过计算约2000万个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点的SNP-index值,进行籼粳特异SNP位点筛选,最终得到4084个籼粳特异SNP位点(4k-SNP);同时确定以籼粳指数作为水稻品种籼粳鉴定的指标。研究进一步采用大规模简单随机取样等统计分析方法对籼粳特异位点进行数据降维处理,将4k-SNP精简至40个SNP位点(40-SNP),用于水稻籼粳鉴定。为了验证40-SNP的籼粳鉴定效果,本研究一方面利用水稻生产上推广的82份选育品种,对40-SNP籼粳鉴定结果与4k-SNP鉴定结果进行比较,结果发现40-SNP与4k-SNP得出的粳型指数非常接近,相关系数为0.99;另一方面利用全球6类型(indica、aus、rayada、aromatic、tropicaljaponica、temperatejaponica)水稻品种共49份材料,对40-SNP籼粳鉴定...     

水稻糯质基因对胚乳淀粉性状的影响

利用扫描电镜对广陆矮4号和原丰早糯与非糯近等基因系淀粉结构进行观察,发现糯与非糯稻米均存在垩白区和非垩白区,只是由于糯质胚乳在干燥后整个呈乳白色,不透明,故肉眼难于区分。在垩白区大多胚乳细胞内淀粉粒清晰可见,淀粉粒以单粒状态为主,排列疏松,淀粉粒间存在较大的空隙。非垩白区大多数胚乳细胞内淀粉粒被细胞壁所覆盖,只在破裂细胞中可见到主要以复粒状态存在的淀粉粒,排列紧密。在糯质胚乳排列致密的非垩白区复粒淀粉内存在大量微孔,而非糯胚乳中无此结构,这些微孔在干燥后充气可能是糯米外观呈乳白色不透明的主要原因。这与由于淀粉粒积累疏松而引起的垩白结构存在本质的不同。     

Effects of Elevated Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Productive Tillers, Spikelet Sterility and Grain Characteristics of Southern US Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer is leading to an increase in ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation (280–320 nm) reaching the Earth's surface, which can alter crop productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elevated UVB radiation on rice production with special emphasis on grain characteristics in southern US rice cultivars (six inbred cultivars and three hybrids). Due to the spectral characteristics of the greenhouse glass, plants received no natural UVB radiation; hence, plants were provided with supplemental UVB lighting. Plants were exposed to UVB radiation of 0, 8 (ambient) or 16 (twice ambient) kJ m⁻² day⁻¹. There was no significant effect of elevated UVB radiation on the number of productive tillers in any cultivar except 'Sierra'. All the cultivars except 'Sierra' showed increased spikelet sterility with an increase in UVB radiation. There were decreases in main-stem panicle length, number of primary branches per panicle, and grain width with an increase in UVB radiation in most of the inbred cultivars. Elevated UVB radiation decreased plant grain yield in all the cultivars, however the per cent decrease in plant grain yield varied among the cultivars (31–79 %). The hybrid 'Clearfield XL729' performed best among the selected southern US rice cultivars under an elevated UVB environment.     

水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响

明确水稻生育期与产量、品质的关系,对水稻高产优质育种和合理栽培措施的制定,具有重要的意义。本文以晚粳宁111和春江302经遮光(短日照)处理后获得的不同生育期水稻植株为材料,分析其产量和米质指标。结果表明,生育期152 d以上时,对产量无显著影响,而生育期短于152 d时,产量与生育期间呈极显著正相关;成熟期群体干物质积累量随生育期变化的趋势与产量表现基本一致。不同稻米的长度、宽度、蛋白质含量以及淀粉消减值,均以中等偏短生育期(131~132 d)最小,大于或小于131~132 d,均会使上述指标值增加;两品种直链淀粉含量亦有相似的趋势,只是其最低值分别对应132和137 d的生育期;各处理稻米淀粉的崩解值变化与消减值趋势相反。对垩白粒率、垩白度及糊化温度,各处理均呈随生育期延长而降低的趋势;生育期变化对碾米品质影响总体上较小。     

水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传分析

以长中胚轴/短中胚轴杂交组合的两个亲本、F₁、B₁、B₂和F₂为试验材料，在小型人工气候箱黑暗条件下培养幼苗，对水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传规律进行了研究。结果表明，中胚轴伸长特性受两对隐性基因控制。F₂群体中长、短中胚轴植株在节间长度、穗长、株高和剑叶长等性状上均存在较明显的差异，而中胚轴伸长特性与节间粗、剑叶宽、单株穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等性状关系不明显。还对水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传改良以及长中胚轴材料在直播稻育种上的利用进行了探讨。     

水稻中胚轴长度QTL分析

为分析水稻中胚轴伸长与赤霉素的关系及其遗传基础,以沈农265(长中胚轴)和丽江新团黑谷(短中胚轴)的RIL群体为材料,结合其连锁图谱,对水和赤霉素溶液两种培养条件下的中胚轴长度进行QTL定位。结果表明,浓度为1.50μmolL~(-1)的赤霉素可显著促进中胚轴的伸长。两种培养条件下,共检测到控制中胚轴长度的5个QTL,分布在第1、第2、第3、第6和第11号染色体上,LOD值在3.65～15.52范围内,单个QTL对表型贡献率在7%～33%之间。其中qML3、qML6和qML11在2种处理条件下均被检测到,qML1和qML2仅在水培条件下被检测到。与其他研究比较发现,主效基因qML3可以在不同群体和不同环境下稳定表达。