秦皇岛地区鸡球虫抗药性研究

应用艾维茵肉仔鸡，以最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）、病变记分减少率（RLS）和相对卵囊产量（ROP）为判定指标，检测了采自河北省秦皇岛地区的6种艾美耳球虫对8种常用抗球虫药物的敏感性。结果表明：6种混合艾美耳球虫对马杜霉素和盐霉素具有轻度抗药性；对拉沙洛菌素和氨丙淋具有中度抗药性；对球痢灵、克球多和常山酮具有重度抗药性；对地克珠利无抗药性。     

常山提取物和常山乙素对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响

为了明确常山提取物和常山乙素的免疫学活性,应用MTT法测定2种药物体外对小鼠脾T、B淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果显示,常山碱提取物质量浓度达到200mg／L时显著抑制了小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖（P〈0．05）;质量浓度在10mg／L时对ConA诱导T淋巴细胞增殖有显著的促进作用（P〈0．05）;质量浓度在10～200mg／L对LPS诱导B淋巴细胞增殖有一定的促进作用（P〉0．05）。常山乙素质量浓度达到0．1mg／L时显著抑制了小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖（P〈0．05）;质量浓度在0．001～0．01mg／L时对ConA诱导T淋巴细胞增殖有一定的促进作用（P〉0．05）,质量浓度在0．0001mg／L时具有显著的促进作用（P〈0．05）;质量浓度在0．0001～0．005mg／L对LPS诱导B淋巴细胞增殖有一定的促进作用（P〉0．05）。结果表明,常山提取物和常山乙素具有良好的免疫增强活性,为今后相关研究提供了免疫学参考。     

五种抗球虫药防治鸡E．tenella的疗效对比试验

挑选体况相近的21日龄伊莎公鸡210羽和罗斯公鸡70羽，在人工感染E.tenella下，对氯嗪苯乙腈（diclazuril）、常山酮（halofuginone）、氯羟吡啶（clopidol）、马杜拉霉素（maduramicin）和盐霉素（salinomycin）5种抗球虫药，进行了3批防治鸡E.tenella疗效对比试验，以抗球虫指数（ACI）作为疗效的综合评判指标。结果显示各种药物的ACI分别为，氯嗪苯乙腈195.52,195.29,192.74；常山酮200.60,199.04,194.45；氯羟吡啶179.64，174.42,167.93；马杜拉霉素194.23,194.23,198.89；盐霉素167.32,170.95,164.82；用于对照的感染不用药组的ACI为126.50，130.79和93.31。氯嗪苯乙腈、常山酮和马杜拉霉素抗该球虫的效果非常好，其ACI均超过190，氯羟吡啶和盐霉素效果次之，其ACI在160-180之间。     

氢溴酸常山酮对肉鸡球虫病的防制作用研究

为探究氢溴酸常山酮对多种鸡球虫的预防效果,试验在体外利用细胞毒性检测(CCK-8试验)及子孢子入侵DF-1细胞的抑制试验评估了氢溴酸常山酮对柔嫩艾美耳球虫入侵宿主细胞的抑制作用;在体内利用最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)、病变计分减少率(RLS)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)及抗球虫指数(ACI)四项指标评估了高、中、低剂量氢溴酸常山酮对柔嫩、毒害、堆型、巨型艾美耳球虫混合感染的预防效果。结果显示,无细胞毒性浓度为0.01 mg/mL的氢溴酸常山酮在体外能有效抑制柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子入侵DF-1细胞;同时发现高、中剂量氢溴酸常山酮(添加量分别为500 g/t、400 g/t)在体内能有效预防四种混合球虫的感染。研究结果提示氢溴酸常山酮在体内外均能有效抑制球虫感染,并且在临床应用中仍可以有效预防球虫感染。     

中药常山防治鸡球虫病最新研究进展

鸡球虫病是一种高发病率和高死亡率的肠道寄生性原虫病。市场上抗球虫中药主要以单味常山和含常山的中药复方为主,本文对近6年来文献报道的常山抗球虫研究进行综述,旨在为今后常山及其衍生物作为新型抗球虫药物的研发提供参考。     

常山柴胡合剂防治鸡球虫病试验初报

抗雏鸡球虫药化学药物的不断合成和生产，说明球虫产生抗药性及药物诱生抗药性球虫株的问题一直没有得到很好的解决，同时也显示了化学药物的弱点，因此，诸多学者纷纷从中草药中寻求有效的抗球虫药方，近年来笔者设立多个方剂、经过多批预试选定的常山、柴胡合剂对鸡球虫进行防治试验，取得了满意效果，报告如下：1试验材料1．1供试药物常山DichroafebritugaLour虎耳草科黄常山属植物激辛原，除痰发吐、截疟杀虫．含常山碱4一喹唑酮常山素．柴胡BuPleurumChinenseDC伞形科柴胡属植物味苦、微寒，解表和里、升阳疏肝解郁．含柴胡皂忒，岩…     

GSNO对E．tenella内LDH、G-6-PD、ACO和SOD活性的影响

亚硝基谷胱甘肽（GSNO）对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E．tenella）卵囊的孢子生殖具有不可逆地抑制作用，但其作用机理尚不清楚。本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳来分析GSNO对E．tenella卵囊内与糖代谢有关的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、葡萄糖．6．磷酸脱氢酶（G．6．PD）、乌头酸酶（ACO）以及GSNO对卵囊内与抗氧化有关的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响，电泳后经特异染色显示酶活性。结果表明：GSNO处理的未孢子化与孢子化卵囊中均有LDH、（3-6．PD、ACO及SOD活性，这提示外源性NO对球虫孢子生殖的抑制并没有灭活卵囊中LDH、G．6．PD、ACO和SOD的活性或NO对这些酶的作用是可逆的。     

常山酮残留检测方法的研究进展

常山酮是使用很广泛的一种抗球虫药,本文介绍了国内外对常山酮残留检测的气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、液质联用法和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）,并对ELISA和HPLC两种方法进行了比较.     

狐球虫种类调查

本文报道了江苏省兴化市某养殖场狐球虫的种类及感染率。共查１２９只狐，球虫阳性３２只，阳性率为２４．８％，共检到１科２属３种球虫，其中艾美尔属（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａ）１种：阿德勒氏艾美尔球虫（Ｅ．ａｄｌｅｒｉ）；等孢属（Ｉｓｏｓｐｏｒａ）２种：快犬等孢球虫（Ｉ．ｃａｎｉｖｅｌｏｃｉｓ）和狐等孢球虫（Ｉ．ｖｕｌｐｉｎａ）。狐等孢球虫为优势种，其感染率为２２．５％。这３种球虫均为国内首次报道     

抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上的应用效果

本文旨在研究新型抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上的应用效果，为这种抗球虫药的研发和生产提供技术支撑。分成两个试验来进行验证。第一个试验是雏鸡饲养试验，选用120只健康的1日龄雏鸡，将鸡分成4组，除对照组不加药外，其他3个试验组分别添加氢溴酸常山酮预混剂500mg／kg、氨丙琳预混剂500mg／kg、磺胺哇恶琳120mg／kg。试验周期30天，试验鸡自由采食、自由饮水。试验开始和结束时称重，记录死亡率、粪便情况；第二个试验为鸡感染试验，在感染球虫病雏鸡的饲料中添加氢溴酸常山酮等抗球虫药，比较不同抗球虫药的抗感染效果。第一个试验结果表明：在试验组中加入抗球虫药后，鸡的生产性能有所改善，死亡率下降。其中，氢溴酸常山酮的效果较好；第二个试验结果表明：三种抗球虫药都有较好的治疗球虫的感染，常山酮的效果相对较好。结论：抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上有较好的应用效果。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.