面向对象分类技术在开发建设项目水土保持监测中的应用

[目的]研究基于无人机低空遥感影像的面向对象分类技术在开发建设项目水土保持监测中的应用,为水土保持监测工作的信息化能力提升提供技术支撑。[方法]利用旋翼无人机获取水土保持监测目标区域的低空遥感影像,通过倾斜摄影技术构建数字表面模型,结合ESP分割尺度评价工具获取最优分割尺度参数,采用多元特征空间指标参与最邻近分类法的监督分类,并依据位置信息的评价方法和误差矩阵对分类解译精度进行验证。[结果]本研究的水土保持监测目标区域的地物分类总体精度达到了86.10%,Kappa系数为0.841,有较好的一致性,能够满足精度需求。[结论]利用无人机低空遥感影像的面向对象分类技术实现了开发建设项目水土保持监测区域地物的快速、精确识别和分类。     

基于面向对象的SPOT卫星影像梯田信息提取研究

梯田信息准确和快速提取是区域水土保持动态监测和评价的核心技术之一,运用遥感技术进行地物信息提取是一种有效手段。该研究以燕沟流域为研究区,采用高分辨率的SPOT5遥感影像数据,基于面向对象分类技术,通过影像分割构建影像对象,在分析影像对象的光谱特征、纹理特征和空间特征的基础上,建立了梯田信息的遥感提取规则,实现了梯田的自动提取。最后用手工勾绘结果对梯田的遥感提取结果进行精度评价,从田块边界的吻合度评价位置精度,并通过比较该结果与人工目视解译结果进行面积精度评价。结果表明,基于面向对象分类的遥感方法可以较好地从原始影像中提取复杂地貌区梯田的位置信息,面积提取正确率达到78.38%,该方法可为黄土高原地区梯田信息遥感提取提供借鉴。     

全极化SAR图像的煤矿区土地覆盖信息分层提取方法研究

为弥补光学遥感在煤矿区资源与生态环境监测中应用的不足, 研究应用全极化SAR图像有效提取煤矿区土地覆盖信息的方法具有重要意义。针对全极化SAR图像极化信息丰富、斑点噪声多、局部异质性大等特点, 提出采用面向对象的影像分类方法对其进行分层土地覆盖信息提取。以徐州市西南部的煤矿区为研究区, 选取Radarsat-2的全极化SAR图像, 分析了研究区内全极化SAR图像中典型地物的灰度特征, 提出面向对象分类方法所涉及的最优分割尺度选择法, 给出全极化SAR图像分割对象后向散射特征的计算方法。对研究区的SAR图像进行试验, 首先对SAR图像进行多尺度分割, 选择各土地覆盖类型的最优分割尺度, 然后在该尺度下计算出土地覆盖类型的后向散射特征指数, 最后采用模糊逻辑分类法分层提取出研究区内的土地覆盖信息。结果表明: 在适于各土地覆盖类型提取的最优分割尺度下, 充分利用分割对象的灰度、形状、纹理以及类间相关特征, 并综合应用隶属函数法和最邻近分类法, 能有效地提取煤矿区的农田、道路、塌陷地、建筑物、山林这5类土地覆盖信息。与最大似然分类法相比, 该方法能够较好地消除"椒盐现象", 各种土地覆盖类型的提取精度都有所提高, 其总体分类精度可提高38.3%。     

滨海光谱混淆区面向对象的土地利用遥感分类

滨海光谱混淆区土地利用/覆盖信息获取是遥感信息提取的难点之一,该研究选择黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,采用2007年3月11日陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据,利用面向对象的土地利用遥感分类技术,通过影像分割和采用支持向量机分类方法对研究区土地利用/覆盖信息进行提取,并将分类结果与传统的基于像元的分类方法进行对比分析。结果表明:面向对象支持向量机的分类精度达到84.83%,比基于像元的最大似然法和波谱角法分别提高了5.94%和19.53%,且有效避免了椒盐现象。说明面向对象的图像分类方法明显提高了遥感影像的分类精度和分类效率,为滨海光谱混淆区土地利用信息的快速、准确提取提供了有效技术手段。     

面向水土保持监管的黄土高原区生产建设项目地块快速提取

生产建设项目是黄土高原区人为水土流失的主要来源之一.快速获取生产建设项目地块的位置和属性信息,对提升水土保持监管效率、保护区域水土资源具有重要意义.当前生产建设项目地块的提取主要采用专家目视解译遥感影像的方法,存在效率低、主观性强、稳定性差等问题.本文采用高分一号(GF-1)影像,提出一种面向对象的快速提取黄土高原区生产建设项目地块的方法.首先,分析研究区各类典型生产建设项目地块中组成地物的可分性,确定6类用于标记生产建设项目地块的标志性地物.在此基础上,融合多尺度分割和模糊分类方法,构建面向对象的多层次提取模型提取标志性地物,获得生产建设项目地块的提取结果.结果显示:6类标志性地物具备标记黄土高原区生产建设项目地块的能力,使用本方法提取点型生产建设项目地块的数量精度达到95％以上,提取线型生产建设项目地块的长度精度超过86％,且总耗时不超过现行方法的20％.与专家目视解译相比,本文方法在保证提取精度的同时,极大地提升了提取效率,可用于黄土高原较大区域的生产建设项目地块的快速准确提取.这一方法可为水土保持监管的高效化、精准化实施提供有力的技术支撑.     

融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类

错综复杂的土地利用模式和破碎的地物斑块制约了土地利用/覆被分类的精度和效率。一方面,混合像元模糊了地物的光谱信息,影响了分类精度。另一方面,如何高效利用地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征是当前土地利用/覆被分类的研究热点。为了提高基于遥感技术的土地利用/覆被分类精度,该研究基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,开展融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类研究。首先,基于地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征,在3个分割尺度通过NDWI（Normalized Difference Water Index)、NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）、SBL（Soil Background Level）等8个特征参数构建了不同地物信息的提取规则。其次,利用光谱混合分解模型提取研究区基质（SL;岩石和土壤）、植被（GV;光合作用叶片）和暗色物质（DA;阴影和水）3类通用端元。最后,尝试融合3端元光谱特征优化地物信息提取规则。研究结果表明：1）基于构建的光谱、形状和纹理的地物信息提取规则,使用模糊函数、阈值法进行土地利用/覆被分类,获得了较高的分类精度,总体精度为80.83%,Kappa系数为0.76。2）融合3端元的光谱特征的提取规则将分类精度提升至90.00%,Kappa系数提升至0.88。3）具有明确物理意义的3端元的融入增强了像元内各组分信息的差异性,弥补了传统光谱指数对植被与土壤间的亮度信息解析度不足的缺陷。该方法能充分利用影像的光谱信息,是一种由易到难、对不确定因素进行逐层剥离的土地利用/覆被信息提取技术。因此,对中高分辨率的多光谱遥感影像十分友好,在土地利用/覆被的精细化分类中有较大应用潜力。     

基于小波包变换的农作物分类无人机遥感影像适宜尺度筛选

为寻找适宜分类的空间尺度,该文提出一种基于小波包的空间尺度选择方法。该文以无人机航拍农作物影像为数据源,针对高空间分辨率遥感影像农作物分类问题,基于小波包变换对影像分类特征进行多尺度定量分析。将七种农作物影像样本进行小波包分解,从高频部分获取均值,方差,能量,能量差四种纹理信息,从低频部分获取光谱信息,构建分类特征矢量,通过作物样本之间的J-M距离,分析在不同小波包分解层样本之间的可分性,并进一步通过农作物面向对象分类精度和分割耗时评价适宜尺度。该文选择位于河北的涿州农场为研究区,利用无人机航空影像,对提出的方法进行试验验证,结果显示:小波包分解到第三、四层级时,即空间分辨率为0.32~0.64 m时,适宜农作物面向对象分类;在适宜尺度下,基于小波包分解的面向对象分类总体分类精度可达到89%,Kappa系数可达到0.85。研究结果可为高空间分辨率遥感农作物精细识别提供支撑。     

基于物候参数和面向对象法的濒海生态脆弱区植被遥感提取

用遥感数据快速准确地提取植被信息对生态环境监测和发展气候模型具有基础性和关键性的意义。由于中国黄河三角洲地区植被类型插花分布,传统遥感提取方法精度较低。该文选取近代黄河三角洲典型生态脆弱区为研究区,基于MODIS和LANDSAT8数据,通过提取研究区的物候参数和不同分辨率遥感影像的融合处理,根据植被类型斑块大小确定分割尺度,根据典型植被类型的物候特征、光谱和空间等特征值构建分类规则,利用分区策略自上而下进行面向对象分类。结果表明,该方法总体精度为80.75%,Kappa系数0.79,高于传统物候和面向对象分类方法。广生态幅的棉田与其他植被的光谱混淆是传统面向对象分类方法植被分类精度低的主要原因,利用物候参数进行植被分区能规避棉田和自然植被的光谱混淆,有利于对植被类型的区分。分类结果与当地植被分布情况相符,可以用于研究区植被类型的精细提取。     

面向对象的冬小麦种植面积遥感估算研究

种植面积的遥感估算是冬小麦遥感估产的重要基础性工作之一.该文主要的研究内容是基于Landsat ETM 遥感影像,利用面向对象的分类方法提取山东省桓台县冬小麦种植面积.以山东省桓台县为例,选择Landsat ETM LIG遥感影像,通过影像分割和基于知识的面向对象的分类方法准确地提取研究区冬小麦面积.以乡镇为单位将其结果同统计年鉴数据对比分析,误差最大的是果里镇,误差在95hm2,整个研究区的提取误差是-111hm2,能够满足实际应用的需求.     

基于遥感信息融合的阜新煤矿排土场地物提取与分类

结合地面测试高光谱数据及卫星遥感数据,对矿区地物信息进行提取,可有助于快速获取矿区地表信息,为矿区废弃地植被恢复提供辅助决策信息支持具有重要意义。该文以阜新市海州矿区排土场为研究对象,对不同波段组合的SPOT-5遥感影像进行了分类方法和分类精度评价研究。结果表明：排土场影像在波段组合与融合之后进行分类,分类精度提高不明显;而通过组合SPOT多光谱影像和植被指数图像,并结合地面测试的高光谱特征曲线建立分类模板,可以有效地提高地物分类精度,总体分类精度为85.48%,Kappa系数为0.8197。分类结果满足对排土场地物调查的实际需要,为建立排土场植被恢复等级提供了数据基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.