棉花的水分状况及草炭处理后的变化

本文对棉花的水分状况及草炭处理下的变化进行了研究。棉花蒸腾作用的日进程为平缓的单峰型，叶片正反面的蒸腾作用速率和气孔扩散阻力都存在着明显的差异。环境因子如光照，相对湿度等对棉花的水分状况有影响。棉花的水分状况对环境条件变化的敏感性在施加了草炭的处理后得到了改善。试验表明，草炭的施用改善了棉花的水分状况，提高了棉花的水分利用效率，对棉花的生长是有促进作用的。     

草炭保水机制的初步研究

灌溉是干旱区农业存在与发展的必要条件。如何提高灌溉水的利用率，及如何保持土壤中的水分以保障作物需求，是本区农业研究的重要问题。通过测定并分析不同草炭处理土壤的表层（30cm)含水量，物理性质及作物产量，本文探讨了草炭处理土诘的水分动态变化及草炭的保水机制，观测数据显示，与对照组相比，在观测期间，2%加拿大草炭处理土壤含水量提高3.96%;2%石河子草炭处理土壤含水量提高3.43%。进一步的研究表明，草炭对土壤水分的保持机制，不仅是因为其所具有的巨大持水能力，对土壤物理性质的改善，也是其保水机制之一，由于大空隙的增加，切断了毛管水的上升，从而降低了土壤表面的水分蒸发，在下层土壤中保持了更多的水分。     

晋东豫西（寿阳）旱农试区水肥效应研究

在晋东豫西（寿阳）旱农试区，研究土壤水肥状况及施肥措施对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响，结果表明，播前土体贮水量影响玉米的产量和生育期耗水量，适宜的土壤水分状况，有益于产量的提高，耕层土壤养分越充裕，玉米产量和水分利用效率就越高，相反，则越低，适宜的土壤养分状况。促进玉米水分的吸收及其有效利用，各种肥料的优化施用，培肥土壤实行秋季施肥，是改变该区低产面貌，有效利用降水的重要途径。     

宁南山区保护性耕作对农田水分状况影响的研究

为研究保护性耕作对宁南山区农田水分状况的影响,在宁夏彭阳县对三种不同保护性耕作措施下玉米农田休耕期及生长期土壤水分、作物生长发育指标进行了实验研究。结果表明:(1)在休耕期,整秸秆覆盖处理的土壤水分贮存量(236.80mm)最高,半秸秆覆盖(224.10mm)次之,传统无覆盖(208.45mm)最低;(2)在生长期,采用秸秆覆盖方式可使春玉米的株高、穗长、生物产量及经济产量等指标得到显著提高,土壤的蓄水保墒性能增强,水分利用效率提高,增产增效明显;与传统方式相比,整秸秆覆盖可使春玉米的产量及水分利用效率分别提高3.5%及16.5%。研究认为,保护性耕作可有效改善玉米田土壤水分状况,促进玉米的生长发育。     

水泥硬壳覆盖对春玉米蒸腾与水分利用效率的影响

水泥硬壳覆盖对春玉米蒸腾，棵间土壤蒸发，作物生长发育状况，产量有水分利用效率的影响研究结果表明，水泥硬壳覆盖农田能减少土壤无效蒸发，提高玉米蒸腾效率，促进春播作物苗全苗壮，提高作物产量和水分利用效率。     

不同田间配置对玉豆带状套作系统水分分布及水分利用率的影响

探讨了1.6 m和2.0 m带宽不同玉米行距下玉豆带状套作系统共生期水分分布及水分利用率的变化。结果表明:随着玉米行距的增加,地面上玉米叶片空间分布不同,形成窄行部叶面积指数高于宽行,导致土壤水分蒸发、穿透降雨量和土壤水分都表现为玉米行玉豆行大豆行,玉豆带状套作共生期穿透降雨量分布不均和玉米大豆对土壤水分吸收是造成土壤含水量分布不均的主要因素;两种带宽下带状套作玉米产量和群体产量随玉米行距的增加表现为先增加后持平,在玉米行距为50 cm时,带状套作玉米产量和群体产量最高;两种带宽下玉米行距为50 cm时带状套作水分利用率最大,分别为23.06 kg·hm-2·mm-1和26.60 kg·hm-2·mm-1,总体上较单作提高了38.92%和22.98%;两种带宽下水分当量比分别为1.45~1.66和1.60~1.79,2.0 m带宽比1.6 m带宽更加有利用于提高农田的水分利用效率,玉米行距在40~50 cm时更能有效提高群体的水分利用效率。     

模拟降雨量下微集水种植对玉米光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

利用人工模拟降雨装置,设置平作和垄作两种种植方式,以平作为对照组,研究了玉米在垄沟集雨下光合特性和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,在230 mm3、40 mm的降雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的光合速率显著高于对照组,分别提高了41.1%和10.5%,在440 mm的降雨量下,两者的差异不显著;在3个雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的叶片瞬时水分利用效率比对照组均有提高,分别提高了20.5%、18.9%和10.7%;沟垄集雨种植玉米和对照组的光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线,对照组水分利用效率在230 mm、340 mm降雨量下呈"单峰型"曲线,在440 mm降雨量下呈现逐渐下降的趋势,沟垄集雨种植的玉米水分利用效率均呈"单峰型"曲线。     

玉米耐旱性的调控研究

水分胁迫下通过一些调控措施可以提高玉米种子的萌发率，改善幼苗的生长状况，抑制保护酶活性的下降，减轻生物膜的伤害，增强玉米的耐旱性，从而提高玉米的产量。本文综述了近几年玉米耐旱性在施用抗旱剂、外源ABA、矿质营养等方面的调控研究，并对其研究前景提出了一些见解。     

黄土丘陵区大垄沟优化措施对玉米生理特性的影响

使用间作套种、普通地膜和液态地膜等措施对黄土丘陵地区的大垄沟种植方式进行了改良和优化。结果表明,普通地膜、液态地膜和间套优化措施能够提高玉米各个生育期的光合速率,提高干物质积累量。叶片生理日变化结果表明,优化措施可以明显提高玉米田间各时段光合速率、蒸腾速率,在一定程度上提高了水分利用效率。     

渭北旱塬春玉米农田土壤水分状况及水分平衡试验

根据１９９２至１９９４连续三年的春玉米农田土壤水分动态、水分平衡试验，研究了陕西省合阳县早地春玉米田水分动态规律、春玉米需水规律，耗水规律及水分盈亏状况。结果表明，春玉米埯水量为４４１．４ｍｍ，实际耗水量为３０５．１ｍｍ，三年平均水分满足率６９．１％。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

8个乡土树种抗逆性对比研究

在半干旱地区内蒙古中部3个不同造林立地类型对当地的8个乡土树种进行亚区造林对比试验,调查了被试树种在自然状态条件下的生长特征,应用PV技术测定了其水分生理指标,测定了抗寒及抗春季干旱风的等级,运用综合指标(成活、保存率、抗旱水分生理、耐寒性等)分析各树种的抗逆性和对不同立地条件的适应能力。结果表明:柄扁桃、桃叶卫矛、荆条和山杏(对照)抗逆性强,毛樱桃、山桃抗逆性较强,酸枣(山西种源)、欧李(山西栽培种)为中等,臭椿较差。     

莠去津的药害问题及药害防范技术研究概述

本文概述了使用莠去津以来，有关该药的药害情况及药害解除方法的研究状况。