国内树木三维可视化研究进展

利用科学的计算方法，将自然界中千变万化的树木形态转换为直观的几何图形，并将其生理结构、生长过程的复杂数据在计算机中进行计算和模拟，称为单株树木的可视化研究。文章介绍了中科院的双尺度自动机模型、浙江大学对于树木的图形图像处理技术的研究以及北京林业大学针对树木生理机构对树木进行的可视化研究。分析了目前树木三维可视化研究中存在的问题，提出了今后的研究方向。     

国内树木三维可视化技术研究进展

由于树木形态的复杂性对模拟技术和系统开销的要求较高,树木生长的生理确定性和长势不确定性等特点,使树木三维可视化的研究至今仍未得到一个完备的具有林业研究意义的三维计算机树木模型.本文在广泛研究国内树木三维可视化软件开发的基础上,从分形理论、图像解析和GIS技术三个方面对现有研究进行分类阐述,简要叙述了现有研究的主要技术思路与最新研究成果,并指出了现有研究中存在的主要不足.     

基于生长规律与图像相结合的树木叶片动态模拟

虚拟树木生长是虚拟植物的一个研究方向,主要研究建立能体现其内在生理特征的生理生态模型和外在表现的可视化模型,是植物学家进行研究的重要工具.     

虚拟树木生长建模及可视化研究综述

虚拟树木,就是应用计算机模拟树木在三维空间中的生长发育状况,近年来已成为植物学、农林业、环境科学和计算机领域的研究热点.生长模型和可视化技术是它的核心内容.虚拟树木生长模型包括形态结构模型、功能模型和结构-功能模型等,其中结构-功能模型可以模拟树木与环境间的相互关系,其结果为树木的三维结构,因此它最为接近现实树木的生长,是虚拟树木生长模型的发展方向.树木形态的复杂性与计算时间和空间的矛盾一直是可视化研究中的难点.树木可视化还有不同于其他物体的特性,如多级分枝、枝条的弯曲、自相似、向光性、树木分枝间的光滑与非光滑连接等.树木可视化软件可分为2类:纯图形学软件和基于结构-功能模型的软件,其应用已涉及娱乐、商业、计算机辅助景观设计、教育、科研和林业生产等方面;但在树木构筑型数据的采集和管理、结构-功能模型的建立、树木可视化技术的研究及面向林业生产等方面仍需要大量的工作.     

基于SketchUp和ArcGIS的校园树木三维可视化

通过外业测量获得数据并用AutoCAD绘制校园地形图及树木点图,对校园所有树木进行拍照和属性调查,利用SketchUp软件的建模技术,以DEM数据可视化时得到的三维地形模型为基础,对北京林业大学校园树木进行了三维建模仿真,实现树木三维可视化,并结合地理信息系统管理平台同步树木属性信息查询,实现了树木高效真实的可视化效果.     

建立树木三维可视化模型数据选取的研究

研究了树木三维可视化模型建立过程中的数据选取,并对单木三维模型的未来发展应用进行了展望.     

树冠生物量研究综述

树冠是树木进行光合作用、呼吸、蒸发等生理过程的场所,影响树木的生长和变化;树冠生物量是树木的重要属性,也是目前开展树冠研究的热点.文章从分配和分布、动态变化、研究方法及研究展望等方面综述了树冠生物量研究.     

杉木形态三维可视化模拟技术研究

本文从IFS方法在树木建模中的应用出发,结合树木构筑学的特点,提出了一套树木形态数据的调查方法,以杉木为例在湖南攸县黄丰桥林场进行调查实验,通过对所采集的杉木数据的分析,获得杉木一级枝和二级枝枝长、枝根直径、仰角、方位角的分布规律,将其作为IFS变换的入口参数,构建杉木三维拓扑结构,并在.NET和DIRECTX9.0平台上开发了杉木可视化模拟系统,实现了杉木三维可视化模拟。     

森林资源信息三维可视化研究与实现

运用可视化技术,根据森林资源小班信息的特点,对地形和各种地物信息,包括道路、水系、树木、植被等进行建模,构建了一个森林资源信息三维可视化系统,并进行了渲染、特殊效果处理和优化,改善了森林资源三维景观可视化效果.     

干旱对树木叶片性状及抗旱生理的影响

干旱是树木生长过程中一种常见的逆境。树木为了适应干旱,在叶形态及解剖结构、叶片内含物质、渗透调节及酶调节等方面产生一系列生理变化,以保持渗透势的平衡和清除自由基,避免或者减轻细胞受到伤害。文中综述了干旱对树木叶片形态及解剖特性、比叶面积及叶面积指数、叶片气孔调节及光合生理、叶片内含物质、抗旱生理和叶片脱落及衰老等方面的影响。未来的研究热点是在大尺度上长期研究叶性状和抗旱生理的关系,对叶片性状及其环境进行协同研究,强化常见树木的主要栽培品种和珍稀树种的叶片抗旱研究,通过基因工程和分子育种技术筛选抗旱品种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.