Increasing oxidative stability in corn oils through extraction of γ-oryzanol from heat treated rice bran

Corn oil was mixed with heated rice bran with different extraction periods and ratios of rice bran to corn oil to extract γ-oryzanol from rice bran. Selected corn oils based on the content of γ-oryzanol were heated at 180 °C for 100 min or 60 °C for 16 days, and oxidative stability was evaluated. Corn oils recovered from the mixture of rice bran showed higher oxidative stability at both 60 and 180 °C treatment compared to control corn oils. At 180 °C, corn oils of a 1:5 ratio of rice bran to corn oil (w/w) showed higher oxidative stability than did those of 1:3 and 1:7 (w/w), whereas at 60 °C, corn oils of 1:7 (w/w) showed higher oxidative stability than did others. γ-Oryzanol can be extracted through a corn-oil mixture at 80–90 mg/100 g oil, which is about 4.0% recovery of 2244 mg/100 g crude rice-bran oil. Oxidative stability of corn oils increased significantly, partly because of the extraction of γ-oryzanol under current experimental conditions.     

Preparation, physicochemical and texture properties of texturized rice produce by Improved Extrusion Cooking Technology

Using broken rice and rice bran as raw material, texturized rice (TR) was prepared by Improved Extrusion Cooking Technology (IECT) in which gelatinization is formed by means of low temperature and high pressure. The expansion of extrudate was hardly changed so that TR showed similar texture properties and shape with polished rices. The effect of rice bran addition (0% and 4%) and IECT conditions, including feed moisture content (26.6-33.4%), screw speed (20.1-32.6 rpm) and shearing compression metering zone temperature (SCMT, 69.8-120.2 °C) on the physicochemical, texture and nutritional characteristics of TR, were investigated by response surface methodology using Central Composite Design. When the bran addition was 4%, feed moisture content was 30%, screw speed was 26.6 rpm, SCMT was 95 °C, prepared TR contained 16.61 ± 0.02% of total dietary fiber, 9.40 ± 0.04% of protein, 3.68 ± 0.03% of fat, 2.42 ± 0.02 μg/g of thiamin, 0.52 ± 0.01 μg/g of riboflavin and 16.07 ± 0.12 mg/100 g of γ-oryzanol (dry matter content). The content increase of TDF for TR was 15.81% and the content increases of nutrients for thiamin, riboflavin, and γ-oryzanol were 1.39 μg/g, 0.24 μg/g, and 8.99 mg/g dry matter content, respectively, compared with those of polished rice.     

The effect of infrared stabilized rice bran substitution on B vitamins,minerals and phytic acid content of pan breads: Part II

The effect of replacing wheat flour by infrared stabilized rice bran (SRB) at the levels of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% on the content of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, minerals and phytic acid in white wheat, wheat bran, and whole grain wheat breads was investigated. The incorporation of SRB significantly increased the amount of the noted B vitamins, especially niacin, in all bread types (p < 0.05). Zinc, iron, potassium and phosphorus levels of the breads increased gradually and significantly with the inclusion of SRB (p < 0.05). Moreover, phytic acid content of the breads increased proportional to the SRB substitution dose (p < 0.05).     

Effect of particle size of rice bran on gamma-oryzanol content and compounds

The reduction of particle size can facilitate the extraction of phytochemical compounds. In this study was evaluated the effect of rice bran particles size in the yield and characteristics of γ-oryzanol compound. The γ-oryzanol extraction was realized with hexane and isopropanol solvents and quantification by spectrophotometric method. The γ-oryzanol extracts were characterized in relation of theirs majority components in HPLC-UV and the antioxidant capacity verified by the free radical DPPH^● consumption. The γ-oryzanol yield varied of 0.10–1.54 mg/g of bran, and the highest yield was obtained in particles smaller than 0.39 mm. The γ-oryzanol majority components presence (cycloartenyl ferulate, 2,4-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate e β-sitosteryl ferulate) in the extracts was confirmed and verified differences in the profile of this components in function of different particles sizes. The γ-oryzanol extract obtained from particle sizes between 0.73 and 1.67 mm demonstrated most specific inhibition of DPPH radical (6.7%) and IC₅₀ 6.63 μg/mL. When the particle size is reduced, the access surface to the extraction solvent is increased resulting in more γ-oryzanol extraction, however the extract from larger particles was more efficient as antioxidant.     

The effect of infrared stabilized rice bran substitution on physicochemical and sensory properties of pan breads: Part I

Infrared stabilized rice bran (SRB) substitution to white wheat, wheat bran and whole grain wheat breads at the levels of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% was evaluated in terms of proximate composition, crumb color, dietary fiber, texture and sensory attributes. An increasing tendency was observed in crude fat and ash content of the breads. Redness (+a*), yellowness (+b*) chroma and redness (a*/b*) values were increased gradually with the addition of SRB. Crumb color was found to be darker when 10% of SRB was added to the breads. SRB inclusion did not affect the content of soluble dietary fiber while it significantly increased the insoluble and total dietary fiber contents of the breads (p < 0.05). In general, whole grain wheat bread differed from the other bread types in terms of textural behavior. Based on the overall acceptability scores, white wheat and wheat bran breads were sensory accepted up to 10% of flour replacement with rice bran, while substitution levels higher than 2.5% negatively affected the sensory scores of whole grain wheat bread.     

Quantitative analyses of individual γ-Oryzanol (Steryl Ferulates) in conventional and organic brown rice (Oryza sativa L.)

γ-Oryzanol (steryl ferulates; SF) has been shown to be a major bioactive compound in rice. To determine the content of individual γ-oryzanols in brown rice by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), purification of individual SF for use as an external standard is required. Four main SF were isolated from a commercial γ-oryzanol mixture and identified as cycloartenyl ferulate (1), 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate (2), campesteryl ferulate (3), and sitosteryl ferulate (4) based on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data. The SF contents between conventional and organic brown rice were qualitatively determined by HPLC using SF isolated from a commercial γ-oryzanol mixture as the external standard. The total γ-oryzanol content (mg/100 g) in organic brown rice (65.6 ± 2.7) was slightly higher (P < 0.05) than that found in conventional brown rice (60.2 ± 1.8). The content (mg/100 g) of 1 (21.2 ± 0.9) and 4 (9.8 ± 0.4) in organic brown rice was higher (P < 0.05) than that observed in conventional brown rice (1, 18.2 ± 1.1; 4, 8.5 ± 0.3). However, the content of 2 and 3 in the conventional and organic brown rice samples did not differ significantly. These results indicate that the cultivation methods do significantly alter the γ-oryzanol content for conventional and organic brown rice.     

Antioxidative properties of partially purified barley hordein, rice bran protein fractions and their hydrolysates

Antioxidative properties of proteins from barley and rice bran and their hydrolysates were examined. Three major hordein fractions of barley, B, C and D hordeins, were partially purified by gel filtration. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions of rice bran were fractioned by the Osborne method. Hydrolysates of these protein fractions were prepared by digesting with pepsin followed by trypsin. Antioxidant properties in terms of antioxidative activity against linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing activity without the lipid adjuvant were investigated. The globulin fraction from rice bran protein revealed the strongest antioxidative activity throughout the incubation time of 7 days (p ≤ 0.05). The albumin fraction of rice bran protein showed the highest reducing activity (6964 μmol of Fe²⁺) followed by globulin, prolamin, glutelin and hordein fractions with activities of 2904, 2017, 1809 and 1333 μmol of Fe²⁺, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Partially purified C hordein exhibited the highest reducing activity compared with B and D hordeins. Protein hydrolysates obtained after digestion with pepsin and trypsin exhibited much greater antioxidative, as well as reducing, activities than those from before digestion.     

Effect of various heat treatments on rancidity and some bioactive compounds of rice bran

Rice bran contains natural phytochemicals but unstable against hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity. Various heat treatments, such as dry-heating (DH), freeze-drying followed by dry-heating (FDDH), microwave heating (MH), autoclaving (AC), and ethanol vapor (EV) treatment were applied to rice bran and their effects on the storage stability at room temperature were evaluated. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of untreated rice bran gradually increased from 2.14 to 19.81% during 24 weeks, whereas those of the treated rice brans were not or marginally changed. The FFA content in DH samples was greater than that in FDDH samples, indicating the positive effect of freeze-drying prior to DH. Among the treatments, autoclaving was most effective in retarding the FFA formation. The tocol content in the rice brans varied with the treatments, ranging from 181.4 mg/kg (EV) to 310.6 mg/kg (AC), whereas that in untreated rice bran was 216.3 mg/kg. Amounts of other bio-functional components such as phytosterols and policosanols were either unchanged or increased by the treatments. Policosanol level was increased by all the heat treatments, but not affected by EV treatment, indicating that the thermal treatments induced the release of free policosanols.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of rice bran protein and its hydrolysates properties

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for extracting rice bran protein with a response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal condition was 1000 W of microwave power, 90 s of extraction time, and a solid to liquid ratio of 0.89 g rice bran/10 mL of distilled water. The protein yield of MAE was higher than that of alkaline extraction (ALK) by about 1.54-fold (P < 0.05), while the protein digestibility was similar. The protein hydrolysates (PHs) with at different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) (5.04, 10.37 and 15.04%) were produced by alcalase. The molecular weight (MW) of the rice bran protein concentrates (RBPC) and the PHs ranged between <11 kDa and 100 kDa. The excessive enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in a negative effect on water and oil absorption capacities. The PHs with DH15.04% acted as the strongest DPPH radical scavenger, ferric reducing agent, and also metal ion chelator (P < 0.05). However, a DH of 5.04% was sufficient for improving the functional properties of RBPC, especially foam ability and the emulsion activity index. This study suggests that the desirable properties of rice bran protein can be controlled with enzymatic modification.     

Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction,Health Benefit,and Its Industrial Application

Rice bran oil(RBO) is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition, phenolic compound(γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid) and vitamin E(tocopherol and tocotrienol). It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste and delicate flavour. Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods. Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO_2, microwave-assisted, subcritical H_2 O, enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasoundassisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO. The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed. The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO. This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food(cooking oil, milk product and meat product) and non-food industries(polymer, lubricant, biofuel, structural lipid and cosmetic). This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications and health benefits.     

Direct measurement of rice bran lipase activity for inactivation kinetics and storage stability prediction

Rice bran is a rich source of valuable nutrients and has potential for high-value applications. Endogenous lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of rice bran oil to free fatty acids, which initiates lipid oxidation. The evaluation of the success of rice bran stabilization processes in terms of the degree of lipid oxidation and shelf-life has so far relied on the measurement of free fatty acid content over a storage period of 3–6 months. In the present study, a photometric and a titrimetric pH-stat method for direct lipase activity measurement immediately after debranning were adapted to rice bran. The photometric method was further applied to determine rice bran lipase/esterase inactivation kinetics, which are useful to optimize stabilization treatments in order to prevent overprocessing and retain maximum level of nutrients. Rice bran was heat-treated in a specialized, hermetically sealable reactor at controlled holding times (5–40 min), temperatures (70–145 °C) and moisture contents (10–20%). Temperature dependency of the lipase/esterase inactivation rate could be described by the Arrhenius equation. Empirical findings on the importance of moisture content for effective rice bran stabilization could be quantified. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the great potential of the method to predict the shelf-life of stabilized rice bran without time-consuming storage tests.     

Isolation and antioxidative properties of phenolics-saponins rich fraction from defatted rice bran

The study presents a protocol for the preparation of phenolics-saponins rich fraction (PSRF), a new active nutraceutical from defatted rice bran followed by the determination of its antioxidant properties. PSRF was prepared by employing a simple alcoholic fractionation procedure on the crude alcoholic extract (CAE) of defatted rice bran. PSRF was found to be significantly higher in the contents of total phenolic, saponin, and steroidal saponin than CAE and its counterpart, aqueous fraction (AqF) (p < 0.05). Except for iron chelating activity, PSRF exhibited notably higher activity than CAE and AqF in all antioxidant activity assays performed (p < 0.05). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that PSRF contained substantially higher amounts of gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid than CAE and AqF (p < 0.05). In conclusion, alcoholic fractionation of CAE simultaneously concentrated the phenolic compounds and saponins into PSRF, thus contributed to its higher antioxidant activity. Due to its elevated antioxidant properties, PSRF may be recommended for investigation as an active ingredient in the nutraceutical, functional food, and natural food preservative formulations. This is also the first report suggesting defatted rice bran as a potential and sustainable source of saponins.     

Lipid profile of rats fed blends of rice bran oil in combination with sunflower and safflower oil

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of blended oils, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich vegetable oils like safflower oil (SFO) and sunflower oil (SNO) with the unconventional and hypocholesterolemic rice bran oil (RBO) on the serum lipid profile of rats. Rats fed RBO + SNO/SFO at 70:30 ratio for a period of 28 days showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in animals fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) and cholesterol free diet (CFD). Liver total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were also reduced. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was increased with use of RBO blends. RBO, which is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, may improve the oxidative stability of the blends. Tocotrienols are known to inhibit 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl, glutaryl CoA (HMG-COA) reductase (rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis), resulting in hypocholesterolemia. In addition to improving the lipid profile by lowering TC, TG and LDL-C and increasing HDL-C, blending of RBO with other oils can result in an economic advantage of lower prices.     

Differences in functional properties and biochemical characteristics of congenetic rice proteins

Proteins in brown rice (BR), white rice (WR) and rice bran (RB) were extracted from the same paddy rice and investigated for their components, functional properties and chemical characteristics by SDS-PAGE methodology. BR and WR proteins possessed a poor solubility under weak acid conditions due to a high content of glutenin and richness in higher molecular-weight (MW) protein fractions. Rice bran protein contained significantly lower molecular-weight components (MWs < 50 kDa) than those in WR and BR. Nitrogen solubility, foaming and emulsification properties of their rice protein preparations were affected not only by pH (3–11), but also by the concentrations of NaCl (0.4–2.0%) and sucrose (4.0–20.0%). All of them, particularly rice bran protein, had favorable functional properties in the medium with a high salt or sugar concentration. Therefore, they have a good potential for development in the food industry.     

Isolation and characterization of oil bodies from Oryza sativa bran and studies of their physical properties

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel and environmentally-conscious approach to the isolation of oil bodies (OBs) from the bran arising from the milling of Oryza sativa (Basmati rice). We have used several physical techniques to determine the effect of the steps of the process on the OBs, and describe an isolation process that is scalable to an industrial level. The physical techniques [microscopy, particle size determination (diameter 1.9–5.8 μm), ζ-potential (−40 mV at pH 8.0, 0 mV at pH 4.0, 17 mV at pH 2.0), and relative turbidity measurements (pH 3.0–5.0 unstable, pH 6.0–8.0 stable)] and chemical analyses (lipid 83.7%, protein 11.5% dry basis) also give us an insight into the physical properties of OBs in general. This understanding has implications for the use of OBs in food manufacturing, and on the isolation of OBs from a variety of cereal crops.     

利用米糠外添GAD制备γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件优化

以稻米加工副产品米糠为原料,采用单因素和正交实验确定了外添谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)制备γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的最佳工艺条件:GAD酶用量175u/g,酶解时间2h,pH5.5,酶解温度45℃。经验证实验,在最佳工艺条件下GABA生成量为1530.7mg/100g米糠。     

Enhancement of biologically active compounds in germinated brown rice and the effect of sun-drying

Germinated brown rice (GBR) has been suggested as an alternative approach to mitigate highly prevalent diseases providing nutrients and biologically active compounds. In this study, the content of γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity of soaked (for 24 h at 28 °C) and GBR (for 48 and 96 h at 28 °C and 34 °C) were determined and the effect of sun-drying as an economically affordable process was assessed. Germination improved the content of GABA, TPC and antioxidant activity in a time-dependent manner. Sun-drying increased γ-oryzanol, TPC and antioxidant activity, whereas GABA content fluctuated depending on the previous germination conditions. This study indicates that sun-drying is an effective sustainable process promoting the accumulation of bioactive compounds in GBR. Sun-dried GBR can be consumed as ready-to-eat food after rehydration or included in bakery products to fight non-communicable diseases.     

Characterization of xylan from rice bran and finger millet seed coat for functional food applications

The purpose of this work is to establish alternative renewable resources by a process of chemical free water based extraction of xylan which is an important plant component with diverse industrial applications including food and pharmaceuticals ones. In this respect, we have shown an alternative source of water soluble xylan (WSX) from rice bran which is usually wasted and seed coat of underutilized finger millet. Extractions were carried out using water at ambient temperature (25 ± 2° C). Hydrolysis and derivatization of the extracted WSX revealed the predominance of xylose followed by arabinose and glucose, with Ara/Xyl molar ratios of 0.55 and 0.68 respectively. Elemental analysis showed similarities in carbon and hydrogen, while nitrogen and sulfur contents showed some variations. Structural identification of β - glycosidic linkages and acetyl groups from the FTIR spectrum; β-D-1, 4-xylopyranose backbone with α-L-arabinofuranose and 4-0-methylglucuronic acid substituents evident from ¹H and ¹³C NMR confirmed the presence of xylan. Characteristics of the extracted WSX (SEM, particle size, XRD and TGA) showed similarities in the two sources. Thus both rice bran and finger millet seed coat are potential sources of xylan and further optimization of the process can provide economic and environmental benefits.     

Quantitative trait loci responsible for the difference in γ-oryzanol content in brown rice between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars

γ-Oryzanol is a main oleophilic component in rice bran oil and has been well recognized as a good dietary supplement for human health, as well as having uses in industrial materials. japonica-type rice cultivars generally showed significantly higher contents of total γ-oryzanol in brown rice compared with indica-type cultivars, although within-group variation was significant. The objective of this study was to explore quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the difference in the γ-oryzanol content between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs), backcross inbred lines (BILs), and corresponding chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from crosses between japonica-type and indica-type. Results from RILs and BILs showed that eight QTLs were detected with R² from .09 to .16. Nine candidate regions for QTL were also suggested from corresponding CSSLs. These QTLs from RILs and BILs and the candidate regions from CSSLs were not overlapped, although one QTLs was mapped near the boundaries of the respective candidate region. At four QTLs and three candidate regions, alleles or segments from japonica-type caused higher contents than those from indica-type. On the other hand, at the other four QTLs and six candidate regions, alleles or segments from indica-type caused higher contents than those from japonica-type, which is a reverse result to the parental differences. This result strongly suggested that alleles with increasing effects on γ-oryzanol content could be accumulated not only from japonica-type but also from indica-type, leading to a potential for increase in γ-oryzanol content in future breeding programs.     

Hydrothermal and biotechnological treatments on nutraceutical content and antioxidant activity of rice bran

The effect of processing such as steaming, germination and parboiling on nutraceuticals and in vitro bioactive properties of rice bran from three different rice varieties namely Jyothi (pigmented), IR64 and Sona masuri (non-pigmented) were investigated. Within the varieties envisaged, pigmented Jyothi variety contained higher levels of vitamin E, soluble, bound and total polyphenol, flavanoids, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity. Direct steam exposure of bran resulted in an increase in, ether extractives and oryzanol, as well as retention of all the vitamin E components, bound polyphenols, flavonoids and decrease in soluble and total polyphenol content, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity compared to native. Parboiling as well as germination of paddy resulted in an increase, in the content of ether extractives and oryzanol, whereas other bioactive properties decreased compared to native. Hence it may be concluded that bioactive components and antioxidant properties were significantly higher in Jyothi bran compared to the other two paddy brans, and processing leads to changes in bioactive properties with maximum retention of bioactive components in the steamed bran.