退耕地三倍体毛白杨林地细根生物量及其与土壤水稳性团聚体的关系

以未退耕的陡坡耕地作对比,对退耕还林(草)4年后2种草本层模式的三倍体毛白杨林地进行≤1 mm细根生物量及土壤水稳性团聚体(WSA)含量的研究.结果表明:2种林地的林木细根生物量均为上层＞中层＞下层,比值均约为50:30:20,黑麦草林地林木细根年平均生物量约为自然草林地的2倍;但就总细根量来说,自然单根系大于黑麦草根系,是黑麦草的4.4倍;林地的水稳性团聚体含量和未退耕地在总量上差别不大,但林地上层和中层大粒级的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于未退耕地;相关性分析结果表明,≤1 mm细根能提高大粒级及水稳性团聚体含量及水稳性团聚体总量.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of fine roots of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest

The soil-plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC). The water uptake by plant roots is an important subject in the research on water transport in this SPAC and is also the most active study direction in the fields of ecology, hydrology and environment. The study of the spatial distribution pattern of fine roots of plants is the basis of constructing a water absorption model of plant roots. Our study on the spatial distribution pattern of fine roots of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest shows that the density distribution of its root lengths can be expressed horizontally as a parabola. The fine roots are concentrated within the range of 0–350 cm from the tree trunk and their amount accounts for 91.9% of the total root mass within the space of 0–500 cm. In the vertical direction, the density distribution of the fine root lengths shows a negative exponential relation with soil depth. The fine roots are concentrated in the 0–80 cm soil layer, accounting for 96.8% of the total root mass in the 0–140 cm soil layer. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(1): 1–4 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

毛白杨农田防护林带细根分布特征

研究了无断根沟的17 a生一路双行毛白杨农田防护林的细根特征。结果表明,在距林带5.0m范围和100 cm深农田内的单位土体细根特征值为:根重92.20g/m3,根长641.01m/m3,根表面积1.058 8m2/m3,根体积103.7 cm3/m3,根尖数301 481个/m3。农田内的各细根特征值都随距林带的距离的增加而降低,基本上随着土壤深度先增加后降低,较高值出现在距林带1.5m范围内的20~40 cm或40~60 cm土层,在1.5m到3.0m的区间迅速或明显降低,在3.0m或5.0m以外则缓慢降低并且细根特征的最大值上升到10~20 cm土层。由此可见,根系胁地最强的范围应在距林带3m以内。     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

退耕还林地三倍体毛白杨与黑麦草复合模式细根和草根的分解动态

在天全县的退耕还林地中，对三倍体毛白杨＋黑麦草模式细根和草根的分解及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分释放动态进行研究。细根Ф0～1mm、Ф1～2mm、Ф0～2mm及草根的第1年干质量损失率分别为73．97％、69．80％、73．44％和79．53％，应用对数方程模拟细根和草根的分解过程，拟合程度较好（R^2〉0．9，P〈0．01），分解50％所需的时间分别为210、252、243和185d。细根分解过程中，P、K、Mg的含量下降，N、Ca的含量增加。草根分解过程中，养分元素的含量都呈现出不规则的波动变化，整体上没有明显的规律性。在细根分解过程中，P、K、Mg的养分释放率与其干质量损失率的变化趋势相似，分解前期增加较快，随后上升趋于平缓，而N、Ca的养分释放率增加整体比较平缓，元素分解速率均以P最快，其次是K、Mg，而N、Ca最慢；而草根分解过程中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的养分释放率初期增加都比较快，随后趋于平缓，并且元素分解速率呈现不规则变化，其中Ca分解率最慢，其他元素的分解率相近。由于细根和草根在垂直分布上的差异，整个生态系统中，土壤上下层地下凋落物的主要种类也有所不同，因而有利于三倍体毛白杨＋黑麦草生态系统的可持续发展。     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～...     

Biomass of fine and small roots in two Japanese black pine stands of different ages

The biomass and the spatial distribution of fine and small roots were studied in two Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) stands growing on a sandy soil. More biomass of fine and small roots was found in the 17-year-old than in the 40-year-old stand. There were 62 g m⁻² of fine roots and 56 g m⁻² of small roots in the older stand, which represented mean values of 608 g for fine and 552 g for small roots per tree, respectively. In the younger stand, a total of 85 g m⁻² of fine roots and 66 g m⁻² of small roots were determined, representing a mean of 238 g for fine and 186 g for small roots per tree, respectively. Fine and small root biomasses decreased linearly with a soil depth of 0–50 cm in the older stand. In the younger stand, the fine and small roots developed only up to a depth of 30 cm. Horizontal distributions (with regard to distance from a tree) of both root groups were homogeneous. A positive correlation in the amount of biomass of fine and small roots per m² relative to tree size was found. Fine and small root biomasses increased consistently from April to July in both stands. The results also indicated earlier growth activity of the fine roots than small roots at the beginning of the growing season. The seasonal increases in fine and small root biomasses were slightly higher in the younger stand than the older stand.     

巨桉枯落物持水特性、细根生物量及其关系

本试验研究了一个林龄序列的巨桉林地枯落物储量、持水量、吸水率、土壤持水性能等与细根生物量关系,结果表明：（1）枯落物现存量在不同林龄林分中表现为5 a〉6 a〉2 a〉4 a〉1 a〉3 a。不同时期变化趋势为,7—10月凋落量（5.581 t·hm-2）〉1—4月凋落量（1.619 t·hm-2）〉10—1月的凋落量（0.152 t·hm-2）;（2）枯落物持水量的变异性较大,同一个季节不同林龄林分的枯落物持水量差异显著,1~6 a平均持水量分别为：9.804 0、12.821 8、7.7508、5.949 8、17.004 2和14.459 6 t·hm-2。枯落物吸水率与浸泡时间呈现极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,其季节差异在浸泡的前4~6 h表现很明显,一般为秋〉冬〉夏〉春季;林龄差异表现表现为4年生巨桉林枯落物的吸水率最差,1年生的最好;（3）各林龄林分细根生物量在不同季节的基本趋势是：秋〉夏〉春〉冬季（P〈0.01）。林龄趋势为：6年生细根生物量最大（0.906 3 t·hm-2）,3年生最小（0.537 7 t·hm-2）。巨桉幼龄林（1~2 a）细根生物量与枯落物持水量及其浸泡时间显著相关,随着林龄的增长,这种关系不明显。     

Interspecific competition impacts on the morphology and distribution of fine roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Morphology and vertical distribution patterns of spruce and beech live fine roots (diameter ≤2 mm) were studied using a soil core method in three comparable mature stands in the Solling: (1) pure beech, (2) pure spruce and (3) mixed spruce–beech. This study was aimed at determining the effects of interspecific competition on fine root structure and spatial fine root distribution of both species. A vertical stratification of beech and spruce fine root systems was found in the mixed stand due to a shift in beech fine roots from upper to lower soil layers. Moreover, compared to pure beech, a significantly higher specific root length (SRL, P<0.05) and specific surface area (SSA, P<0.05) were found for beech admixed with spruce (pure beech/mixed beech SRL 16.1–23.4 m g⁻¹, SSA 286–367 cm² g⁻¹). Both indicate a flexible ‘foraging’ strategy of beech tending to increase soil exploitation and space sequestration efficiency in soil layers less occupied by competitors. Spruce, in contrast, followed a more conservative strategy keeping the shallow vertical rooting and the root morphology quite constant in both pure and mixed stands (pure spruce/mixed spruce SRL 9.6/7.7 m g⁻¹, P>0.10; SSA 225/212 cm² g⁻¹, P>0.10). Symmetric competition belowground between mixed beech and spruce was observed since live fine roots of both species were under-represented compared to pure stand. However, the higher space sequestration efficiency suggests a higher competitive ability of beech belowground.     

拉萨-林芝植被样带不同群落类型的细根生物量

细根通常是指植被地下根系中直径小于2 nun的根,其生产和周转直接影响着整个生态系统的碳平衡和养分循环.在森林生态系统中约3%～84%(大部分为10%-60%)的净初级生产力被用于细根的生产(张小全等,2001);而细根的周转则是森林土壤C累积的最大输入量,如果忽略细根的生产、死亡和分解,土壤有机物质和养分元素的周转将被低估20%-80%(Vogt et al.,1986;1996).     

Estimation of the biomass of fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi: a case study in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand

As part of a study on soil carbon flow in forest ecosystems, the biomass of fine roots (2.0mm in diameter) and root-associated fungi, including ectomycorrhizal fungi, were estimated in the summer season in 1998 at a Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) stand in western Japan. Fine roots of pine were classified into three categories: class I roots (0.5–2.0mm in diameter), long class II roots (long roots with diameter 0.5mm; II_L), and short class II roots (short roots with diameter 0.5mm; II_S). Total biomass of fine roots (I + II_L + II_S) at this stand was estimated to be 91.0gm^–2, about 23% of which was class II roots (II_L + II_S). Ergosterol, which is a component of fungal membranes, was analyzed to estimate the biomass of root-associated fungi in roots. In the upper soil layers (from the surface to 13.4cm in depth), ergosterol contents in the class I, II_L and II_S roots were in the ranges 43.1–82.2, 126.1–196.3 and 271.2–321.0µgg^–1 root DW, respectively. The ergosterol content was converted to fungal biomass using the median (minimum–maximum) value of ergosterol concentration reported for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Root-associated fungal biomass in this stand was estimated to be 2.0 (0.5–9.6) gm^–2. The data suggest the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the P. densiflora stand is small compared with that in other forest ecosystems.     

Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of fine roots in a mixed forest ofCunninghamia lanceolata andTsoongiodendron odorum

From September 1999 to July 2000, N and P concentrations of fine roots were measured with the method of sequential soil core at bimonthly intervals in a mixed forest of Tsoong's tree (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in Sanming, Fujian. The results showed that N, P concentration of Chinese fir and Tsoong's tree in fine roots were negatively related to root diameter size. The concentrations of N and P in living roots and dead roots were compared. The order of N concentration in fine roots in different samples was Tsoong's tree>undergrowth>Chinese fir, while that of P was undergrowth>Tsoong's tree>Chinese fir. For Chinese fir, the seasonal change of N, P concentrations in fine roots with various diameter classes showed a single-apex curve with a maximum in September. For Tsoong's tree, maximized concentration of N in fine roots appeared in July or September and maximized P concentration in May. Foundation item: The project was supported by The Foundation of Post-doctoral Research of China (1999, No 10), the Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education, and the Research Programs on Basic Theory of Fujian Province (2000F004). Biography: YANG Yu-sheng (1964-), male, professor in Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Nanping 353001, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Space-time dynamics of fine root biomass of six forests in the Maoershan forest region, northeast China

The Maoershan forestry centre is situated in the Zhangguangcai Mountain of the Changbai mountain range. The main forest types in the Maoershan region are plantation (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Larix gmelinii) and natural secondary forests (Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica and Populus davidiana). Fine roots have enormous surface areas, growing and turning over quickly, which plays an important role in terms of substance cycling and energy flow in the forest ecosystem. This study deals with the dynamics of live, dead, and total fine roots (≤ 5 mm) biomass in the 0–30 cm soil layer using the soil core method. Differences between the six stands in the Maoershan region showed the following results: 1) the fine root biomass in the various stands showed obvious differences. The total fine root biomass of six stands from high to low were F. mandshurica (1,030.0 g/m²) > Q. mongolica (973.4 g/m²) > Pinus koraiensis (780.9 g/m²) > L. gmelinii (718.2 g/m²) > Populus davidiana (709.1 g/m²) > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (470.4 g/m²); 2) except for L. gmelinii, the development of live fine root biomass agreed with the trend of total fine root biomass. The maximum biomass of live fine roots in Pinus koraiensis or L. gmelinii stand appeared in May, others in June; in the F. mandshurica stand, the minimum biomass of live fine roots occurred in September, others in July or August; 3) the proportions of dead fine root biomass varied in different stands; 4) the vertical distribution of fine roots was affected by temperature, water, and nutrients; the proportion of fine root biomass was concentrated in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The fine root biomass of six stands in the 0–10 cm soil layer was over 40% of the total fine root biomass; this proportion was 60.3% in F. mandshurica. Space-time dynamics of the various stands had different characteristics. When investigating the substance cycling and energy flows of all forest ecosystems, we should consider the characteristics of different stands in order to improve the precision of our estimates. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(6): 13–19 [译自: 林业科学]     

Heterogeneity of individual roots within the fine root architecture: causal links between physiological and ecosystem functions

This review covers the heterogeneity in functions within the fine root architecture in order to clarify the multiple functions of fine roots. Many fine root characteristics, such as anatomy, physiology, morphology, and their consequences for the ecosystem, differ among root ages and ontogenetic branching hierarchies. Individual root age can be characterized by tissue development, with the main tissues developing from primary to secondary tissues. The physiological characteristics of individual roots, such as absorptivity and respiration rates, decrease with increasing branching order, mainly because of aging and tissue development. The C/N ratio and lignin and suberin contents also increase with branching order because of root aging. Morphological characteristics, such as diameter and specific root length, differ among root orders because of both aging and ontogenetic differences. The mortality of individual roots differs among branching orders and root diameters. The life cycles of roots in the fine root architecture, that is, ephemeral and perennial, indicate ontogenetic differences in functions and demographic traits, similar to those for leaves and branches in shoots. In addition, differences in individual root life cycles may affect the root chemical composition, in turn, affecting the decomposition rate. Future studies should seek to identify heterorhizic units in mortality related to anatomical, physiological, and morphological differences for various species. The decomposition processes of each mortality unit within the fine root architecture are also important in understanding the link between physiological and ecosystem functions.     

不同年龄巨桉林土壤呼吸及其与土壤温度和细根生物量的关系

采用SRS-1000便携式土壤呼吸仪对四川省丹陵县集体林区巨桉短轮伐期1～6年生林分的土壤呼吸速率和5 cm土壤温度进行测量,并采用根钻法在不同季节测量所有年龄巨桉林活细根(＜2咖)生物量.结果表明:1)不同年龄巨桉林每月初期土壤呼吸速率在0.35~1.71 μmol·m~(-2) s~(-1)间波动,季节趋势为,夏季(1.35)＞秋季(1.16)＞春季(0.62)＞冬季(0.41 μmol·m~(-2) s~(-1))(P＜0.01).1-6年生的巨桉林土壤呼吸速率年均值表现出"高-低-高"的趋势(P＜0.01),6年生巨桉林土壤呼吸速率最高;2)土壤呼吸速率月变化与土壤温度存在显著相关性.用月初动态拟合的1-6年生林分土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q_(10)大小为:4年生(2.29)＞1年生(2.03)＞6年生(1.95)＞3年生(1.88)＞2年生(1.83)＞5年生(1.73)(P＜0.01);3)土壤温度和0～50 cm细根生物量与土壤呼吸速率具有二元线性回归关系(r=0.964 0),它们对土壤呼吸的季节变化贡献率基本相等.     

油松蒙古栎混交林细根生物量及养分现存量研究

应用固定样地调查生物量的方法,在辽宁省建平县干旱所南大山试验区进行了油松蒙古栎混交林细根生物量和养分现存量的研究。结果表明,混交林的细根生物量大于油松纯林,两树种混栽后蒙古栎能促进油松的细根生长,提高油松细根生物量在混交林中的比例;混交林细根在各土层中分布得比纯林更均匀、更合理,两树种根系生长协调;混交林细根N、P养分现存量分别是纯林的1.1倍和1.2倍,可见混交林细根具有比纯林更高的养分积累和周转能力;纯林和混交林人工林的各径级活细根和死细根养分现存量都随细根径级的增加而减少,说明≤2 mm径级的细根在细根的养分循环中起主导作用。     

不同树龄油茶林分中土壤养分的变化特征及对细根生物量的影响

以岑溪软枝油茶(Cenxi soft branch Camellia oleifera)无性系林分为研究对象,分析幼龄期(2年生)、结果初期(5年生)和盛产期(8年生) 3种林分中土壤养分的变化特征及对细根生物量的影响。结果表明:3种油茶林分中土壤养分总量差异显著,2年生油茶林分中有机质和水解性氮含量最高,5年油茶林分中有效磷含量最高,8年生油茶林分中速效钾含量最高。水平方向上,4种土壤养分在不同林地中分布较为均匀;垂直方向上,4种养分主要分布在土壤中上层0～30 cm处,整体上元素含量随着土层深度的加深而减少。偏相关分析表明:水解性氮对细根生物量的作用主要表现在40～60 cm土层;有效磷细根生物量的影响主要体现在10～40 cm土层,表现为不同程度的正相关性;速效钾对细根生物量的影响主要体现在10～20 cm土层中,表现为显著的负相关。有机质和有效磷与细根生物量呈极显著相关。     

Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots of trees under agrisilvicultural practices in north-east India

An understanding of the rooting pattern of tree species used in agroforestry systems is essential for the development and management of systems involving them. Seasonal variation, depth wise and lateral distribution of biomass in roots of different diameter classes and their annual production were studied using sequential core sampling. The investigations were carried out in four tree species under tree only and tree+crop situations at ICAR Research Farm, Barapani (Meghalya), India. The tree species were mandarin (Citrus reticulata), alder (Alnus nepalensis), cherry (Prunus cerasoides) and albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria). The contribution of fine roots to the total root biomass ranged from 87% in albizia to 77% in mandarin. The bulk of the fine roots (38% to 47%) in the four tree species was concentrated in the upper 10 cm soil layer, but the coarse roots were concentrated in 10–20 cm soil depth in alder (46%) and albizia (51%) and at 0–10 cm in cherry (41%) and mandarin (48%). In all the four tree species, biomass of both fine- and coarse-roots followed a unimodal growth curve by showing a gradual increase from spring (pre-rainy) season to autumn (post rainy) season. Biomass to necromass ratio varied between 2 to 3 in the four tree species. The maximum (3.2) ratio was observed during spring and the minimum (2) in the rainy season. In alder and albizia, the fine roots were distributed only up to 1 m distance from the tree trunk but in the other two species they were found at a distance up to 1.5 m from the tree trunk. The annual fine root production varied from 3.6 Mg ha^–1 to 6.2 Mg ha^–1 and total production from 4.2 to 8.4 Mg ha^–1 in albizia to mandarin, respectively. Cherry and mandarin had a large number of woody roots in the surface layers which pose physical hindrance during soil working and intercultural operations under agroforestry. But the high biomass of roots of these two species may be advantageous for sequential or spatially separated agroforestry systems. However, alder and albizia have the most desirable rooting characteristics for agroforestry systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.