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1.
典型龟裂碱土土壤光谱特征影响因素研究   总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为了提高基于土壤光谱特征预测土壤盐渍化程度的准确性,需要研究土壤光谱特征的因素影响。该文通过对野外、室内预处理、不同含水率、粒径和粗糙度条件下龟裂碱土表层土壤光谱的测定,系统研究了不同因素对龟裂碱土光谱特征的影响。结果表明:土壤碱化程度越强表层土壤光谱反射率越高,在450~925 nm范围内,碱土表层野外光谱反射率比重度、中度、轻度碱化土壤和非碱化土壤野外光谱反射率高7.36%、23.18%、32.10%和39.97%;765、945和974 nm附近是龟裂碱土盐渍化信息的敏感波段;相同土壤经过室内预处理后反射率明显低于野外土壤,且预处理后不同碱化程度土壤间光谱反射率差异也小于野外光谱。土壤含水率较低时,随着土壤含水率的增加土壤光谱反射率逐渐降低,但当含水率高于田间持水率时土壤反射率随土壤含水率的增加而增加,在整个研究波段含水率为26.45%时土壤反射率较含水率为22.33%和25.39%的反射率平均分别升高39.68%和19.79%。土壤粒径越小反射率越高,较大粒径土壤在760~768 nm形成独特的\"双峰\"现象。土壤粒径越大反射率受表面粗糙度的影响越小,且土壤表面越粗糙光谱吸收率越大。整体来讲,在450~1000 nm波段范围内,不同碱化程度的龟裂碱土野外表层土壤光谱特征差异显著;室内经过预处理后的龟裂碱土土壤光谱特征差异主要取决于土壤含水率,而碱化程度和土壤表面粗糙度的变化对其影响较小。该研究可以为龟裂碱土盐渍化信息的准确预测提供科学依据。  相似文献   

2.
对宁夏回族自治区银北地区盐碱地野外土壤表层光谱反射率和土壤全盐及盐分进行定量分析,筛选出各土壤盐分指标的敏感波段,然后采用全回归和逐步回归的方法建立各盐分的预测模型。结果表明:表层土壤高光谱反射率r,及其平滑去嗓处理后的值R,lg(R)与全盐含量呈极显著正相关关系,1/R,lg(1/R)与全盐呈极显著负相关关系,(R)'和〔lg(1/R)〕'在特定单波段处表现较佳;土壤表层光谱反射率与CO32-的相关性最强,其次是SO42-;土壤光谱反射率与Na+的相关性在各种变换方法下均较强,其次为Mg2+,与Ca2+的相关性最弱。基于R的逐步回归方程为全盐含量预测的最佳模型;基于土壤光谱反射率拟合土壤CO32-的准确度略高于对土壤HCO3-;敏感波段估测土壤SO42-含量的决定系数明显高于其他阴离子;采用〔lg(1/R)〕'逐步回归得到的方程拟合土壤Na+,K+和Mg2+含量相对于其他变换方式效果更理想。预测模型中对土壤全盐和Na+的模型精度较高,预测能力强;光谱对土壤SO42-和Mg2+的预测能力也较强;对土壤Cl-和Ca2+的预测稳定性、预测能力和精度都较差。  相似文献   

3.
脱硫石膏施用下宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过室内土柱淋洗试验,开展了脱硫石膏施用下不同淋洗水量对宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移影响的研究,结果表明:脱硫石膏施用下龟裂碱土随着入渗时间的增加,湿润锋深度和累积入渗水量呈先急剧增加再缓慢增加的趋势;0~20 cm土层土壤pH值、碱化度和全盐量均有较大幅度的降低;连续淋洗条件下,最大脱盐深度位于40~60 cm土层;0~40 cm土层,随入渗水量的增加土壤脱盐率缓慢增加,其中0~20 cm土层处理1到处理4土壤脱盐率分别为79.72%、89.88%、91.93%和92.22%;随淋洗水量的增加,0~20 cm土层主要盐分离子易于溶脱的顺序为Mg2+>Cl->SO2-4>Na+> HCO3-, Mg2+溶脱率最大,可达到100%,20~40 cm土层主要盐分离子易于溶脱的顺序为Na+>Cl->Mg2+, Na+溶脱率最大,可达到91.42%, HCO3-和SO2-4含量则先增加后降低,0~40 cm土层Na+、 Cl-、 Mg2+随淋洗水量的增加淋洗效果更为明显。  相似文献   

4.
滴灌枸杞对龟裂碱土几种酶活性的改良效应   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
张体彬  康跃虎  万书勤  冯浩 《土壤学报》2015,52(6):1392-1400
在盐碱地改良利用过程中,有必要研究土壤酶活性变化,以评价土壤环境质量的改善。龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地主要分布在我国西北旱区,该土壤碱化度高,结构差,导水率极低。2009年,采用滴头下设置沙穴的方式滴灌种植枸杞,开垦利用该盐碱荒地。2011年枸杞生长季末,在不同种植年限地块土壤剖面上网格状密集取土,进行土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性的测定。结果表明,未种植土壤3种酶活性极低;滴灌种植之后,随着根区土壤水盐特性和养分状况的改善,土壤酶活性显著增加。就整个土壤剖面而言,土壤酶活性自根区向四周逐渐降低,表现出较大的空间变异性。相关性和通径分析结果显示,土壤p H始终是影响该土壤酶活性的主要因子,且在p H7.38~10.00的范围内,3种酶活性随土壤p H的增大呈指数式减小(p0.01)。总之,滴灌种植枸杞之后,龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地土壤生物学性质得到显著改善。  相似文献   

5.
水盐调控措施改良龟裂碱土提高油葵产量   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
针对龟裂碱地土质坚硬、渗透性差和改良利用难等问题,该文研究水盐调控措施对宁夏龟裂碱土改良效果及种植油葵的产量影响。在统一施用脱硫石膏28 t/hm2、糠醛渣22.5 t/hm2和淋洗定额4500 m3/hm2的基础上,通过3 a的田间对比试验,研究了添加黄沙、深松、土槽、黄沙+深松、黄沙+土槽、深松+土槽和黄沙+深松+土槽7个不同处理对龟裂碱土的土壤理化性能及种植油葵生长的影响,并与不添加脱硫石膏和糠醛渣只采取淋洗措施(淋洗定额4500 m3/hm2,CK)的改良效果进行比较。试验结果表明:在黄沙+深松+土槽的条件下,第1年土壤0~40 cm的pH值、电导率及碱化度比CK pH值、电导率和碱化度分别下降了22%、95%和71%,第3年分别下降了36.6%、98.2%和88.7%;0~40 cm土层的渗透率、pH值、电导率和碱化度降低程度:黄沙+深松+土槽深松+土槽黄沙+深松深松黄沙+土槽土槽黄沙,各处理与CK相比效果显著(P0.01)。黄沙+深松+土槽处理的油葵产量比深松+土槽、黄沙+深松、黄沙+土槽、深松、土槽和黄沙处理分别增加16%、19%、15%、28%、20%和21%。综上,黄沙+深松+土槽措施可显著改良龟裂碱土,为龟裂碱地荒地开发利用水盐调控提供高效的技术支撑和可持续发展具有指导意义。  相似文献   

6.
基于水稻冠层植被指数的龟裂碱土盐碱化信息预测研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
土壤盐碱化是危及农业生产的重大生态环境问题,遥感技术可以通过植被冠层光谱来估测土壤的盐碱化程度。试验结果表明:土壤pH与ESP(exchangeable sodium saturation percentage)之间有极显著相关关系;随着生育期的推移,水稻冠层NDVI逐渐增大,RVI逐渐减小,孕穗期水稻冠层NDVI值最高,RVI值最低。从拔节期到乳熟期的水稻冠层NDVI和RVI与相应时期的土壤pH和ESP都有较好的相关性,而且随着作物生长期的延伸,NDVI估测土壤pH和ESP的准确性有增加的趋势;返青期和分蘖期相关性不稳定。NDVI和RVI对pH和ESP估测的精度无显著性差异,但NDVI对ESP的估测效果更好一些。所以,从拔节期到乳熟期,通过水稻冠层植被指数可以较准确地预测龟裂碱土的碱化程度。  相似文献   

7.
王旭  孙兆军  韩磊  马飞  王芳  何俊 《农业工程学报》2017,33(22):143-151
针对龟裂碱土质地黏重、透水性差、难以改良利用等瓶颈问题,该研究采用砾石暗沟改良技术,在统一施用脱硫石膏22.5 t/hm2和淋洗定额4 500 m~3/hm~2的基础上,研究不同暗沟间距(3、6、9 m)及砾石垫层厚度(25、30、35 cm)对龟裂碱土理化性质、盐分离子浓度、油葵产量的影响。试验结果表明:1)灌水洗盐过程中砾石暗沟的设置有利于提高土壤渗透性,保持脱盐状态,暗沟间距越小脱盐效果越显著;2)砾石暗沟处理下土壤Na~+、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Cl~-浓度显著减少,其中Na~+是最主要阳离子,其Cl~-的相关性最大,其次为SO_4~(2-);3)在暗沟间距3 m、砾石层厚度35 cm的处理下(T3),第1年0~40 cm土层pH值、碱化度分别比CK(无暗沟处理)降低11.6%、32.2%,第2年分别降低12.4%、39.6%;4)T3处理油葵出苗率和产量最高,第1年产量为CK的2.87倍,第2年为CK的3.44倍。因此,砾石暗沟能促进脱硫石膏改善龟裂碱土理化性质,提高作物产量。  相似文献   

8.
脱硫石膏糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土的改良洗盐效果   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
为了探讨脱硫石膏及糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土改良洗盐效果,在统一施用脱硫石膏(28 t/hm2)的基础上,该文于2012年在宁夏平罗县西大滩农场,研究了不同淋洗水平(3 600、4 500和4 800 m3/hm2)和不同糠醛渣施用量(0、15、22.5和30 t/hm2)对新垦龟裂碱土碱化度、总碱度、pH值、全盐及盐分离子分布特征、油葵出苗生长及产量的影响。结果表明:在淋洗水量4 500 m3/hm2和施用糠醛渣(22.5 t/hm2)的条件下,土壤0~20 cm深的pH值由初始的9.65降到了7.6(P<0.05),碱化度、总碱度和全盐分别下降了60.2%、39.2%和69.1%,油葵产量3 195.8 kg/hm2,碱土改良效果明显,表明适当的脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、淋洗量可降低土壤盐分增加油葵产量。结果可为新垦龟裂碱地的改良利用、水盐调控提供依据。  相似文献   

9.
   探究散水介质滴灌条件下龟裂碱土水盐运移规律。   室内设置土柱试验研究散水介质滴灌条件下龟裂碱土水分、电导率和pH的变化规律。   一维垂直入渗条件下散水介质滴灌较定水头入渗水分扩散速率更快,稳定入渗阶段散水介质滴灌垂直湿润峰扩散速率提高了50.3%,两种灌溉方式水盐分布规律基本一致。二维条件下垂直方向湿润峰扩散速率高于水平方向,水分再分布过程中以散水介质和龟裂碱土界面处碱土表层土壤为中心向外扩散;散水介质水平距离10 cm时,相邻灌水器形成的湿润体在96 h逐渐搭接整体向外淋洗盐分;电导率 < 2 dS m−1的脱盐区pH < 9,电导率介于2 ~ 4 dS m−1的脱盐区土壤pH值较原土逐渐降低,脱盐区边缘电导率介于4 ~ 10 dS m−1,pH值显著高于原土,积盐区边缘pH值较原土略下降。   散水介质滴灌能够显著增加龟裂碱土的水分入渗速率,并在灌水器下方快速形成脱盐区,脱盐初期土壤碱化现象明显且与脱盐程度密切相关,生产实践中应采取相应的措施避免pH值过高影响植物生长。  相似文献   

10.
目的探讨滴灌改良利用龟裂碱土方法中散水介质规格对剖面水盐运移特征的影响,研究结果为散水介质规格的选择提供科学依据。方法通过室内土柱模拟试验,在一维和二维条件下对比分析了不同散水介质规格对龟裂碱土水盐运移特征的影响。结果一维垂直入渗条件下,平铺型散水介质的深度在0 ~ 10 cm越小或10 ~ 15 cm越大,均能获得较高的垂直湿润峰扩散速度,随散水介质深度减小,灌水频率增加,促进了盐分淋洗。二维入渗条件下,垂直湿润峰入渗速率大于水平湿润峰入渗速率,稳定入渗阶段两者均随半球型散水介质直径的增加而下降,但单位灌溉水盐分淋洗效率降低,单位时间盐分淋洗效率不变,散水介质直径 ≥ 20 cm时水分扩散速率变化趋缓。结论不同散水介质规格改变了灌水频率和单次灌水量,进而影响龟裂碱土的水分入渗和盐分淋洗过程。实际应用中在考虑灌溉水淋洗效率的同时要兼顾经济效益,满足一年生植物生长需求后散水介质深度越小越好,而多年生作物采用半球型散水介质时直径不易超过20 cm。  相似文献   

11.
The effect of salinity on the efficacy of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum, alone and in combination was investigated on growth, development and nutrition of Acacia auriculiformis. Plants were grown under different salinity levels imposed by 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 S m-1 solutions of 1 M NaCl. Both mycorrhizal fungi protected the host plant against the detrimental effect of salinity. The extent of AM response on growth as well as root colonization varied with fungal species, and with the level of salinity. Maximum root colonization and spore production was observed with combined inoculation, which resulted in greater plant growth at all salinity levels. AM fungal inoculated plants showed significantly higher root and shoot weights. Greater nutrient acquisition, changes in root morphology, and electrical conductivity of soil in response to AM colonization was observed, and may be possible mechanisms to protect plants from salt stress.  相似文献   

12.
本文研究了种植条件下不同调控措施对土壤表层5cm处电导率的影响状况并将表层电导率变化曲线划分为三个阶段.分析了施肥、灌溉、覆盖、以及施用改良剂等调控措施,对土壤盐分在不同阶段的过程及机理的差异.施肥、灌溉主要是在作物生长后期对水盐运移发挥作用 ,而施用改良剂对前期水平间的差异较大,后期可降低土壤表层电导率.在影响程度上,施 肥与灌溉水平间的差异比覆盖和施用改良剂要明显.  相似文献   

13.
    
Abstract. An airborne electromagnetic survey yields a three-dimensional map of ground electrical conductivity. The remotely sensed data are translated into salt load by field and laboratory calibration: drilling, measurement of borehole conductivity, electrical conductivity of 1:5 soil–water extracts (EC1:5) and chemical analysis of pore fluids. Using these field measurements, the conductivity map is calibrated by constraining model parameters within limits defined by the measured values. Once the airborne data is calibrated, we can derive a regional constant ( K salt) by comparing total ground conductivity with the mass of salt measured in bore samples. Pore fluid chemistry provides a definitive measure of salt, but EC1:5 values may be used, provided that the procedure ensures complete dispersal of clay aggregates to release all the salt. Maps of salt load can be generated from the conductance (total conductivity) maps using a geographical information system. Without calibration, airborne electromagnetic surveying is misleading. Properly calibrated, it provides a detailed, semi-quantitative, three-dimensional map of the distribution of salt in the landscape: a prerequisite for the effective management of salinity. Salt appearing at the surface and in streams is the result of processes operating throughout entire catenas and groundwater flow systems. Across the southeastern catchments of the Murray–Darling Basin, we found that salt is stored predominantly in thick clay horizons within the regolith (encompassing the soil cover, weathered parent material and unlithified sediments down to unweathered basement). Coarse materials, for example in prior stream channels, may serve as conduits for salt transport to rivers and the land surface.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

A correction is proposed for the evaluation of salinity effects on the basis of the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts. It is suggested that the dilution of the soil solution during the preparation of the saturated paste must be taken into account. Equations for estimating the electrical conductivity of a soil solution at field capacity are presented. The corrected equations improve the ability to predict the salinity hazard by determining the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract.  相似文献   

15.
    
Very alkaline environments exceeding calcite buffering are globally rare but conspicuous in many sedimentary plains of the World. While the deleterious effects of high alkalinity on soils are well understood, less agreement exists on its causes. We revise these causes to understand these exceptional environments and explain the pervasiveness of calcite buffering elsewhere. We argue that the injection of respired CO2 into stagnant hydrological systems subject to evaporative discharge is the key context for high alkalinization. The evolution of evaporites in nature reaches highly alkaline stages only when excess of (bi)carbonate with respect to divalent cations occurs. In most dry landscapes, evaporating groundwater solutions lose this condition as respired inorganic carbon (recharge zone supply) equilibrates with divalent cations from rocks (whole hydro‐trajectory supply). Groundwater in stagnant landscapes avoids this limitation owing to short/shallow trajectories sustaining (bi)carbonate excess until evaporative discharge zones are reached. Flat sedimentary landscapes that are (i) wet enough to develop stagnation and have shallow water tables but (ii) sufficiently dry to expose them to evaporative concentration should host very alkaline soils. This is confirmed with >9,000 soil profiles from the global WISE database, which shows that profiles with pH ≥ 9 in the top meter are 2·7% globally but 18% in areas with low slope (<0·05%, 25‐km radius, SRTM digital elevation model (SRTM DEM)) and semiarid–subhumid climate (annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration ratio = 0·2–1, CRU database). Understanding how climate and vegetation change as well as irrigation practices influence hydrological stagnation and evaporative concentration may provide the key to manage very alkaline environments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
    
The soil areas affected by salts have increased in recent years. Searching intensively for management and recovery strategies should help minimize these problems. Studies related to the response of halophytes to fertilization can provide important information regarding the most adequate management for phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to evaluate dry matter production and sodium extraction capacity of atriplex plants, in response to nitrogen doses, with and without phosphorus application. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil and was set up in a randomized block design, with four replicates, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme (0 and 134 mg dm?3 of P and 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg dm?3 of N). The addition of nitrogen (N) and improved sodium (Na) uptake increased Na contents by 4.1, 3.6, and 1.8 times, for P0, and by 4.0, 8.4, and 2.1, for P134, in leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. There was a decrease in Na both in the saturation-paste extract and in the exchange complex with the increase in N in soil. N supply potentiates Na extraction by Atriplex nummularia, being a feasible technique to recover saline soils through phytoremediation.  相似文献   

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