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1.
The ecology and ecosystem services of native trees: Implications for reforestation and land restoration in Mesoamerica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jefferson S. Hall Mark S. AshtonEva J. Garen Shibu Jose 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1553-1557
Tropical forests provide a variety of goods and services to humanity. Although efforts to protect and manage these forests have increased in recent decades, forest loss continues. The last decade and a half has seen considerable research on reforestation with native species in Mesoamerica, including both biophysical and social aspects. Advances in knowledge have led to increasingly sophisticated reforestation treatments as well as novel ways of deriving forest goods and services from human dominated landscapes.This Special Issue includes articles produced as the result of a conference held in Panama City, Panama in January 2010 with the goal to summarize the state of knowledge of native species reforestation and associated ecosystems services in Mesoamerica. The introduction concludes with a call for continued research, including a mechanistic understanding of tree interactions with the biophysical environment in order to advance or knowledge of ecosystem services and their interactions. Results from these and other studies aimed at socioeconomic aspects of reforestation are critical to land use planning. 相似文献
2.
M. M. Schoeneberger 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):27-37
Agroforestry is an appealing option for sequestering carbon on agricultural lands because it can sequester significant amounts
of carbon while leaving the bulk of the land in agricultural production. Simultaneously, it can help landowners and society
address many other issues facing these lands, such as economic diversification, biodiversity, and water quality. Nonetheless,
agroforestry remains under-recognized as a greenhouse gas mitigation option for agriculture in the US. Reasons for this include
the limited information-base and number of tools agroforestry can currently offer as compared to that produced from the decades-worth
of investment in agriculture and forestry, and agroforestry’s cross-cutting nature that puts it at the interface of agriculture
and forestry where it is not strongly supported or promoted by either. Agroforestry research is beginning to establish the
scientific foundation required for building carbon accounting and modeling tools, but more progress is needed before it is
readily accepted within agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation programs and, further, incorporated into the broader scope
of sustainable agricultural management. Agroforestry needs to become part of the agricultural tool box and not viewed as something
separate from it. Government policies and programs driving research direction and investment are being formulated with or
without data in order to meet pressing needs. Enhanced communication of agroforestry’s carbon co-benefit, as well as the other
benefits afforded by these plantings, will help elevate agroforestry awareness within these discussions. This will be especially
crucial in deliberations on such broad sweeping natural resource programs as the US Farm Bill. 相似文献
3.
Ever since the Kyoto Protocol, agroforestry has gained increased attention as a strategy to sequester carbon (C) and mitigate global climate change. Agroforestry has been recognized as having the greatest potential for C sequestration of all the land uses analyzed in the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry report of the IPCC; however, our understanding of C sequestration in specific agroforestry practices from around the world is rudimentary at best. Similarly, while agroforestry is well recognized as a land use practice capable of producing biomass for biopower and biofuels, very little information is available on this topic. This thematic issue is an attempt to bring together a collection of articles on C sequestration and biomass for energy, two topics that are inextricably interlinked and of great importance to the agroforestry community the world over. These papers not only address the aboveground C sequestration, but also the belowground C and the role of decomposition and nutrient cycling in determining the size of soil C pool using specific case studies. In addition to providing allometric methods for quantifying biomass production, the biological and economic realities of producing biomass in agroforestry practices are also discussed. 相似文献
4.
Agroforestry research and development in southern Africa during the 1990s: Review and challenges ahead 总被引:4,自引:7,他引:4
F. Kwesiga F.K. Akinnifesi P.L. Mafongoya M.H. McDermott A. Agumya 《Agroforestry Systems》2003,59(3):173-186
In light of the large number of empirical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the last decade, we believe it is time to take stock and identify general determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 120 articles on adoption of agricultural and forestry technology by small holders, we find five categories of factors that explain technology adoption within an economic framework: preferences, resource endowments, market incentives, biophysical factors, and risk and uncertainty. By selecting only empirical analyses that focus on agroforestry and related investments, we narrow our list down to 32 studies primarily from tropical areas. We apply vote-counting based meta-analysis to these studies and evaluate the inclusion and significance of the five adoption factors. Our analysis shows that preferences and resource endowments are the factors most often included in studies. However, adoption behavior is most likely to be significantly influenced by risk, biophysical, and resource factors. In our conclusion, we discuss specific recommendations for the next generation of adoption studies and meta-analyses that include considering a fuller menu of variables, reporting key statistics and marginal probabilities, and conducting weighted meta-regressions.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Most agroforestry-adoption studies are based on surveys of "non-adopters." An understanding of the circumstances that have led to a change of attitude of the adopters will be valuable in our efforts to enhance adoption rates. This study was undertaken to provide such knowledge based on a large agroforestry extension project involving 200,000 farm families and covering 25% of all rural households in Haiti. A questionnaire-based survey of the project participants was conducted covering 1,540 households and 2,295 fields in four regions of Haiti. Information was recorded about each farm and family member through interviews with farmers and visits to their farms. The results confirmed that farmers make decisions about tree culture based on household- and field characteristics. Different farmers consider trees differently depending upon how they fit into their farm-family strategy. In general, farmers installed tree hedgerows on fields of less secure tenure, of lesser fertility, and steeper slope, while on closer, more fertile fields of greater tenure security, tree seedlings and fruit trees were more common and there was a greater density of mature trees (>10 cm DBH). More money was realized from sale of tree products on actively cropped fields in more secure tenure and having more fertile soil. Older farmers managed a greater density of trees, especially when the land was in secure tenure status. This broad-based study shows that agroforestry implementation strategies in poor countries such as Haiti should be based on a thorough knowledge of how farmers use household and field characteristics to make adoption decisions. It also suggests that agroforestry-adoption studies should account for the dynamic changes occurring during extended time periods.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
国际林业碳汇项目及四川省林业发展的机遇 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简要介绍了在《京都议定书》指导下的国际林业碳汇贸易规则和清洁发展机制及其由来,以及我国在国际碳汇中的立场和政策,分析了四川省参与国际林业碳汇项目的可能性和可行性,指出四川省参与林业碳汇项目迫切需要开展的工作,包括林业碳贮量、碳库等方面的基础研究、培养碳汇项目专家和制定参与林业碳汇贸易国际谈判的基本方针。 相似文献
7.
David P. Turner William D. RittsZhiqiang Yang Robert E. KennedyWarren B. Cohen Maureen V. DuanePeter E. Thornton Beverly E. Law 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(7):1318-1325
Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes − notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on net ecosystem production (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1993 established a regional socioecological system focused on forest management. The NWFP resulted in a large (82%) decrease in the rate of harvest removals on public forest land, thus significantly impacting the regional carbon balance. Here we use a combination of remote sensing and ecosystem modeling to examine the trends in NEP and net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in this region over the 1985-2007 period, with particular attention to land ownership since management now differs widely between public and private forestland. In the late 1980s, forestland in both ownership classes was subject to high rates of harvesting, and consequently the land was a carbon source (i.e. had a negative NECB). After the policy driven reduction in the harvest level, public forestland became a large carbon sink − driven in part by increasing NEP − whereas private forestland was close to carbon neutral. In the 2003-2007 period, the trend towards carbon accumulation on public lands continued despite a moderate increase in the extent of wildfire. The NWFP was originally implemented in the context of biodiversity conservation, but its consequences in terms of carbon sequestration are also of societal interest. Ultimately, management within the NWFP socioecological system will have to consider trade-offs among these and other ecosystem services. 相似文献
8.
Soil surface properties in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems: Effects of environmental factors and implications of management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Understanding soil processes is fundamental to the success of forest restoration programs. We compared different types of soils in Mediterranean mountain forests with respect to their edaphic environments and influence of vegetation cover and lithology. We then used this information to determine the suitability of current forest restoration programs in these ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
This paper explains the conceptual framework of ecosystem based multiple use forest management (ETÇAP) approach and its implementation in a case study area. The new management philosophy has four important pillars; integration of biodiversity conservation into forest management process, characterization and accommodation of multiple forest values, effective participation of stakeholders and the use of advanced information technologies and management science techniques. These components comprise a sound framework of a forest management planning system in Turkey as the ownership, land use policy, social structure and forest ecosystems are unique to the country. Among few implementation sites, some experiences from the case study area of Yanlızçam planning unit were documented to realize the performance of the concept. The liaison between the government institutions and major stakeholders is found necessary, and the effective use of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have been realized critically important to better communicate among stakeholders and generate precise database and the plan. The case study indicated that structured participation is an effective communication tool and has a better possibly to promote multiple use forest management rather than using participation as solo information gathering process. Primary challenges relate to the effectiveness of national conservation program, availability of coherent biodiversity data and adequacy of institutional capacity that involve awareness, training and common understanding of biodiversity and protected area concept; coordination among the related institutions and stakeholders, and willingness and enthusiasm of authorities to accept and implement the concept. 相似文献
10.
A. Pussinen G.J. Nabuurs H.J.J. Wieggers G.J. Reinds G.W.W. Wamelink J. Kros J.P. Mol-Dijkstra W. de Vries 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
The process based model SMART–SUMO–WATBAL was applied to 166 intensive monitoring forest plots of mid- and high-latitude Europe to evaluate the effects of expected future changes in carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition on forest growth (net annual increment). These results were used in the large-scale forest scenario model EFISCEN (European Forest Information SCENario model) to upscale impacts of environmental change and to combine these results with adapted forest management. Because of the few plots available, Mediterranean countries were excluded from analyses. Results are presented for 109 million ha in 23 European countries. 相似文献
11.
Thinning is an important strategy for carbon sequestration in forest management. Linear programming (LP) and goal programming (GP) can only set fixed parameters for the left hand side constraints, which are incapable of simulating different thinning intensities at thinned stands to map an appropriate thinning schedule for optimum carbon sequestration efficiently. However, multi-segment goal programming (MSGP) with the flexibility to set multi-level parameters can be applied by forest managers to quickly choose an appropriate level from different thinning intensities.The purpose of this study was to combine MSGP with LP to efficiently adopt thinned area and thinning intensity together as decision variables. In a demonstrated case, an appropriate thinning schedule for three age-classes was chosen from 768 combinations of thinning intensity in just one step. Each age-class was allocated well such as practicing medium thinning intensity on young age-class and strong thinning intensity on the old age-class. Totally 1379643.03 tons of carbon sequestration was obtained after two planning horizons, which was 34.75% higher than no thinning. Besides, a stable supply of wood form thinning is made for carbon sequestration in each period and the stocking of each age-class is also improved. 相似文献
12.
贵州水土保持林价值计算方法探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文从贵州实际出发,运用经济管理学理论和林木生长发育规律,在系统分析水土保持林价值构成因素以及各因素之间关系的基础上,建立起一个能满足以树种(类型)为单元的水土保持林价值计算模型。在为水土保持林价值的评估、征占、置换、流转、买卖等活动提供计量、计价依据和方法的同时,还为水土保持林所有者和经营者提供了增加效益的方向与技术关键。 相似文献
13.
Ana Maria G. Teixeira Britaldo S. Soares-Filho Simone R. Freitas Jean Paul Metzger 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
The dynamics of the Atlantic Rainforest loss and recovery are still not fully understood despite its long history of human occupation. In this study, we investigated changes in an Atlantic Rainforest region due to major biophysical and human proximate causes. First, we modeled land-cover and land-use changes from 1962 to 2000, including deforestation and forest regrowth, and thereby simulated future landscape trajectories to assess their possible effects on the conservation of forest species of the Ibiúna Plateau, a region located in Southeastern Brazil within the Atlantic Rainforest biome. We modeled four scenarios (status quo, random, lawenforcement, and land-use intensification) and simulated their resulting landscape trajectories for the year 2019 using DINAMICA. The landscape dynamics in the study region were particularly intense. During the first period of 1962–1981, the rate of forest regrowth (3% year−1) was greater than the rate of deforestation (2% year−1), whereas in the latter period of 1981–2000, increasing urbanization and the spreading of rural establishments resulted in more deforestation (2.9% year−1) than regrowth (1% year−1). These dynamics imprinted a heterogeneous landscape, leading to the predominance of progressively younger secondary forests with increasingly less capacity of hosting sensitive forest species. The influence of proximate causes on the dynamics of deforestation and forest regrowth showed consistent patterns, such as higher forest regrowth rates near rivers, on steep slopes and far from dirt roads, whereas losses in young secondary vegetation and forest were far from rivers, on gentle slopes and near urban areas. Of the modeled scenarios, only the law enforcement scenario may lead to the recovery of a network of interconnected forest patches, suggesting that simply the enforcement of current forest laws, which prohibit deforestation on unsuitable agricultural areas and along river margins and establish a minimum of 20% of forest remnant per rural property, may effectively favor forest species conservation in the short term (two decades) without the need of any forest restoration effort. 相似文献
14.
森林生态具有价值并且可以计量。本文利用贵州水土保持林价值计算模型中林龄和木材市场价格这两个相对变动的因素与价值之间的函数关系,编制了贵州水土保持林主要树种(类型)价值数表和数图。在为水土保持林价值动态变化进行直观、形象显示的同时,更能为贵州水土保持林在今后的评估、征占、置换、流转、转让等林业经济活动提供计量、计价的依据和标准。 相似文献
15.
Some governments in Southeast Asia, such as those of Thailand and Vietnam have clear policies to restore large areas of degraded land to native forest. However, knowledge needed for the success of these ambitious programmes is still inadequate, and considerable further research is required. Furthermore, very little literature is available to conservation practitioners about the restoration of tropical forests for biodiversity conservation. This paper introduces the framework species method of forest restoration, which is being developed to restore forests in Thailand. The paper examines the potential for adoption of this technique in different forest types across the Southeast Asia region, and identifies priorities for future research needed before the method can be widely implemented. These include the identification of forest types, the selection of candidate framework species, maintenance of genetic diversity, and development of methods of seed collection and germination. 相似文献
16.
Diverging incentives for afforestation from carbon sequestration: an economic analysis of the EU afforestation program in the south of Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Valentina C. Tassone Justus Wesseler Francesco S. Nesci 《Forest Policy and Economics》2004,6(6):567-578
This study analyses the change in faustmannian age considering the social benefits due to carbon sequestration under the Regulation 2080/92, the subsidies provided by the afforestation program and investigates, from the social point of view, the profitability of afforesting agricultural land. The analysis refers to Calabria, a region situated in the south of Italy. Representative species are chosen for this study. The optimal harvesting age excluding social benefits varies between 32 and 40 years according to the species considered. When including social benefits, optimal harvesting age increases for a carbon price of 20 €/t to 34–44 years and is close to the one excluding them. The inclusion of subsidies to encourage afforestation shortens the optimal harvesting age to 17–20 years from the forest owner's point of view. Interestingly the provision of subsidies contributes to a substantial increase in social loss due to the differences in optimal harvesting ages: starting from zero C price the loss vary between 65 and 165 €/ha according to the species used and increases with rising carbon prices up to 200–400 €/ha for carbon price of 100 €/t. Furthermore, results suggest that from the social point of view the profitability of afforesting agricultural land in the study region very much depends on the price of carbon, on the type of agricultural land afforested and on the species used. 相似文献
17.
Michael G. Ryan Jose Luiz Stape Dan Binkley Sebastiao Fonseca Rodolfo A. Loos Ernesto N. Takahashi Claudio R. Silva Sergio R. Silva Rodrigo E. Hakamada Jose Mario Ferreira Augusto M.N. Lima Jose Luiz Gava Fernando P. Leite Helder B. Andrade Jacyr M. Alves Gualter G.C. Silva 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
Wood production varies substantially with resource availability, and the variation in wood production can result from several mechanisms: increased photosynthesis, and changes in partitioning of photosynthesis to wood production, belowground flux, foliage production or respiration. An understanding of the mechanistic basis for patterns in wood production within a stand and across landscapes requires a complete annual carbon budget. We measured annual carbon flows to wood production, foliage production and total belowground carbon flux (the sum of root production, root respiration, and mycorrhizal production and respiration) from ages three to five years in clonal Eucalyptus plantations at four sites in Brazil to test if fertility, water availability and stand structure changed wood production and by what mechanism. We also quantified the patterns in light interception and the efficiency of light use to provide additional mechanistic insights into growth responses and to determine if light-use efficiency was related to changes in flux and partitioning. 相似文献
18.
水土保持林草措施具有诸多的生态功能,具体表现为对水源、土壤、固碳、净化、固沙、生物多样性发挥的积极作用.通过对2013年至2015年数据估算得出,我国水土保持林草措施所产生的生态服务功能价值为8318.79亿元.其中,保持与改良土壤价值占比最高. 相似文献
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20.
IntroductionThelossofwaterandsoilhasbeentheglobatprobIem.Itstotalareais25millionkm'.or16.8%ofgIobalIandarea.ThefertileSurfacesoilof6obiIIiontflowsintoriverseachyeaIBecauseofsoiIcorrosionthelandof21obillionhm2hasIostfertiIityand...,otbeusedasagricuIturalIand.HumanrecognizestheseverityofIossofwaterandsoilwhileheusesjandresources.Thediff6rentmeasuresarebeingtakeninordertoincreasesoilandwaterconservation.Sev-eralecoIogicaIforestryengineeringshavebeencar-riedoutInChinaforenvironmentconserva… 相似文献