奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

为检测江苏省某奶牛场中乳房炎是否为金黄色葡萄球菌所致,采取4份患病乳汁样本进行试验分离和鉴定,并针对金黄色葡萄球菌采用分离后鉴定,结果显示,分离到的2株致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,其他菌株还包括大肠杆菌、肠球菌等,为多种致病病原菌同时引起,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌感染。     

金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎及其防治

研究人员在调查奶牛场的牛群保健情况时发现,由金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称金葡菌)引起的乳房炎依旧是一大问题.虽然我们对这种细菌有所了解,但由于还没找到彻底杀灭或有效处理的办法,我们仍需设法加以控制.     

引起乳牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起乳牛乳房炎的最主要病原菌,也是临床上最难治疗、造成经济损失最大的致病菌。为了了解临床上金黄色葡萄球菌引起乳牛乳房炎的发病情况,笔者调查了山东省威海地区由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的乳牛乳房炎的流行情况,并对在威海地区大部分乳牛场所采的150份乳样进行了病原菌的分离鉴定,且对鉴定好的金黄色葡萄球菌按溶血型的不同进行了分类。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分子流行病学调查

实验对从内蒙古自治区分离到的63株引起奶牛乳房炎的金黄色葡萄球菌进行了随机扩增多态性分析（RAPD），可扩增出2—13条条带，主要分为12个基因型，亲缘关系相同或相近的菌株占73％。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖研究概况

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的一种主要致病菌,其中94%～100%的金黄色葡萄球菌都含有荚膜多糖.荚膜多糖共分11个血清型(CP1～CP11),而5型和8型占临床分离株的70%～80%,为优势血清型;由于荚膜多糖的抗吞噬作用和黏附作用,决定了金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性和免疫原性.因此,基于荚膜多糖的疫苗可能是更有效的抗奶...     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

2例金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎分离鉴定及药敏试验

试验旨在探究黑龙江地区某奶牛场引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌以及其药敏情况。通过对发病的奶牛乳样进行细菌分离培养及鉴定、生化试验、细菌16S rDNA基因的扩增以及序列分析确定细菌种类;通过K-B试纸法确定该细菌对抗生素药物的敏感性。结果显示,结合镜检结果、生化试验、16S rDNA序列比对情况,确定引起奶牛乳房炎的2株菌株均为金黄色葡萄球菌;该菌株对药物对丁胺卡那高度敏感,对恩诺沙星、环丙沙星中介,对多西环素、链霉素、头孢噻肟耐药。研究表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌HQ-1、HQ-2,通过使用敏感性药物使奶牛乳房炎得到了有效的控制,提示今后对于奶牛养殖场应加强疾病防控。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素是其引起奶牛乳房炎的关键因素之一,与金黄色葡萄球菌在奶牛乳房中定植有关的的黏附素主要是ClfA、FnBPA和FnBPB3种。曾有对金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素表达调控的研究发现,在金黄色葡萄球菌感染的早期主要表达黏附素,之后才表达毒素和荚膜,所以人们认为,对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附进行干预,可以减少或阻止毒素和荚膜的表达,而以黏附素作为靶位进行疫苗研制可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。国外对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素的研究历史相对较久,并且也取得了许多可喜成绩,而国内对金黄色葡萄球菌的研究相对滞后。因此,研究金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素对预防由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有广阔的前景。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是影响乳品工业经济效益的重要疾病之一,引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌约有150多种,但金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原。由它引起的乳房炎很难治愈,而且对抗生素产生耐药性的菌株已经相当普遍,因此使用预防或治疗性疫苗防治乳房炎就成为首选。然而金黄色葡萄球菌的致病力由许多不同的因子(如黏附素、荚膜等)决定,这使得制备非常有效的疫苗变得很困难。本文就这些致病因子在疫苗研制方面的进展做一简要介绍。     

金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的诊治

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种经常引起奶牛乳房炎的细菌，且对一般性药物易产生耐药性，同时又经常表现为隐性感染，给临床诊断和治疗带来许多不便。现就金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎的诊断及防治报道如下。     

Dermatitis of the legs of sheep associated with Staphylococcus aureus

An outbreak of dermatitis affecting the legs of sheep is described. Laboratory investigations suggested that the condition was caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The differential diagnosis is discussed.     

Differentially expressed genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis of Canadian Holstein cows

To study pathway specific gene expression within the immune-endocrine axis of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, mRNA was collected from blood mononuclear cells (BMCs) and milk somatic cells (MSCs) of cows (n = 7) identified as culture positive for S. aureus and their matched negative control cows (n = 7) with no evidence of S. aureus mastitis. Labeled cDNA probes derived from BMCs and MSCs of infected and healthy cows were applied to a bovine immune-endocrine cDNA array containing 167 genes. Genes with a log₂ ratio ≥ 0.5 were considered to be up-regulated and genes with a log₂ ratio ≤ −0.5 to be down-regulated. In total, 22 genes were differentially displayed in BMCs and 16 genes in MSCs of case versus controls. Expression of selected genes in BMCs and MSCs were confirmed by real-time PCR. The RT-PCR results were highly correlated with microarray measurements. Some of these genes, such as interleukin (IL)-8 have been previously implicated in other bacterial diseases, and are known to regulate immune responses; whereas, others may reflect novel pathways or genes involved in progressive mammary gland disease. For example, IL-18 was up-regulated in BMCs but not MSCs of mastitic quarters, while IL-17 was more highly expressed in MSCs compared to BMCs. This study identified a number of differentially expressed genes associated with bovine S. aureus mastitis and demonstrates the intricacy of the patterns of gene expression that influence host response to a complex pathogen of significant relevance to both human and veterinary medicine.     

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and pathology associated with chronic suppurative mastitis in rabbits

Staphylococcal mastitis is one of the main reasons for culling adult does from commercial rabbitries. The aim of this study was describe the spectrum of gross and microscopic lesions in 178 cases of chronic staphylococcal mastitis in adult does and to determine whether there is a correlation between Staphylococcus aureus genotypes and pathology. On the basis of histopathology, chronic mastitis was differentiated into abscesses (66.3%), suppurative mastitis with a lobular pattern (7.9%), cellulitis (19.6%) and mixed lesions (6.2%). Pathological presentations were not related to S. aureus genotype.     

Difference in virulence between Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing gangrenous mastitis versus subclinical mastitis in a dairy sheep flock

Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy sheep ranges from subclinical mastitis to lethal gangrenous mastitis. Neither the S. aureus virulence factors nor the host-factors or the epidemiological events contributing to the different outcomes are known. In a field study in a dairy sheep farm over 21 months, 16 natural isolates of S. aureus were collected from six subclinical mastitis cases, one lethal gangrenous mastitis case, nasal carriage from eight ewes and one isolate from ambient air in the milking room. A genomic comparison of two strains, one responsible for subclinical mastitis and one for lethal gangrenous mastitis, was performed using multi-strain DNA microarrays. Multiple typing techniques (pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis, multiple-locus variable-number, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, spa typing and sas typing) were used to characterise the remaining isolates and to follow the persistence of the gangrenous isolate in ewes’ nares. Our results showed that the two strains were genetically closely related and they shared 3 615 identical predicted open reading frames. However, the gangrenous mastitis isolate carried variant versions of several genes (sdrD, clfA-B, sasA, sasB, sasD, sasI and splE) and was missing fibrinogen binding protein B (fnbB) and a prophage. The typing results showed that this gangrenous strain emerged after the initial subclinical mastitis screening, but then persisted in the flock in the nares of four ewes. Although we cannot dismiss the role of host susceptibility in the clinical events in this flock, our data support the hypothesis that S. aureus populations had evolved in the sheep flock and that S. aureus genetic variations could have contributed to enhanced virulence.     

Staphylococcus aureus exosecretions and bovine mastitis

The role of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal exosecretions in bovine udder infection was tested by monitoring the cows' response to in vivo inoculation of bacterial exosecretions into udder quarters. Twenty Israeli-Holstein dairy cows were included in the study; two or three of the udder quarters of each cow were intracisternally inoculated with 0.04-0.05 mg/quarter (total proteins) of the various sterile bacterial exosecretions in a sterile pyrogen-free saline. Each udder was inoculated with two or three different bacterial exosecretions or placebo (Columbia Broth). Cows were monitored for 96 h post-inoculation for rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, alimentary tract activity (rumen contraction), udder temperature, pain, oedema and udder size. Milk samples were examined bacteriologically and for somatic cell count, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity and somatic cell differentiation. No enterotoxins (beta-G) or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 were detected in response to any of the bacteria tested. Control quarters or those inoculated with Columbia Broth, showed similar NAGase and somatic cell count values throughout the experiment. Twelve of the 18 strains tested, induced inflammation in the inoculated quarters while six did not. Of the 12 strains causing local inflammation, only six were found significantly different from the control and were considered as high response (group 1). The other six that caused a local inflammation did not differ significantly from the control, and were considered to be moderate response (group 2). The six S. aureus isolates that did not cause an inflammatory response were considered to have low response (group 3). In all quarters inoculated with S. aureus bacterial exosecretions belonging to groups 1 and 2, the polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages were proportionally increased while CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte populations decreased. One-dimensional NuPAGE (7%) Tris-acetate gel electrophoresisof the bacterial exosecretions revealed four different bands appearing between 36 and 31 kDa, marked from top to bottom as A, B, C and D. An association was found between the combinations of expressed bands and the cow responses: the majority of the cases could be linked to the expression of bands B and C.     

Genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bovine mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as a pathogen causing many serious diseases in humans and animals, and is the most common aetiological agent of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The importance of evaluating the combination of S. aureus virulence factors has been emphasized both in human and veterinary medicine, and knowledge about the genetic variability within different S. aureus populations would help in the design of efficient treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic profiles of S. aureus strains isolated from milk of cows suffering from clinical and subclinical mastitis in Belgium. The presence of about forty virulence-associated genes was investigated by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. A high number of genotypic subtypes were observed, demonstrating further the large variation in the presence of virulence genes in S. aureus isolates and the considerable diversity of strains populations that are able to cause mastitis in cows. In accordance with other studies, we showed that some genes are associated with mastitis-causing S. aureus isolates, whereas others are absent or rarely present. We also further highlighted the presence of conserved gene combinations, namely the enterotoxigenic egc-cluster and the bovine pathogenicity island SaPIbov. Importantly, the presence of isolates carrying genes coding for toxins involved in important human infections makes the milk of cows with mastitis a potential reservoir for these toxins, and therefore a potential danger in human health, which strengthens the importance to consider raw milk consumption and its processing very carefully.     

Laryngeal chondritis in Texel sheep

An obstructive, upper respiratory tract disease characterised by severe dyspnoea and deaths has been recognised in Texel sheep. It is caused by chronic suppuration within the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx resulting in swelling and occlusion of the lumen. The clinical and pathological features of the disease are described and its possible cause and treatment are discussed.