Pyrethroid resistance and thiacloprid baseline susceptibility of European populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected in winter oilseed rape

BACKGROUND: Pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a major pest in European winter oilseed rape. Recently, control failures with pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control this pest have been reported in many European countries. For resistance management purposes, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was widely introduced as a new mode of action for pollen beetle control. RESULTS: A number of pollen beetle populations collected in Germany, France, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Czech Republic and Ukraine were tested for pyrethroid resistance using lambda‐cyhalothrin‐coated glass vials (adult vial test). Most of the populations tested exhibited substantial levels of resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, and resistance ratios ranged from < 10 to > 2000. A similar resistance monitoring bioassay for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was developed and validated by assessing baseline susceptibility data for 88 European pollen beetle populations. A variation of less than fivefold in response to thiacloprid was detected. The thiacloprid adult vial bioassay is based on glass vials coated with an oil‐dispersion‐based formulation of thiacloprid, resulting in a much better bioavailability compared with technical material. Analytical measurements revealed a > 56 and 28 day stability of thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin in coated glass vials at room temperature, respectively. No cross‐resistance between thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin based on log‐dose probit–mortality data was detected. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid resistance in many European populations of M. aeneus was confirmed, whereas all populations are susceptible to thiacloprid when tested in a newly designed and validated monitoring bioassay based on glass vials coated with oil‐dispersion‐formulated thiacloprid. Based on the homogeneous results, it is concluded that thiacloprid could be an important chemical tool for pollen beetle resistance management strategies in European winter oilseed rape. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

施用包膜控释尿素对保护地黄瓜根区土壤微生物区系及酶活性的影响

以保护地黄瓜为研究对象,研究施用包膜控释尿素对黄瓜根区土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明:控释尿素可增加细菌、放线菌的数量,对三大类微生物类群的影响效应依次为:细菌>放线菌>真菌;控释尿素对细菌和真菌的影响依次为:D60>D90>U>CK,对放线菌的影响不明显;控释尿素与普通尿素配比时随着控释尿素用量的增加,多酚氧化酶、脲酶活性升高,对碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性无明显影响;控释尿素对多酚氧化酶活性的影响依次为D90>D60>U>CK,对转化酶活性增加效果最为显著;控释尿素对全氮的影响尤为突出,对土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮及速效钾有明显提高作用,可降低速效磷含量。     

阿维菌素B2海藻酸钠-壳聚糖包埋颗粒剂的制备及性能研究

为了提高阿维菌素B2的农药利用率,以海藻酸钠与壳聚糖为复合载体,采用复凝聚法制备了阿维菌素B2海藻酸钠-壳聚糖包埋颗粒剂,并研究了其理化性质及其在土壤中的释放性能。通过单因素试验筛选出对包埋颗粒剂包埋率影响较大的因素,并进行正交试验,以获得优化制备配方;用红外光谱表征包埋颗粒剂的化学结构,用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察其物理形态。采用土壤包埋法研究了其模拟释放性能。结果显示:制备阿维菌素B2海藻酸钠-壳聚糖包埋颗粒剂的优选配方为海藻酸钠质量分数1.5%,壳聚糖质量分数1%,Tween-20质量分数0.75%,投药量m（阿维菌素B2）: m（海藻酸钠）= 1 : 2,油水比[m（油相）: m（水相）] = 1 : 20;所制备的包埋颗粒剂的载药量为22.38% ± 0.25%,包埋率为95.26% ± 0.61%。SEM图像显示,包埋颗粒剂形状不规则;红外光谱数据显示,阿维菌素B2被成功包埋于载体中。土壤中的释放性能试验结果表明:包埋颗粒剂在土壤中突释明显,在前30 d,阿维菌素B2的释放量占80 d总释放量的60%以上;小粒径颗粒剂具有更快的释放速率。粒径150~300 μm和 > 300 μm的包埋颗粒剂释放符合一级动力学方程,粒径150~300 μm和 < 150 μm的包埋颗粒剂亦符合Higuchi方程。     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对春玉米产量、氮肥利用及经济效益的影响

在黄土高原东部春玉米主产区连续3 a开展大田定点试验,设置不施氮（CK）、控释尿素与普通尿素不同配比：0（CRU0%）、25%（CRU25%）、50%（CRU50%）、75%（CRU75%）、100%（CRU100%）共6个施肥处理,研究控释尿素与普通尿素不同配施比例对春玉米产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响,并建立控释尿素配施比例与产量、氮肥表观利用率和施肥收益之间的关系,以确定最佳配施比例,为筛选适于在黄土高原东部推广应用控释掺混配方肥提供科学依据。研究结果表明：（1）控释尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米产量,增加施肥收益,且随着配施比例的增加,2项指标均呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中CRU75%处理的春玉米产量和施肥收益最高,分别较CRU0%处理增加了1 273 kg·hm^-2（11.9%）和1 735元·hm^-2（65.7%）。（2）与CRU0%处理相比,控释尿素不同配施比例处理显著提高了玉米氮素利用率、农学效率和偏生产力,提高幅度依次为24.73%~43.87%、38.22%~61.24%和7.45%~11.93%,且均以CRU75%处理最高。（3）控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理显著降低了0~100 cm土层土壤中氮残留量和氮素表观损失量,CRU75%处理氮残留量和氮表观损失量最低,分别为119.8 kg·hm^-2和247.5 kg·hm^-2。（4）控释尿素配施比例与春玉米产量、氮肥表观利用率和施肥收益均存在显著一元二次关系,基于此3项指标推算出控释尿素的适宜配施比例分别为64.3%、71.2%和61.8%。控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用有利于促进春玉米生长发育,获得增产增收并提高氮素效率,综合各因素确定黄土高原东部春玉米生产的控释尿素适宜配比为60%~75%。     

包膜控释尿素对大棚番茄的增产与品质提高效应

对施用包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的大棚番茄进行了田间生产条件下产量与品质对比分析试验。结果表明:与普通尿素相比施用控释尿素有显著的增产效果。D 60控释处理(控释期60 d)产量最高,为68.85 t/hm2,比对照增产19.39 t/hm2,增产率为39.2%;比尿素增产10.10 t/hm2,增产率为17.2%;D 90(控释期90 d)比对照增产15.37 t/hm2,增产率为31.0%;比尿素增产6.08 t/hm2。增产率为10.3%;D 90与D 60两种控释尿素之间产量差异不显著。控释尿素具有增加单株果数、单果重的效果。D 90与D 60氮素当季利用率比普通尿素分别高65.5%和108.8%。硝酸盐含量,以D 90为最低,仅比对照高4.4%,比普通尿素低56%;D 60比对照高15%,比尿素处理低51.6%;尿素处理比对照高137.3%。V c和氨基酸含量,D 90为最高,分别比对照高1.00倍和2.46倍;比普通尿素处理高22%和100%;D 60与尿素两处理V c含量差异不显著,但氨基酸总量前者却比后者高48%。可溶性糖含量以D 60较高,普通尿素为最低。综合品质指标为:D 90>D 60>U。说明控释尿素具有显著地增产效应和提高蔬菜品质的突出效应,特别在提高蔬菜的安全品质方面贡献最大。综合各项,在番茄生产中以选用控释期为60 d的包膜控释尿素为最好。     

苹果链格孢菌侵染对感病苹果品种叶细胞超微结构的影响

 将Alternaria mali分生孢子接种在苹果元帅品种叶片的下表皮,保湿培养3~24h,观察细胞超微结构,接种后3h,表皮及叶肉细胞的质膜发生内陷,出现囊泡,暗染色颗粒及管状结构,叶绿体膜结构解体,电子致密物质沉积,基粒排列混乱松散,外膜破裂等。接种后24h,叶片表面出现病斑,细胞质浓缩,细胞壁出现颗粒物,细胞变形,病健组织交界处,叶绿体基浓缩,出现脂质球,同时还观察到,距离病斑2mm处,许多叶肉细胞中出现密度均匀、形状不规则的物质,小叶脉木质部中出现电子致密物质沉积。     

氮肥类型对夏玉米及后作冬小麦产量与水、氮利用的影响

研究了华北平原夏玉米季施用不同类型氮肥对当季与后作冬小麦及周年产量与水、氮利用的影响,结果表明:(1)随施氮量增大,夏玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率(WUE)增大,氮肥利用率(NUE)降低。夏玉米WUE与NUE受到氮肥类型的影响,WUE以复合肥处理较大,NUE以包膜尿素和复合肥较高,且存在较明显的基因型差异,WUE以郑单958较大,NUE以农大108较大;(2)夏玉米季施氮使冬小麦氮生理效率降低,氮肥效率增大,并显著影响冬小麦产量和WUE,但因夏玉米季品种、氮肥类型与施氮量不同而表现有差异。夏玉米季氮肥后效明显,但氮肥类型间差异显著,一般以尿素处理及包膜尿素与复合肥高N处理较大;(3)夏玉米—冬小麦轮作制度下,两季总产量、总氮素累积量、总耗水量及水、氮利用效率明显受到夏玉米季氮肥类型与施氮量的影响,且受到夏玉米基因型的影响。     

Rapid evaluation of phosphine permeability through various flexible films and coated fabrics

Phosphine permeability through forty-one different flexible films and coated fabrics including polyethylene, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, rubber and cellulose was tested using a sensitive indicator strip. It diffused through all of them; the rate of diffusion, however, varied among them. Four, namely 0.53 mm thick high molecular weight polyethylene, 0.07 mm thick wax paper laminated with polyethylene, 0.23 mm thick unsupported polyvinyl chloride and 0.44 mm thick polyvinyl chloride treated cloth coated with aluminium paint on the cloth side, were the least permeable. Proper screening of commercially available polymer films before their use for fumigation is emphasised. The discussion of the results attempts to rank the films or laminates on the basis of their relative permeability of phosphine. The physicochemical principles of permeability and rapid evaluation method for assessing the performance of flexible film barriers are also discussed.     

干旱风沙灌漠土玉米田树脂包衣尿素施用效果研究

田间试验对比研究了树脂包衣尿素和普通尿素在灌漠土和风沙土两种土壤上种植玉米的肥料投入产出效益和产量差异。结果表明:树脂包衣尿素在灌漠土和风沙土两种土壤的玉米产量效应上均有良好的表现,与等氮量的普通尿素相比,灌漠土玉米增产6.4%,风沙土玉米增产15.4%。而在灌漠土和风沙土上分别施用是常规氮肥用量50%和67%的包衣尿素,则可获得与普通尿素相等的产量。灌漠土上施用树脂包衣尿素的经济效益好于普通尿素。风沙土上施用等氮量包衣尿素时,经济效益最好,施用67%包衣尿素时,经济效益略低。灌漠土与风沙土两个试验点比较,风沙土试验点不但施氮量比灌漠土高出127.5 kg/hm2,而且其产量还略低于灌漠土试验点。     

Alcoolyse et hydrolyse chimique acide du chlorsulfuron

Alcoholysis and acid chemical hydrolysis of chlorsulfuron Alcoholysis of chlorsulfuron by methanol or ethanol only involved the urea function of the molecule. The formation of carbamate indicated that isocyanate was probably involved as an intermediate. The chemical degradation of chlorsulfuron in acidic aqueous solution involved two pathways: hydrolysis of the urea function and hydrolysis of the methoxy radical. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 55°C en-hanced the rate of the reaction and favoured hydrolysis of the urea function. Decreasing the pH from 6-0 to 2-4 strongly accelerated degradation and lowered the activation energy without affecting selectivity. Other factors, such as the presence of clays or cations of various transition metals, generally had only limited effects.     

Soybean weed control by chloramben granules coated with haloxyfop-methyl

Experimental granules were made from moistened calcareous loess (pH 8·5) containing 2% w/w gum xanthan and chloramben sodium salt at w/w concentrations of 0·4–3·6%. Haloxyfopmethyl * * Approved WSSA common name.
(DOWCO-453 ME) {Methyl 2-(4-((3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)-phenoxy)propanoate) was dissolved in tung oil at a range of concentrations and poured on the dried chloramben granules with stirring. In the glasshouse, dry granules containing chloramben plus haloxyfop-methyl spread pre-emergence at the rate of 0·8 + 0·4 kg ha^?1 reduced the dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.), red rice (Oryza sativa L.), Abutilon theophrasti Medic., and Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory by 89, 100, 94, and 68%, respectively, with no injury to soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Coated granules spread pre-emergence controlled A. theophrasti and volunteer maize grown from seed sown in soil up to 10 cm deep. In a preliminary field test, the experimental granules reduced numbers of weeds in soybeans and improved crop yield. Ten weeks after treatment, chloramben granules coated with haloxyfop-methyl gave 97% control of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers compared to 80% by uncoated granules. Linuron granules coated with haloxyfop-methyl gave 85% control compared to 12% by uncoated granules. Yields in plots treated with coated and uncoated chloramben were 3280 and 2700 kg ha^?1, respectively. In coated and uncoated linuron plots, yields were 2920 and 2340 kg ha^?1, respectively. Except for the uncoated linuron plot, all yields were significantly higher than 2050 kg ha^?1 obtained in the weedy untreated plot.     

Viral infection‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and a membrane‐associated transcription factor NbNAC089 are involved in resistance to virus in Nicotiana benthamiana

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may induce two cell defence pathways, the unfolded protein response (UPR) or programmed cell death (PCD) upon unmitigated stress. This study confirmed that viral infection could induce ER stress through changing ER morphology and up‐regulating ER stress‐related genes, including NbNAC089. AtNAC089 serves as an ER stress sensor to regulate PCD in Arabidopsis. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana NbNAC089 was identified. The gene encoded a 409 amino acid protein with a putative transmembrane domain near the C‐terminus and a NAC domain at the N‐terminus. NbNAC089 was localized to the ER membranes, and a truncated form of NbNAC089, lacking the transmembrane domain, was localized to the nucleus. Meanwhile, the full length of NbNAC089 was activated and cleaved in response to viral infection. The results suggest that the native protein may be translocated to the nucleus by release from the membrane during viral infection. Knock‐down of NbNAC089 in N. benthamiana increased susceptibility to Tobacco mosaic virus or Cucumber mosaic virus, and, in addition, promoted up‐regulation of UPR genes but impaired up‐regulation of PCD genes. These results show that NbNAC089 is a negative regulator of UPR and a positive regulator of PCD, and plays a role in the process of viral infection.     

Controlled release of isoproturon from an alginate–bentonite formulation: water release kinetics and soil mobility

The herbicide isoproturon [3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea] was incorporated in alginate‐based granules to obtain controlled‐release (CR) properties. The basic formulation (sodium alginate (1.87%)–isoproturon (0.67%) in water) was modified by addition of different sorbents. The effect on isoproturon release rate, modified by the incorporation of natural and acid‐treated bentonite in alginate formulation, was studied by immersion of the granules in water while shaking. The release of isoproturon was diffusion‐controlled. The time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T₅₀, was longer for those formulations containing added bentonite (5.98 and 7.43 days, for natural and acid‐treated (1 M H₂SO₄) bentonite, respectively) than for the preparation without bentonite (3.78 days). The mobilities of non‐formulated technical grade (98%) and formulated isoproturon were compared using soil columns. The use of alginate‐based CR formulations containing bentonite reduced isoproturon movement compared with the technical product. Sorption capacity of the soil for isoproturon was measured using batch experiments (0.29 litre kg⁻¹) and the results obtained here in agreement with those obtained under dynamic conditions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

控释尿素对大棚黄瓜氮素利用和品质的影响

采用混料试验中的单形重心设计方案,将包膜控释尿素在大棚黄瓜上进行田间试验,对不同时期黄瓜品质、土壤氮素的变化趋势和黄瓜果实、茎叶的吸氮规律进行了图解分析,对控释尿素D30、D60和普通尿素配合下的氮素利用率进行了研究。结果表明:控释尿素无论单施或配合施用随生长时期均有提高黄瓜的安全品质和营养品质的趋势。控释尿素在黄瓜生长后期可保证碱解氮和氨态氮的持续供应,为一次性施用包膜控释尿素可以满足作物全生育期对养分的供应提供了更为有力的依据。D30D60、UD30D60配合施用随生长期延长果实吸氮量呈上升趋势;各处理茎和叶的吸氮规律较为一致;果实的总吸氮量各处理均明显比普通尿素高,尤以D30D60处理最高。果实、茎、叶三项的总吸氮量与果实吸氮量具有相同的规律。D30D60氮素利用率最高为41.0%,比普通尿素相对高130.32%,其次UD30D60为39.1%,比普通尿素相对高119.73%,在黄瓜生产中D30D60、UD30D60两种施肥配方均可选择。     

Intercalation of the herbicide atrazine in layered double hydroxides for controlled-release applications

BACKGROUND: The herbicide atrazine was intercalated in the interlayer region of Mg/Al layered double hydroxides in order to produce a nanohybrid that could be used in controlled‐release applications. RESULTS: The hydrophobic herbicide was incorporated in artificial membranes formed in the interlayer of the inorganic host by using palmitic acid. The synthetic nanohybrid material was characterised by various techniques, and release studies were carried out. In addition, the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. was treated with the atrazine‐containing nanohybrid, which exerted an herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free herbicide. CONCLUSION: The herbicide containing nanohybrid could enable a controlled release of the herbicide. In addition, the herbicide would be delivered close to its site of uptake, enhancing efficiency and reducing the required doses. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

控释尿素配比对西瓜生长、品质和土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验,研究了混料试验中的单形重心设计在西瓜控释尿素与普通尿素配肥上的应用,测定了西瓜的生长状况和产量结构,进行了西瓜品质、土壤养分的分析,总结出了西瓜施用控释尿素的氪素利用率.结果表明,控释尿素配合施用可降低结瓜节位,增加地茎租度、蔓长,显著提高单瓜重,单施可增加西瓜的叶片数;控释尿素可提高西瓜的安全品质和营养品质.控释尿素土壤有机质的提高不明显,对全氮、碱解氮有显著提高,并具有明显的后效.U-D60-D90配合施用可显著提高氮素利用率,比普通尿素相对高98.58%,D60-D90比普通尿素相对高85.09%,U-D90比普通尿素相对高62.17%,在西瓜生产中可选用U-D60-D90、D60-D90两种方案施肥,既可提高西瓜产量又可提高品质.     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液浓度、雾滴密度及施药液量对小菜蛾防治效果的影响

采用室内生物测定与田间试验相结合方法,研究了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液浓度、雾滴密度和施药液量对小菜蛾防治效果间的关系。结果表明:当甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液质量浓度从80 mg/L提高至640 mg/L时,其LN50值(致死中密度)从148 droplet/cm2下降至3 droplet/cm2;雾滴密度从23 droplet/cm2提高至131 droplet/cm2时,其LC50(致死中浓度)值则从1.66!102mg/L下降至78.93 mg/L。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在与地面呈0°倾角的载玻片正面和90°倾角的载玻片反面上沉积量最多,在45°倾角的反面和90°倾角的正面上沉积量最少;在甘蓝叶片上的沉积量与药液质量浓度和雾滴大小有关。田间药效试验结果表明:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐药液质量浓度为3 mg/L时,施药液量为330 L/hm2的防治效果比施药液量分别为525、750和975 L/hm2的低,差异达显著水平(P0.05),但后3种施药液量之间的防治效果差异不显著(P0.05);当药液质量浓度为4.2 mg/L时,330、525、750和975 L/hm24种施药液量间的防治效果差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,采用较小雾滴体积中径(VMD=128.9μm)和较高药液浓度(4.2 mg/L)喷雾时,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐不仅对小菜蛾表现出优良的防治效果,而且施药液量也显著降低。     

Hydrolyse chimique acide du metsulfuron méthyle

Chemical acidic hydrolysis of metsulfuran methyl The chemical degradation of metsulfuron methyl in acidic aqueous solution involved two pathways: hydrolysis of the urea function and hydrolysis of methoxy radical. Decrease of pH (6 to 1) strongly increased activity but selectivity remained unchanged. Increase of temperature (25 to 55°C) enhanced the rate of reaction (E_A= 84 kj mol^?1) and favoured the urea function hydrolysis. Other factors (presence of various transition metals cations, humic acids or clays) were generally of limited effect, sometimes the rate of reaction was affected.     

Membrane partitioning of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides and its implications for mechanisms of toxicity

Partition coefficients of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides were determined in several types of membrane. Insecticide partitioning varied among the membranes under study, depending on temperature, cholesterol content and on the physico-chemical profiles of membrane components and the insecticides themselves. The maximal partitions for DDT, lindane, parathion and malathion in egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers over the temperature range from 10 to 37°C (at which the lipid is in the liquid-crystalline state) were about 260000, 2000, 1000 and 120, respectively. Incorporation of 50 mol% cholesterol in egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers dramatically decreased the partition and almost abolished the temperature effect. First-order phase transitions of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoylphosphatidylcholines (DMPC, DPPC and DSPC) were accompanied by a sharp increase in insecticide partition. Furthermore, the insecticides under study were more easily accommodated in bilayers of short-aliphatic-chain lipids, since higher values of partition were obtained in DMPC bilayers. Partition values in native membranes depended considerably on the membrane type and composition and were higher in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria than in brain microsomes, myelin and erythrocytes. Identical results were obtained in related liposomes of total extracted lipids, although the absolute partitions showed decreased values. In general, the incorporation of insecticides correlated reasonably with the cholesterol content of the membranes. The order of partitioning of the above insecticides did not run parallel with their toxicity to mammals and, both in model and in native membranes, followed the sequence: DDT ? lindane > parathion > malathion.     

银川平原气候变化特征分析

利用宁夏银川平原4个气象站1961-2006年气象观测资料,对季、年值时间序列进行气候变化分析,结果表明:银川平原近46a低层和高层年平均气温均呈增温趋势,低层比高层增温时间滞后,冬季增温幅度最大,低层各季增温均非常显著,高层春季、秋季、冬季增温显著;年平均最高和平均最低气温也均呈增温趋势,平均最高气温秋季、冬季增温显著,平均最低气温春季、夏季、冬季增温显著;年降水量呈减少的趋势,各季降水量增减变化不显著;年日照时数呈明显减少的趋势,冬季减少显著。